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COMOMHOOL  GEOGRAPHY: 


AN 


ELEMENTARY  TREATISE 


ON 


MATHEMATICAL,  PHYSICAL,  AND  POLITICAL 

GEOGRAPHY. 


BY 

D.  M.  BARREN", 

ACTIIOR   OF    A    TREATISE    ON    PHYSICAL   GEOGRAPHY,  ETC.  ETC. 


Xj^LST    REVISED    ZEZDITIOZLST. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

COWPERTHWAIT   &    CO. 

1869. 


V 


Entered  according  to  the  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1866,  by  CO  WPERTHWAIT  $  CO.,  in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States 

for  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 


PUBLISHERS'  ADVERTISEMENT. 


* 


arm's  j^rbs  of  dkagraphui 

TIIIS  SERIES  NOW  COMPRISES  THE  FOLLOWING  WORKS,  VIZ.:— 

WARREN'S  PRIMARY  GEOGRAPHY, 

WARREN'S  COMMON-SCHOOL  GEOGRAPHY, 

WARREN'S  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 

These  three  books  form  a  complete  geographical  course,  adapted  to  the  various  stages  of  progress  of  the  differ- 
ent classes  of  all  grades  of  schools.  In  all  the  books  of  the  series,  the  Maps  and  descriptive  text  are  in  the 
same  volume.     The  Maps  and  Engravings  are  of  the  very  highest  order  of  excellence. 

The  Primary  Geography  is  designed  for  beginners.  It  contains  a  brief  description  of  the  different  countries  of 
the  earth,  and  is  illustrated  by  nineteen  colored  Electrotyped  Maps  drawn  expressly  for  the  work,  and  by  more 
than  fifty  fine  wood  Engravings,  all  of  which  are  from  original  designs. 

The  Common-School  Geography  is  especially  intended  for  the  use  of  the  Grammar-schools  of  our  cities  and 
towns,  and  of  the  Common  schools  in  the  country  districts.  It  contains  a  description  of  all  the  countries  upon 
the  globe,  and  is  illustrated  by  very  superior  Copper-plate  Maps,  and  by  many  fine  wood  Engravings. 

The  Physical  Geography  is  designed  for  advanced  classes,  and  is  well  adapted  to  the  use  of  Colleges,  Acade- 
mies, Seminaries,  and  High  Schools.  The  work  forms  one  royal  quarto  volume  of  92  pages,  and  is  illustrated  by 
many  superior  wood  Engravings,  and  by  twenty  Electrotyped  and  Copper-plate  Maps  drawn  expressly  for  the 
work. 

This  Series  of  Geographies,  in  whole  or  in  part,  has  been  introduced  into  many  of  the  best  public  and  private 
schools  in  all  parts  of  the  country — receiving  the  warm  approval  of  those  teachers  who  have  made  themselves 
acquainted  with  their  merits.  Teachers  and  school-officers  are  respectfully  requested  to  examine  this  series  of 
works,  before  determining  on  the  text-books  on  the  subject  of  Geography  to  be  used  in  the  schools  under  their 
charge. 


2 


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PREFACE  TO  THE  REVISED  EDITION. 


The  progress  of  geographical  discovery,  and  the  numerous  changes,  political  and  territorial,  that  are  constantly 
taking  place,  have  again  rendered  necessary  a  revision  of  this  work. 

Advantage  has  been  taken  of  this  alteration  of  the  text,  to  introduce  into  the  book  an  entirely  new  series  of 
finely  engraved  Copper-plate  Maps,  in  place  of  those  hitherto  contained  in  it.  The  division  and  general  arrange- 
ment of  the  Maps  remain  the  same  as  before,  although,  wherever  practicable,  their  scale  has  been  somewhat  en- 
larged ;  while  a  new,  full-page  Map  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  has  been  added. 

The  new  Maps  have  been  prepared  under  the  direct  supervision  of  Mr.  James  H.  Young,  whose  long  expe- 
rience and  well-earned  reputation  in  this  department  are  a  sufficient  guarantee  of  their  accuracy  as  well  as  of  their 
artistic  finish. 

The  addition  of  a  greatly  enlarged  Pronouncing  and  Explanatory  Vocabulary,  and  of  two  pages  of  Review* 
Questions,  will  be  found,  it  is  believed,  to  be  a  valuable  improvement. 

The  Treatise  on  Map-Drawing,  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Apgar,  State  Superintendent  of  New  Jersey,  explains  a  new  and 
practical  method  of  acquiring  this  important  art 

The  following  extract  from  the  Preface  to  the  first  edition  of  the  work  will  show  its  general  plan  and  arrange- 
ment : — 

"The  book  consists  of  two  parts.  Part  First  contains  lessons  on  the  elementary  principles  of  geographical  science;  Part 
Second,  a  description  of  the  different  countries.  The  lessons  of  Part  First  are  not  arranged  in  the  usual  form  of  question  and 
answer.  The  principles  are  clearly  stated  in  familiar  language,  and  the  lessons  are  followed  by  direct  questions  upon  the  text,  and 
suggestive  questions  testing  the  learner's  understanding  of  it.  Part  Second  is  arranged  in  chapters,  which  correspond  with  the 
maps.  The  description  of  a  country  is  followed  by  a  map  of  the  same ;  on  the  page  opposite  to  which  are  suggestive  questions 
growing  out  of  the  text,  and  direct  questions  upon  the  map.  The  descriptions  in  Part  Second  follow  a  natural  order.  The  posi- 
tion of  a  country  is  first  given,  then  its  surface  is  described,  and  the  effect  of  these  circumstances  upon  the  climate,  productions,  and 
inhabitants  stated.  An  account  of  the  political  divisions  follows  the  description  of  the  physical  features,  constant  reference  being 
made  to  the  general  statement  of  principles  in  Part  First.  The  arrangement  of  this  part  of  the  book  in  chapters  will  enable  the 
teacher  to  assign  to  his  pupils  such  length  of  lessons  as  he  chooses." 

Acknowledgments  are  due  to  many  Educators,  in  various  parts  of  the  country,  for  useful  suggestions  kindly 
offered ;  and  especially  to  Mr.  P.  W.  Bartlett,  late  Master  of  the  Chapman  School,  Boston,  whose  extensive 
geographical  knowledge  has  contributed  largely  to  the  general  accuracy  of  the  work. 

In  its  improved  form,  it  is  hoped  that  the  Common  School  Geography  may  commend  itself  to  the  Educational 
public,  and  continue  to  justify  the  generous  support  which  has  hitherto  been  extended  to  it. 

Philadelphia,  August,  18G6. 


M779190 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


PART  I. 

INTRODUCTORY.^ 

*  MATHEMATICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 

Lesson  Page 

I.— FORM  OF  THE  EARTH 5 

II.— MOTIONS  OF  THE  EARTH 6 

III.— MOTIONS  OF  THE  EARTH— (Continued) 6 

IV.— DIVISION  OF  THE  EARTH  BY  CIRCLES 7 

V.— DIVISION  OF  THE  EARTH  BY  CIRCLES— (Continued) 7 

VI.— ZONES 8 

VII.— DAYS  AND  NIGHTS 8 

VIII.— MAPS  AND  GLOBES 9 

IX.— QUESTIONS  ON  LATITUDE  AND  LONGITUDE 9 

PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 

X.— NATURAL  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  LAND 10 

XL— SURFACE  OF  THE  LAND 10 

XII.— NATURAL  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  WATER 11 

XIII.— LAKES  AND  RIVERS 11 

XIV.— CLIMATE 12 

XV.-^VEGETATION 12 

XVI.— ANIMALS 13 

XVII.— MAN 13 

POLITICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 

XVIII.— STATES  OF  SOCIETY 14 

XIX.— STATES  OF  SOCIETY— (Continued) 14 

XX.— GOVERNMENT 15 

XXL— RELIGION 15 

XXII.— BRANCHES  OF  INDUSTRY 16 

XXIII.— BRANCHES  OF  INDUSTRY— (Continued) 16 

XXIV.— BRANCHES  OF  INDUSTRY— (Continued) 17 

XXV.— BRANCHES  OF  INDUSTRY— (Continued) 17 


PART  II. 
DESCRIPTION  OF  COUNTRIES. 

Chapter  Pago 

I.— THE  HEMISPHERES 19 

II— THE  CONTINENTS 20 

III.— NORTH  AMERICA 22 

IV— THE  UNITED  STATES 26 

V— THE  EASTERN,  OR  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES 30 

VI.— THE  MIDDLE  STATES,  MARYLAND,  AND  VIRGINIA 34 

VII.— THE  SOUTHERN  STATES,  ARKANSAS,  AND  TENNESSEE....  38 

VIII— THE  WESTERN  STATES 42 

IX— TEXAS,  CALIFORNIA,  OREGON,  AND  THE  TERRITORIES....  46 

X.— COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 50 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS;.". 52 

XL— THE  BRITISH  PROVINCES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 53 

XII.— MEXICO,  CENTRAL  AMERICA,  AND  THE  WEST  INDIES 56 

XIII.— SOUTH  AMERICA 60 

XIV.— EUROPE 66 

XV.— GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND 70 

XVI.— WESTERN  EUROPE 72 

XVII.— CENTRAL  EUROPE 76 

XVIII.— ASIA 80 

XIX.— AFRICA 86 

XX.— OCEANICA 90 

XXI.— COMMERCE  OF  THE  WORLD 94 


QUESTIONS  FOR  GENERAL  REVIEW 96 

A  TREATISE  ON  MAP-DRAWING 97 

PRONOUNCING  AND  EXPLANATORY  VOCABULARY 99 

STATISTICAL  TABLES 105 


IZLSHDIEZS:   TO   TIKE    MAPS. 


Page 

1.  Eastern  and  Western  Hemispheres 9 

2.  Western  Hemisphere 18 

3.  Eastern  Hemisphere 21 

4.  North  America 24 

5.  The  United  States 28 

6.  The  Eastern,  or  New  England  States 32 

7.  Middle  States,  Maryland,  and  Virginia 36 

8.  Southern  States,  Arkansas,  and  Tennessee 40 

'  9.  Western  States 44 

10.  Texas,  California,  Oregon,  and  the  Territories 48 

11.  Commercial  Map  op  the  United  States 51 

12.  The  British  Provinces  of  North  America 55 

13.  Mexico  and  Central  America 58 

14.  The  West  Indies 58 

16.  South  America ; C4 

16.  Route  across  the  Isthmus  of  Panama 64 

17.  Europe <g8 

w 


Page 

18.  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 71 

19.  The  Shetland  Islands "1 

20.  The  Channel  Islands 71 

21.  Western  Europe 74 

22.  Denmark,  Sleswick,  Holstein,  &c 74 

23.  Central  Europe ■ 78 

24.  Asia 84 

25.  Syria 84 

26.  The  Empire  of  Japan 84 

27.  Africa 88 

28.  Egypt 88 

29.  Liberia  and  Sierra  Leone 88 

30.  Malaysia,  Australasia,  and  Part  of  Polynesia 92 

31.  The  Sandwich  Islands 92 

32.  New  Zealand 92 

33.  Commercial  Map  of  the  World 95 


THE 


COMMON-SCHOOL^VRQGRAPHY. 


BROADWAY 


BROADWAY 


Street  runs  north  and  south ;  Willow  Street  runs  east  and  west.     Now,  if  a 

nger  should  ask  you  to  direct  him  to  TTuTCourt  House  (marked  C.  H.),  all  you 

e  to  do  is  to  say  it  is  on  the  third  street  north  of  Willow  Street,  and  on  the  fifth 

et  west  of  Ash.      The  stranger  could  find  it  at  once,  and  thus  you  might  direct 

l  to  any  part  of  the  city. 

where  the  State   House  is(S.);  the  Market  (M.) ;  the 


PAET    I. 

IITTRODTJOTORY. 

Geography  is  a  description  of  the  earth.     The  terra  is  derived  from  two  Greek  words,  signifying  "the  earth,"  and  "to  describe." 
Geography  may  be  divided  into  three  departments: — Mathematical,  Physical,  and  Political  Geography. 


LESSON   I. 

■ 

MATHEMATICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


">. 


I.  Mathematical  Geography  treats— first,  of  tin;  form,  size,  ami 
motions  of  the  earth;  second,  of  its  division  by  circles  ;  third,  of 


s  representation  of  its  surface  upon  globes,  map*,  and  charts! 

II.  Form  of  the  Earth.— The  earth  is  nearly  round.     It,  is  so 

nearly  round  that  it  is  called  a  Globe.  ^-j8>^ 

The  earth  is  not  perfectly  round,  but,  like  an  orange,  is  flattened  on  two  of  the 
opposite  sides  ;  not  nearly  so  much,  however,  in  proportion  to  its  size,  as  an  orange. 
In  any  representation  of  the  earth,  such  as  an  artificial  globe,  the  difference 
between  its  real  form  and  that  of  a  globe  would  be  too  small  to  be  seen. 


the 


III.  Mountains  and  valleys  do  not  affect  the  form  of  the  earth. 
The  highest  mountain  in  the  world  is  not  so  large,  in  proportion  to 
the  size  of  the  earth,  as  a  grain  of  sand  upon  the  surface  of  an 
ordinary  globe. 

IV.  The  earth  does  not  appear  to  us  like  a  globe.  When  we 
are  upon  the  ocean,  or  upon  an  extensive  plain,  where  there  are  no 
mountains  and  valleys,  it  seems  flat,  like  the  top  of  a  round  table. 

This  is  because  we  see  so  little  of  it  at  a  time.  To  an  ant,  crawling  over  an 
artificial  globe,  the  surface  probably  appears  perfectly  level;  but  we  see  bo  much 
of  the  wooden  globe  at  once,  that  we  know  its  true  shape. 

So  tall  a  man,  standing  in  the  centre  of  an  extensive  plain,  sees  only  about  three 
miles  around  him,  and  is  therefore  in  the  condition  of  the  little  ant  upon  the 
wooden  globe.  If  he  oould  see  as  much  of  the  earth  at  a  time  as  he  can  of  tho 
wooden  globe,  it  would  appear  to  him  to  be  what  it  really  is,  a  great  globe. 


8 


CO'MMON-SCHOOL    GEOGKAPHY. 


V.  Proofs  that  the  Earth  is  round.— 1.  The  tops  of  the  masts  of  a 
ship  coming  into  port  are  always  seen  before  the  hull. — 2.  It  has 
often  been  circumnavigated,  or  sailed  around. — 3.  The  shadow  of 
the  earth  when  cast  on  the  moon  is  always  circular. 

If  the  earth  were  flat,  the  masts  of  the  ship,  which  are  smaller  than  the  hull, 
would  appear  last. 


PART  I. 

,.  INTRODUCTORY.  * 

B  "f 

MATHEMATICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 

Lesson  Pago 

I.— FORM  OF  THE  EARTH 6 

II.— MOTIONS  OF  THE  EARTH C 

III.— MOTIONS  OF  THE  EARTH— (Continued) 6 

IV.— DIVISION  OF  THE  EARTH  BY  CIRCLES 7 

V.— DIVISION  OF  THE  EARTH  BY  CIRCLES— (Continued) 7 

VI.— ZONES 8 

VII.— DAYS  AND  NIGHTS 8 

VIII.— MAPS  AND  GLOBES 9 

IX.— QUESTIONS  ON  LATITUDE  AND  LONGITUDE 9 

mrtroTn  *  t     riwAnn  *  -r»-r-"-"- 

ILLUSTRATION  OF  ONE  OF  THE  PROOFS  THAT  THE  EARTH    IS  NEARLY  ROUND. 

The  gradual  appearance  of  the  ship  above  the  horizon  (or  line  where  the  sea  and 
sky  seem  to  meet),  proves  that  the  surface  over  which  she  is  sailing  is  curved, — 
as  in  the  following  representation: 


A  man,  standing  on  the  ground,  sees  the  whole  of  the  first  ship,  the  masts  of  the 
second,  and  the  top  of  the  main-mast  of  the  third;  the  fourth  is  out  of  sight.  As 
the  curve  is  found  to  be  nearly  trie  same  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  whether  sailing 
north  or  south,  east  or  west,  we  conclude  that  the  earth  is  shaped  like  a  globe. 


Questions.  —  What  is  Geography?  —  From  what  is  the  term  derived ?  —  Into  what 

three  departments  is  Geography  divided  ?  —  What  is  Mathematical  Geography.? 

What  is  the  form  of  the  earth? — Is  it  perfectly  round?  —  Why  are  not  artificial 
globes  flattened  at  the  top  and  bottom,  if  such  is  the  shape  of  our  earth  ?  —  If  you 
were  to  scatter  a  few  grains  of  sand  on  a  wooden  globe,  would  it  still  appear 
round?  —  Why  then  do  not  mountains  affect  the  form  of  the  earth?  — What  distance 
can  a  tall  man,  on  a  level  plain,  see  around  him? — Is  the  plain  on  which  he  stands 
perfectly  level,  or  slightly  curved?  —  Does  it  appear  to  him  to  be  curved? —  State 
one  of  the  proofs  that  the  earth  is  round. 


LESSON  II. 
MOTIONS  OP  THE  EARTH. 

I.  The  Earth  has  two  motions :  a  daily  revolution  (or  turning 
around)  upon  its  axis,  and  a  yearly  course  around  the  sun. 

The  axis  of  any  thing  is  that  upon  which  it  turns,  or  may  turn.  Thus,  the  axle- 
tree  is  the  axis  of  a  wheel.  Pass  a  wire  through  the  centre  of  an  orange,  from  the 
stem  to  the  opposite  point,  and  then  make  the  orange  revolve  on  the  wire :  the  wire 
is  the  axis  of  the  orange. 


So  the  earth  revolves  upon  its  axis.  Yet  the  axis  of  the  earth  is  not  a  reality,  it 
is  only  an  imaginary  line,  passing  through  the  centre  of  the  earth,  between  the  two 
opposite  flattened  sides.  The  ends  of  this  line  are  called  the  poles  of  the  earth. 
One  is  called  the  North  Pole ;  the  other,  the  South  Pole. 

The  axis  of  the  earth  is  inclined  to  the  plane  of  its  orbit  at  an  angle  of  about 
23 J  degrees.  This  leaning  of  the  axis  of  the  earth,  and  its  annual  revolution, 
cause  the  change  of  seasons,  known  as  Spring,  Summer,  Autumn,  and  Winter. 

II.  The  Daily  Motion. — The  earth  is  constantly  revolving  on  its 
axis  from  west  to  east,  and  this  movement  is  called  the  rotation  upon 
its  axis.    It  takes  twenty-four  hours,  or  one  day,  for  each  revolution. 

It  seems  to  us,  however,  as  if  the  earth  were  stationary,  and  as  if  the  sun,  moon, 
and  stars  were  moving  around  towards  the  west.  This  delusion  arises  from  the 
fact  that  the  motion  of  the  earth  is  so  steady  and  uniform  that  we  do  not  perceive  it. 

III.  Some  parts  of  the  earth,  in  its  daily  revolution,  move  at  the 
rate  of  more  than  a  thousand  miles  an  hour. 

At  the  Poles  there  is  little  or  no  motion ;  but,  midway  between  the  Poles,  the 
velocity  is  so  great  that  if  we  could  be  lifted  up  far  above  the  earth,  and  suspended 
there,  the  mountains,  seas,  and  islands  below,  would  be  rushing  by  with  such 
amazing  rapidity,  that  we  should  not  be  able  to  distinguish  one  object  from  another. 
But  as  we  are  now  moving  with  them  at  the  same  rate,  we  do  not  perceive  the 
motion. 

IV.  The  revolution  of  the  earth  upon  its  axis  produces  day  and 
night — every  place  upon  its  surface  being,  alternately,  in  sunlight 
and  in  shade. 


Questions.  —  How  many  motions  has  the  earth?  —  What  is  an  axis? — Has  the 
earth  a  real  axis,  like  a  wheel?  —  What  are  the  Poles?  —  Are  they  real  or  imagi- 
nary points?  —  How  is  the  axis  of  the  earth  inclined?  —  What  does  this  inclination 
cause?  —  What  is  the  daily  motion  of  the  earth?  —  How  many  hours  does  it  take 
for  the  earth  to  revolve  upon  its  own  axis?  —  Does  it  ever  cease  to  revolve?  —  Why 
does  it  seem  to  us  that  the  earth  is  stationary,  and  that  the  sun  moves  around  it 
towards  the  west?  —  How  many  miles  an  hour  do  some  parts  of  the  earth  move, 
revolving  upon  its  axis?  —  What  parts  are-  they?  —  How  are  day  and  night 
produced? 


LESSON  III. 
MOTIONS  OP  THE  EARTH.— Continued. 

I.  The  daily  revolution  of  the  earth  determines  the  points  East, 
"West,  North,  and  South. 

The  earth  is  constantly  turning  round  from  west  to  east,  towards  the  sun,  pro- 
ducing the  effect  of  sunrise.  The  direction  from  which  the  sun  appears  to  rise  is 
called  East ;  where  it  sets,  West. 

If  you  stand  with  your  right  arm  extended  towards  the  East,  the  West  will  be  on 
your  left  hand,  the  North  will  be  before  you,  and  the  South  behind  you. 

II.  These  directions  are  called  the  Points  of  the  Compass. 

The  compass  is  an  instrument  which  has  a  magnetic 
needle  attached  to  it  This  always  points  to  the  north, 
or  nearly  to  the  north.  The  compass  is  used  by  sur- 
veyors, and  by  mariners  to  tell  the  direction  in  which 
their  vessels  are  sailing.  Beside  the  four  principal 
points,  there  are  four  other  important  ones:  North-eaM, 
North-west.  South-east,  and  South-west.  N.  stands  for 
North.  N.  E.  for  North-east,  N.  W.  for  North-west,  S.  E. 
for  South-east,  and  S.  W.  for  South-west. 

III.  Motion  of  the  Earth  around  the  Sun.— The  earth  moves 
around  the  sun  in  a  nearly  circular  path,  called  its  orbit,  in  365£ 
days,  or  one  year.     This  is  called  the  annual,  or  yearly  motion. 


DIVISION   OF  THE   EABTH  BY   CIECLES. 


Over  this  course,  a  length  of  upwards  of  567  millions  of  miles,  the  earth  moves 
with  a  velocity  of  more  than  a  thousand  miles  in  a  minute. 

IV.  The  circumference  of  the  earth  is  the  distance  around  it. 
The  diameter  is  the  distance  in  a  straight  line  through  its  centre, 
between  any  two  opposite  points  on  the  surface, 

V.  The  circumference  and  diameter  vary  in  length,  in  different 

parts  of  the  globe. 

Since  the  earth  is  flattened  at  the  Poles,  and  expanded  in  the  middle,  it  is  plain 
that  its  circumference  and  diameter  are  greater,  midway  between  the  Poles,  than 
anywhere  else. 

VI.  The  greatest  circumference  of  the  earth  is  about  25,000 
miles,  and  the  greatest  diameter  about  8000  miles.  The  diameter 
of  the  earth,  from  Pole  to  Pole,  is  26  miles  less  than  midway 
between  the  Poles. 


Questions.  —  How  is  sunrise  caused  ?  —  Does  the  sun  really  rise  ?  —  What  is  that 
point  called  at  which  the  sun  appears  to  rise? — What  are  the  other  principal  points 
of  the  compass?  —  How  long  does  it  take  the  earth  to  make  its  annual  revolution 
around  the  sun?  —  Does  it  stop  after  having  completed  its  yearly  course? — What 
is  the  form  of  the  earth's  orbit  ?  —  How  fast  does  the  earth  move  around  the  sun  ?  — 
Which  is  the  more  rapid;  the  motion  of  the  earth  around  the  sun,  or  its  revolution 
upon  its  own  axis  ?  — What  do  you  understand  by  the  circumference  of  the  earth  ?  — 
By  its  diameter  ?  — Where  is  the  circumference  greatest  ?  —  How  long  is  the  greatest 
diameter  ?  —  The  shortest  ? 


LESSON    IV. 
DIVISION  OF  THE  EARTH  BY  CIRCLES. 

I.  The  surface  of  the  globe  is  divided  by  imaginary  circles. 
They  are  the  Equator,  the  Parallels  of  Latitude,  the  Meridians  of 
Longitude,  and  the  Tropical  and  Polar  Circles. 

II.  A  Circle  is  a  curved  line  every  point  of  which  is  equally 
distant  from  the  centre. 

Every  circle  is  divided  into  360  equal  parts,  called  degrees. 

III.  A  Great  Circle  is  one  that  divides  the  globe  into  two  equal 

parts,  each  of  which  is  called  a  Hemisphere, — that  is,  half  a  sphere 

br  globe. 

Each  degree  of  a  great  circle  is  equal  to  CO  geographical  miles,  or  about  69J 
English  miles. 

IV.  A  Small  Circle  divides  the  earth  into  two  unequal  parts.. 

The  length  of  a  degree  of  a  small  circle  varies  with  the  size  of  the  circle. 

V.  The  Equator  is  a  great  circle  drawn  round  the  globe  half-way 
between  the  Poles. 

VI.  Parallels  of  Latitude  are  small  circles  drawn  round  the  globe 

parallel  to  the  Equator. 

The  parallels  are  represented  on  maps  by  lines  running  across  them  from  cast  to 
west. 

VII.  The  Horizon  is  the  boundary-line  of  our  circle  of  vision, 
whore  the  earth  and  sky  seem  to  meet. 

VIII.  The  Zenith  is  the  point  in  the  heavens  directly  overhead. 

IX.  Latitude  is  distance  from  the  Equator,  either  north  or  south. 
It  is  measured  on  great  circles;  and  hence  the  length  of  a  degree  of  latitude  is 

nearly  the  same  in  all  parts  of  the  earth.  Ninety  of  these  degrees  are  north,  and 
ninety  south,  of  the  Equator.  All  places  north  of  the  Equator  are  said  to  be  in 
North  Latitude:  all  south  of  it,  in  South  Latitude.  These  degrees  are  numbered 
on  the  sides  ofmaps.  The  numbers  increase  from  the  Equator  towards  the  Poles, 
from  0  to  90°.  If  the  numbers  increase  from  the  bottom  towards  the  top  of  the 
map.  the  section  represented  is  in  North  Latitude;  if  from  the  top  fcmvards  the 
bottom,  the  section  is  in  South  Latitude.  ^ 


Suppose  a  city,  with  streets  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  like  the  lines  in 
the  annexed  representation :  — 


Ash  Street  runs  north  and  south ;  Willow  Street  runs  east  and  west.  Now,  if  a 
stranger  should  ask  you  to  direct  him  to  Tn"e~Court.  House  (marked  C.  H.),  all  you 
have  to  do  is  to  say  it  is  on  the  third  street  north  of  Willow  Street,  and  on  the  fifth 
street  west  of  Ash.  The  stranger  could  find  it  at  once,  and  thus  you  might  direct 
him  to  any  part  of  the  city. 

Tell  me,  in  the  same  way,  where  the  State  House  is(S.);  the  Market  (M.);  the 
Public  Library  (L.) ;  the  City  Hall  (H.)  ;  the  Savings  Bank  (B.).  In  what  direction 
is  the  State  House  from  the  Market?  The  Market  from  the  Library  ?  The  City 
Hallf  rom  the  State  House?  The  Savings  Bank  from  the  City  Hall?  The  Market 
from  the  State  House? 

Thus,  if  you  could  draw  a  set  of  lines  on  the  earth's  surface,  running  east  and 
west,  and  another  set  running  north  and  south,  you  could  fix  the  position  of  places 
without  any  difficulty,  and  ascertain  their  direction  from  each  other.  This  is  pre- 
cisely what  is  done  by  the  lines  of  latitude  and  longitude;  although  they  are  not 
real,  but  imaginary  lines. 


Questions. — Name  the  circles  which  divide  the  surface  of  the  globe.  —  What  is  a 
Circle?  — How  is  every  Circle  divided?  — What  is  a  Great  Circle?  — What  is  a 
Hemisphere?  —  How  long  is  a  degree  of  a  great  circle?  —What  is  a  Small  Circle?  — 
What  is  the  Equator?  —  Define  Parallels  of  Latitude. —  What  is  the  Horizon?  — 
What  is  the  Zenith? — What  is  Latitude?  —  On  what  circles  is  it  measured?  —  How 
many  degrees  of  North  Latitude  are  there?  —  How  many  of  South?  —  If  a  place  is 
said  to  be  in  ten  degrees  of  North  Latitude,  on  which  side  of  the  Equator  is  it?  — 
If  you  are  told  that  .a  place  is  in  the  thirty-third  degree  of  South  Latitude,  how  far, 
and  in  what  direction,  is  it  from  the  Equator? 


LESSON    V. 

DIVISION  OF  THE  EARTH  BY  CIRCLES. 

I.  Meridians  of  Longitude  are  imaginary  lines  encircling  the  earth 
from  north  to  south,  and  passing  through  both  Poles.  The  meri- 
dian of  any  place  is  a  line  passing  through  that  place  from  the 
North  to  the  South  Pole. 

The  meridians  are  represented  on  maps  by  lines  running  across  them  from  north 
to  south. 

II.  Longitude  is  distance  from  any  given  meridian,  east  or  west. 
It  is  measured  on  the  Equator,  or  on  parallels.     The  length  of  a 

degree*  on  the  Equator  is  nearly  the  same  as  that  of  a  degree  of 
latitude.  On  the  20th  parallel  it  is  65  miles ;  on  the  40th  parallel 
it  is  53  miles;  on  the  60th  parallel  it  is  82 J  males;  and  on  the 
80th  parallel  it  is  12  miles. 

III.  The  meridian  from  which  longitude  is  reckoned  is  called 
the  Eirst  Meridian. 

The  Equator  is  the  lino  universally  agreed  upon  from  which  to  reckon  latitude; 
but   no    such    line   has   been    agreed    upon    by   different   countries   from,   which   to 


_. 


8 


COMMON-SCHOOL    GEOGKAPHY. 


compute  longitude.  The  English  reckon  from  the  meridian  of  Greenwich,  near 
London ;  the  French,  from  that  of  Paris.  In  the  United  States  we  commonly  adopt 
the  meridian  of  Greenwich;  though  longitude  is  often  computed  from  that  of  Wash- 
ington. 

The  meridian  which  passes  through  Greenwich  is  marked  with  a  cipher  (0). 
There  arc  180  degrees  of  East,  and  180  degrees  of  West  Longitude.  All  places  cast 
of  the  meridian  of  Greenwich  are  iu  East  Longitude ;  all  places  west  of  it,  in  West 
Longitude. 

These  degrees  are  numbered  on  the  top  and  bottom  of  maps,  or  upon  the  Equator. 
If  the  numbers  increase  from  the  left  towards  the  right  of  the  map,  the  section 
represented  is  in  East  Longitude ;  if  from  the  right  towards  the  left,  it  is  in  West 
Longitude.  On  globes  and  maps,  the  meridians  and  parallels  are  generally  cither 
curved  or  slanting.  In  finding  the  direction,  therefore,  of  one  place  from  another, 
you  must  follow  the  course  of  the  line  of  longitude  or  latitude. 

IV.  Parallels  of  Latitude  and  Meridians  of  Longitude. — These 
circles  enable  us  to  ascertain  the  position  of  places,  and  their  dis- 
tance and  direction  from  each  other. 

V.  Those  who  live  on  the  same  meridian  have  their  noon  or 
midnight  at  the  same  moment.  Those  who  live  on  the  same  par- 
allel have  an  equal  length  of  day  and  night. 

Antipodes  are  those  who  live  on  exactly  opposite  sides  of  the 
globe. 


Questions.  —  What  are  meridians  of  longitude  ?  — What  is  the  meridian  of  a  place  ? 
—  How  are  meridians  marked  on  maps  ? — What  is  longitude?, — On  what  is  it  mea- 
sured?—  How  does  the  length  of  degrees  of  longitude  vary? — What  do  you  mean  by 
first  meridian?  —  Do  all  nations  reckon  longitude  from  the  same  meridian  ? — What 
meridian  is  generally  adopted  in  the  United  States?  —  How  can  you  tell  whether  a 
place  is  in  East  or  West  Longitude  ? 

How  is  the  meridian  of  Greenwich  marked  on  the  map  ?  —  Suppose  you  should 
follow  that  meridian  from  the  Equator  to  the  South  Pole :  in  what  direction  would 
you  go?  —  In  following  the  s-ame  meridian  to  the  North  Pole,  in  what  direction 
would  you  go?  —  Of  what  use  are  parallels  and  meridians? — What  places  have 
noon  at  the  same  time? — What  places  have  an  equal  length  of  day  and  night  ?- 
Define  antipodes.— 


LESSON   VI, 


ZONES. 

I.  The  hottest  part  of  the  earth  is  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Equator, 
for  the  sun  is  more  nearly  overhead  there,  throughout  the  entire 
year,  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  globe.  Going  from  the  Equator 
to  the  Poles,  the  climate  constantly  grows  colder.  On  account  of 
these  differences  in  climate,  the  surface  of  the  earth  is  divided  into 
five  distinct  zones  or  belts. 

The  Torrid  Zone  extends  about  23J  degrees  of  latitude  on  each  side  of  the 
Equator.  The  Frigid  Zones  extend  around  each  Pole  for  nearly  23 \  degrees  from  it: 
one  is  the  North  Frigid  — the  other  the  South  Frigid  Zone.  The  Temperate  Zones 
are  between  the  Torrid  and  Frigid  Zones:  one  is  the  North  Temperate— the  other, 
the  South  Temperate  Zone.  The  T«mperate  Zones  are  each  a  little  more  than  43 
degrees  wide. 

II.  The  Tropical  Circles  are  those  parallels  of  latitude  which 
mark  the  boundaries  of  the  Torrid  Zone.  The  northern  is  the 
Tropic  of  Cancer :  the  southern,  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn.  The 
countries  between  these  circles  are  called  tropical  countries.  The 
Polar  Circles  are  those  parallels  of  latitude  which  mark  the  boun- 
daries of  the  Frigid  Zones.  The  northern  is  the  Arctic :  the  south- 
era  the  Antarctic  Circle. 

III.  The  Seasons. — During  the  earth's  annual  course  around  the 
sun,  the  seasons  change,  in  the  Temperate  Zones,  from  winter  to 


spring,  from  spring  to  summer,  from  summer  to  autumn,  and  from 
autumn  to  winter.  The  seasons  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere  occur 
at  opposite  periods  to  those  in  the  Southern. 

IV.  The  Frigid  Zones  have  but  two  seasons  —  a  long,  cold 
winter,  and  a  short  summer. 

Winter  and  summer  succeed  each  other  so  rapidly  that  spring  and  autumn  are 
hardly  perceptible.  While  it  is  winter  in  the  North  Frigid,  it  is  summer  in  the 
South  Frigid  Zone. 

V.  The  Torrid  Zone  has  two  seasons  —  the  wet,  and  the  dry. 

It  has  no  winter  and  summer,  properly  speaking.  The  dry  season,  in  the  northern 
half  of  the  Torrid  Zone,  continues  from  October  to  April.  During  this  time  it  is  the 
wet  season  in  the  southern  half.  The  wet  season  of  the  northern  part  continues  from 
April  to  October ;  during  this  period  it  is  the  dry  season  in  the  southern  portion. 

VI.  The  Temperate  Zones  have  four  seasons  —  Spring,  Summer, 
Autumn,  and  Winter. 

While  it  is  spring  in  the  North  Temperate,  it  is  autumn  in  the  South  Temperate 
Zone ;  and  when  it  is  summer  in  the  North  Temperate,  it  is  winter  in  the  South 
Temperate  Zone. 


Questions. — Where  do  we  find  the  hottest  part  of  the  earth  ? — Why  is  the  heat  so 
great  in  that  vicinity  ?  — What  change  is  observed  in  passing  from  the  Equator  to  tho 
Poles?  —  How  many  zones  are  there?  —  How  many  seasons  have  the  Frigid  Zones? 
—  How  many  the  Temperate?  —  The  Torrid? — When  it  is  summer  in  the  North 
Frigid  Zone,  what  season  is  it  in  the  South  Frigid  ?  — When  it  is  winter  in  the  North 
Temperate  Zone,  what  season  is  it  in  the  South  Temperate  ?  — When  it  is  the  dry  sea- 
son in  the  southern  half  of  the  Torrid  Zone,  what  season  is  it  in  the  northern  half? 

In  what  months  is  the  dry  season  in  the  northern  half  of  the  Torrid  Zone?  —  The 
wet  season? — What  are  the  months  of  the  wet  season  in  the  northern  half?  —  In 
the  southern? — What  Beason  is  it  now  in  the  North  Temperate  Zone?  —  In  the 
South  Temperate? 


LESSON    VII. 
DAYS  AND  NIGHTS. 

I.  The  length  of  the  days  and  nights  is  not  the  same  in  all  parts 
of  the  world. 

II.  In  the  Torrid  Zone  the  days  and  nights  are  of  nearly  equal 
length  throughout  the  year  —  that  is,  about  twelve  hours  each. 

At  the  Equator  they  are  each  twelve  hours  long  throughout  the  year.  Leaving 
the  Equator,  the  length  of  the  days  and  of  the  nights  becomes  unequal ;  and  this 
inequality  increases  as  we  advance  towards  the  Poles. 

III.  In  the  Temperate  Zones  they  are  of  very  unequal  length  — 
the  days  in  summer  being  more,  and  the  nights  less,  than  twelve 
hours ;  while  in  winter  the  days  are  shorter,  and  the  nights  longer, 
than  twelve  hours. 

This  inequality  increases  towards  the  Polar  Circles,  which  are  the  limits  of  the 
Temperate  Zones.  At  these  circles  the  longest  day  is  twenty-four  hours  —  that  is, 
the  sun  does  not  set  on  that  day. 

IV.  In  the  Frigid  Zones,  the  days  and  nights  are  still  more 
unequal  in  length  than  in  the  Temperate. 

At  the  Polar  Circles  the  longest  day  is  twenty-four  hours,  and  its  length  increases 
towards  the  Poles  —  the  sun  frequently  being  above  or  below  the  horizon  for  days  and 
weeks  together.     At  the  Poles,  the  days  and  nights  are  each  six  month*dong. 


Questions.  —  Are  the  days  or  nights,  at  the  Equator,  ever  more  than  twelve  hours 
long  ?  —  Are  they  more  than  twelve  hours  long  in  any  part  of  the  world  ?  —  When  are 
the  days  longest  in  the  Temperate  Zones:  in  summer,  or  in  winter? — When  are  the 
nights  longest?  —  At  what  part  of  the  Temperate  Zones  are  the  summer  days  long-  I 
est:  near  the  Tropics,  or  the  Polar  Circles?  —  How  long  is  the  longest  day  at  the  J 
Polar  Circles?  —  Does  the  length  of  the  days,  in  summer,  increase  or  diminish  from 
the  Polar  Circles  to  the  Poles?  —  How  long  is  the  day  at  the  Poles?  —  The  night?  —  1 
Is  the  Day,  at  the  Poles,  summer  or  winter  ? 


MAPS    AND    GLOBES. 


J6  north  rm.  Kg 


worth  por.r   g 


iot  j  11  FoE* 


LESSON    VIII. 
MAPS,  GLOBES,  AND   CHARTS. 

r* 

I.  A  Map  is  a  representation  of  the  whole  or  a  part  of  the  earth's 
surface  on  a  plane. 

Maps  exhibit  the  lines  of  latitude  and  longitude;  the  Equator;  the  tropical  and 
polar  circles;  and  the  position  of  continents,  islands,  oceans,  mountains,  rivers, 
countries,  and  towns. 

Maps  enable  us  to  see  at  once  the  form  of  the  various  bodies  of  land  and  water, 
and  their  direction  from  each  other.  They  assist  us  in  comparing  the  sizes  of 
different  countries,  and  in  estimating  the  distance  from  one  place  to  another. 

II.  North  is  towards  the  top  of  the  map ;  South  is  towards  the 
bottom  ;  East  is  towards  the  right  hand  ;  and  West  is  towards  the 
left  hand. 

III.  The  best  representation  of  the  whole  earth  is  by  an  artificial 
globe,  which  is  a  ball,  on  which  are  drawn  the  various  objects,  as 
on  a  map.     On  a  globe  we  see  only  one  hemisphere  at  a  time. 

IV.  If  we  should  cut  a  globe  into  halves,  and  place  them  side 
by  side,  with  the  curved  sides  toward  us,  we  should  have  nearly  the 
same  view  of  the  earth's  surface  as  that  presented  by  a  map  of  the 
hemispheres — such  as  the  one  above. 

V.  The  scale  of  a  map  is  useful  in  computing  the  distances 
between  different  places. 

VI.  A  chart  differs  from  a  map  in  always  having  the  meridians 
and  parallels  drawn  as  straight  lines. 

For  this  reason  they  are  chiefly  used  by  navigators. 


Questions. — What  is  a  map?  —  What  do  maps  exhibit?  —  What  is  the  use  of 

maps?  —  Towards   what  part   of  the  map   is   North?  —  South?  —  East?  —  West? 

What  is  the  best  representation  of  the  whole  earth  ? — What  kind  of  a  view  of  the 
earth  is  presented  by  a  map  of  the  hemispheres?  —  Of  what  use  is  the  scale  of  a 
map?  —  Suppose  on  a  map,  the  scale  of  which  is  50  miles  to  the  inch,  two  places  are 
three  inches  apart:  what  distance  arc  they  from  each  other?  —  What  is  a  Chart? 
2 


SOUTH  fOLki      S 


LESSON    IX. 

QUESTIONS  ON  LATITUDE  AND  LONGITUDE. 

[Note.  —  These  questions  may  be  answered  from  the  map  at  the  top  of  the  page.] 

Is   North  America  in  North  or  South  Latitude?  — Why  ?  — Europe?  — Why  ?  — 

Australia?  —  Why?  —  In  what  latitude  is  the  greater  part  of  South  America?  —  Is 

any  part  of  Asia  in  South  Latitude?  —  Is  any  part  of  Africa  in  North  Latitude?  — 

In  South  Latitude?  —  Is  any  part  of  South  America  in  North  Latitude? 

In  what  longitude  (from  the  meridian  of  Greenwich)  is  South  America?  —  Aus- 
tralia?—  Asia?  —  North  America?  —  Is  any  part  of  Africa  in  West  Longitude?  —  In 
what  longitude  is  the  greater  part  of  Europe?  —  Why? 

On  a  certain  day,  the  ship  "Flying  Cloud"  was  in  20°  of  North  Latitude:  can 
you  tell  me  whether  she  was  in  the  Atlantic,  or  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  ?  —  Suppose  I 
also  say  that  she  was  in  140°  of  West  Longitude:  can  you  now  tell  me  in  what  ocean 
she  was?  —  In  what  direction  was  she  from  North  America?  —  From  South  America? 
—  How  many  degrees  from  the  Equator?  —  From  the  South  Pole?  —  The  North 
Pole? 

The  ship  "Storm  King"  was  lost  in  a  hurricane  in  20°  South  Latitude,  and  80° 
East  Longitude:  in  what  ocean  was  this  vessel  wrecked  ?  —  In  what  direction  from 
Africa  was  this  ship?  —  From  Asia?  —  From  Australia?  —  How  far  was  it  from  the 
Equator?  —  From  the  South  Pole? 

Suppose  two  ships  are  at  the  Equator  —  one  in  180°,  the  other  in  40°,  of  West 
Longitude:  how  many  degrees  apart  are  they  ?  —  How  many  miles  ?  —  Suppose  they 
each  sail  directly  north  to  60°  of  North  Latitude  :  are  they  any  nearer  to  each  other 
than  before?  —  How  far  north  would  they  have  to  go,  in  order  to  meet? 


QUESTIONS   ON  ZONES. 

How  many  degrees  on  each  side  of  the  Equator  does  the  Torrid  Zone  extend  ?  — 
How  many  degrees  wide,  then,  is  the  Torrid  Zone?  —  How  many  degrees  wide  are 
the  Frigid  Zones? — The  Temperate  Zones?  —  How  many  miles  wide  is  each  of 
these  zones,  reckoning  70  miles  to  a  degree  ?  —  How  many  degrees  from  the  Equator 
are  the  Tropical  Circles? 

How  many  degrees  from  the  Poles  arc  the  Polar  Circles?  —  Between  what  circles 
is  the  Torrid  Zone  included  ?  — The  North  Temperate?  —  The  South  Temperate?  — 
At  what  latitude  would  a  ship  enter  the  North  Temperate  Zone,  in  sailing  from  the 
Equator? 

What,  is  the  meaning  of  Torrid  ?  — Frigid?  — Arctic?  — Antarctic  ?  —  Australia  ? 
[Questions  of  this  kind,  which  will  be  found  in  many  of  the  succeeding  lessons,  are 
answered  in  the  Pronouncing  Vocabulary  at  the  end  of  the  book.] 


10 


COMMON-SCHOOL  GEOGEAPHY. 


LESSON  X. 
PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

I.  Physical  Geography  treats  of' the  land  and  water  into  which 
the  earth's  surface  is  divided ;  of  the  atmosphere  which  surrounds 
the  earth ;  and  of  the  animals  and  plants  which  live  upon  it. 

II.  The  surface  of  the  earth  consists  of  land  and  water, — about 
one-fourth  being  land,  and  three-fourths  water. 

III.  The  land  surface  of  the  earth  is  divided  into  continents  and 
islands. 

Various  parts  of  these  divisions  receive  different  names,  according  to  their  size, 
shape,  or  some  other  circumstance.  Tho  principal  of  them  are  peninsulas,  capes, 
and  isthmuses. 

Such  divisions  as  continents,  islands,  and  peninsulas  are  called  natural,  to  distin- 
guish them  from  divisions  formed  by  man,  such  as  States  and  Countries. 

IV.  A  Continent  is   a   great  body   of   land,   containing  many 

countries. 

There  are  two  continents  —  the  Eastern  and  the  Western.  Australia  is  sometimes 
considered  a  continent,  but  in  this  book  it  is  classed  among  islands.  A  tract  of 
uninhabited  land,  south  of  Australia,  first  discovered  in  1840,  is  known  as  the 
Antarctic  Continent.     It  is  not  however,  strictly  speaking,  a  continent. 

V.  An  Island  is  a  body  of  land  entirely  surrounded  by  water. 

A  number  of  islands,  closely  clustered  together,  form  an  Archipelago.  This  term 
is  also  applied  to  a  sea  interspersed  with  islands.  Islands  differ  from  continents 
only  in  size — both  being  surrounded  by  water. 

VI.  A  Peninsnla  is  a  body  of  land  nearly  surrounded  by  water. 
Africa  and  South  America  are  the  largest  peninsulas. 

VII.  A  Cape  is  a  point  of  land  extending  into  the  water. 

VIII.  An  Isthmus  is  a  narrow  neck  of  land  which  connects  two 
larger  bodies  of  land.  The  Isthmus  of  Panama  connects  North 
and  South  America. 


IX. 


A  Coast  or  Shore  is  the  land  bordering  on  the  water. 


Questions.  —  What  is  Physical  Geography?  —  When  you  are  learning  about  islands 
are  you  studying  Mathematical  or  Physical  Geography?  —  In  what  division  of 
geography  do  you  learn  the  movements  of  the  earth?  — Of  what  does  the  surface 
of  the  earth  consist?  —  How  much  greater  portion  of  it  is  water  than  land?  —  What 
is  the  difference  between  a  continent  and  an  island? — Why  are  such  divisions  as 
continents  and  islands  called  natural  divisions? 

Should  we  call  Australia  a  continent,  if  it  were  three  or  four  times  as  large  as  it 
really  is?  —  What  is  an  island?  —  An  archipelago?  —  What  is  a  peninsula? — A 
cape? — An  isthmus?  —  A  coast?' — What  do  you  mean  by  the  coast  of  North 
America?  —  Spell  the  following  words:  Physical,  Archipelago,  Peninsula,  Isthmus, 
Darien.  —  What  is  the  meaning  of  Peninsula?  —  Capo?  —  Isthmus? 


LESSON  XI. 
SURFACE  OP  THE  LAND. 

I.  The  land  surface  of  the  earth  is  diversified  by  plains,  moun- 
tains, hills,  table-lands,  and  valleys.  • 

II.  A  Plain  is  a  tract  of  land  nearly  level. 

Some  plains  appear  perfectly  flat,  while  others  have  a  rolling  surface,  like  many 
of  our  western  prairies. 


III.  A  Mountain  is  a  tract  of  land  which  rises  considerably  above 
the  general  surface. 

IV.  Elevations  of  less  than  two  thousand  feet,  are  usually  called 
hills. 

The  base  of  a  mountain,  or  hill,  is  that  upon  which  it  rests.  We  reckon  the 
height  of  mountains  not  from  the  base,  but  from  the  level  of  the  ocean  ;  which  is 
the  same  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  therefore  forms  a  fixed  standard  for  com- 
paring the  heights  of  mountains. 

Mountains  are  seldom  found  single,  but  are  generally  in  groups  or  chains.  A 
mountain-chain  is  an  irregular  mass  of  elevated  land,  which  is  sometimes  several 
thousand  miles  long,  and  more  than  a  hundred  wide.  A  chain  of  mountains  is  also 
called  a  ridge,  or  range.  A  number  of  chains,  extending  in  the  same  general  direc- 
tion, constitute  what  is  called  a  mountain-system. 


MOUNTAIN    SCENERY. 


Mountains  do  not  often  rise  abruptly  from  the  level  surface  of  a  plain;  tho 
ground,  for  some  distance  around  the  base,  is  usually  broken  into  hills. 

V.  A  Volcano  is  a  mountain  which  casts  out  fire,  smoke,  melted 

lava,  or  other  substances,  from  its  interior. 

It  is  supposed  that  the  interior  of  the  earth  is  a  mass  of  fire,  to  which  the  volca- 
noes serve  as  chimneys.  There  are  more  than  four  hundred  volcanoes  upon  tho 
globe. 

VI.  A  Table-land,  or  Plateau,  is  an  elevated  plain,  rising  some- 
what abruptly  from  the  surrounding  surface.  Plateaus  are  gen- 
erally crossed  by  mountain-chains. 

VII.  A  Valley  is  a  tract  of  country  situated  between  mountains 
or  hills. 

A  valley  may  be  a  narrow  space  between  the  sides  of  mountains,  or  it  may  be  a 
broad  and  level  plain,  thousands  of  miles  in  extent. 

VIII.  A  Desert  is  a  tract  of  land  which  is  nearly  or  wholly 
barren. 

A  fertile  spot  in  the  midst  of  a  desert  is  called  an  Oasis.  Deserts  are  generally 
composed  of  sand  or  gravel.  They  sometimes  contain  tracts  of  clay  and  of  salt 
marsh,  and  occasionally  produce  a  scanty  growth  of  coarse  grass.  They  may  be 
either  table-lands  or  plains.  

Questions.  —  How  is  the  land  surface  of  the  earth  diversified? — What  is  a  plain? 

—  Is  there  a  plain  in  your  neighborhood  ?  —  What  is  the  difference  between  a  moun- 
tain and  a  hill?  —  What  is  the  base  of  a  mountain?  —  Why  is  the  height  of  moun- 
tains reckoned  from  the  level  of  the  sea?  —  Are  mountains  commonly  found  single? 

—  Describe  the  formation  of  a  mountain-chain.  —  Do  mountains  rise  abruptly  from 
a  level  surface?  —  What  is  a  volcano?  —  What  is  the  use  of  volcanoes?  —  What  is 
the  difference  between  a  plateau  and  a  plain?  —  By  what  are  plateaus  generally 
crossed? — What  is  a  valley?  —  Can  a  valley  be  a  plain?  —  Are  deserts  always  per- 
fectly barren?  —  Of  what  are  they  composed?  —  Are  they  always  low  plains?  — 
What  is  an  Oasis  ?  —  Spell  Plateau  ;  Volcano. 


WATEE.  — LAKES    AND    EIVEES, 


11 


LESSON    XII. 
WATER. 

I.  The  waters  of  the  earth  consist  of  the  ocean  and  its  various 
divisions;  and  of  lakes  and  rivers. 

II.  The  Ocean,  or  Sea,  is  that  great  body  of  salt  water  which 
covers  nearly  three-fourths  of  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

The  Ocean  is  divided  into  five  principal  parts,  which  are  also  called  oceans,  —  the 
Pacific,  Atlantic,  Indian,  Arctic,  and  Antarctic. 

III.  Parts  of  the  ocean  near  the  land,  or  extending  into  it,  are 
sometimes  called  seas,  gulfs,  bays,  sounds,  harbors,  straits,  or  chan- 
nels. 

IV.  A  Sea,  Gulf,  Bay,  or  Bight  is  a  body  of  water  nearly  sur- 
rounded by  land;  as  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
Hudson  Bay,  the  Bight  of  Benin. 

In  a  few  cases,  however,  they  are  more  open  to  the  ocean;  as  the  Arabian  Sea, 
the  Bay  of  Bengal,  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  There  is  but  little  difference  between  a 
sea,  a  gulf,  and  a  bay  ;  though  most  bays  are  smaller  than  seas  or  gulfs. 

V.  A  Sound  is  a  passage  of  water  so  shallow  that  its  depth  may 
be  easily  measured. 

VI.  A  Harbor  is  a  small  inlet,  so  sheltered  from  the  open  sea  as 

to  afford  safety  to  vessels. 

A  harbor,  in  order  to  be  good,  must  be  nearly  surrounded  by  land  ;  it  should  have 
deep  water,  and  be  easy  of  entrance.  Where  the  coast  is  low  and  sandy,  the  harbors 
are  not  very  good,  for  the  water  is  shallow,  and  the  entrance  obstructed  by  sand- 
bars. A  sand-bar  is  a  bank  of  sand,  rising  to  within  a  few  feet  of  the  surface.  If  a 
vessel  draws  so  many  feet  of  water  (that  is,  sinks  so  many  feet  deep  in  floating)  as 
to  strike  against  the  sand-bar,  she  cannot  enter  the  harbor. 

VII.  A  Strait  or  Channel  is  a  narrow  passage  connecting  two  large 
bodies  of  water. 


Questions,  —  Of  what  do  the  waters  of  the  earth  consist? — What  is  the  ocean?  — 
What  are  its  principal  divisions  ?  —  What  arc  those  parts  of  the  ocean  called  which 
are  near  the  land? — What  is  a  sea,  gulf,  or  bay  ?  —  Is  there  much  difference  between 
them?  —  What  is  a  sound?  —  A  harbor?  —  Can  a  harbor  be  good  which  has  very 
shallow  water?  —  What  danger  would  there  be  in  having  sunken  rocks  near  the 
entrance?  —  What  disadvantage  in  having  a  sand-bar  at  the  entrance? 

If  a  vessel  draws  ten  feet  of  water,  can  she  cross  a  sand-bar  which  is  within  eight 
feet  of  the  surface?  —  What  do  you  mean  by  saying  that  a  vessel  draws  ten  feet  of 
water?  —  Suppose  a  harbor  is  not  well  protected  by  the  land,  what  danger  would 
there  be  to  vessels  lying  within  it? — What  is  a  strait? 


LESSON    XIII. 
LAKES  AND  R-IVERS. 

I.  A  Lake  is  a  body  of  water  surrounded  by  land. 

The  greater  number  of  lakes  have  rivers  flowing  into  them,  and  from  them. 
Lakes  which  have  no  outlet  are  generally  salt ;  these  are  often  called  seas. 

II.  A  River  is  a  stream  of  fresh  water  which  flows  into  the  sea, 

or  into  some  other  body  of  water. 

A  River  System  is  a  collection  of  rivers  flowing  into  the  same  ocean,  sea,  bay, 
gulf,  or  other  large  river. 


*°°  t^MOVTUS  OF 


Their 


III.  The  Source  of  a  river  is  the  place  where  it  rises.  Its  Mouth 
is  where  it  empties. 

Rivers  are  usually  formed  of  small 
streams  flowing  from  springs  among  the 
mountains  and  hills.  Some,  however, 
flow  directly  from  lakes ;  while  others 
have  their  source  from  the  melting  of 
great  masses  of  ice  called  Glaciers,  which 
cover  the  summits  of  many  mountains. 

Most  great  rivers  flow  into  the  sea  by 
several  mouths.  The  space  included  be- 
tween the  two  outside  streams  is  called 
a  Delta,  because  it  is  shaped  somewhat 
like  a  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet,  A, 
called  delta.  A  very  wide  mouth,  like 
that  of  the  Amazon,  is  called  an  Estuary, 
Firth,  Frith,  or  Fiord. 

IV.  Rivers  generally  rise  among  mountains  or  hills, 
course  depends  upon  the  slope  of  the  land. 

The  land  generally  slopes  from  the  interior  towards  the  sea.  Where  the  moun- 
tains are  near  the  coast,  the  slope  towards  the  sea  is  steep  and  abrupt;  the  rivers 
on  that  side,  therefore,  are  short,  and  rapid.  If  the  mountains  are  far  from  the  sea, 
the  slope  is  gradual ;  the  rivers  then  are  long,  and  have  a  gentle  current. 

V.  The  Bed  of  a  river  is  the  channel  within  which  its  waters  are 
confined,  and  is  bordered  by  its  Banks. 

The  right  and  left  banks  are  those  on  the  right  and  left  sides  in  going  down  the 
stream  —  that  is,  from  the  source  to  the  mouth.  The  Current  of  a  river  is  the  onward 
flow  of  its  waters  towards  the  mouth. 

When  the  bed  slopes  considerably,  the  river  flows  with  great  speed  and  violence, 
forming  a  Rapid.  If  the  descent  is  steep  and  sudden,  a  Water-fall  is  formed.  A 
small  water-fall  is  a  Cascade ;  a  great  one  is  a  Cataract.  Where  the  river  flows 
through  a  level  country,  there  are  neither  rapids  nor  water-falls. 

VI.  The  Basin,  or  Valley,  of  a  river,  is  the  extent  of  country 
which  is  drained  by  the  river  with  all  its  tributaries. 

If  you  draw  a  line  on  the  map,  passing  through  the  source  of  a  river,  and  of 
every  river  and  stream  which  flows  into  it,  the  line  will  form  the  boundary  of  its 
Basin. 

VII.  A  Water-shed  is  the  elevated  land  which  separates  two 
rivers,  or  series  of  rivers;  one  series  flowing  down  one  sjope,  and 
the  other  flowing  down  another  slope  in  a  different  direction. 

VIII.  Rivers  generally  afford  an  easy  means  of  reaching  the 
interior  of  a  country. 

When  men  begin  to  settle  a  new  country,  they  generally  select  a  place  near  a 
river ;  because  they  can  more  readily  communicate  with  other  settlements  by  way 
of  the  river,  than  by  travelling  on  land,  where  there  are  at  first  no  roads.  The 
soil,  too,  is  commonly  more  fertile.  In  this  way,  villages,  towns,  and  cities  spring 
up  on  the  banks  of  navigable  rivers.  Most  of  the  great  cities  in  the  world  are  situ- 
ated upon  rivers. 

A  navigable  river  is  one  on  which  vessels  can  navigate,  or  sail.  Rapids  and  falls 
obstruct  the  navigation  of  a  river,  though  a  channel,  or  canal,  is  sometimes  made 
around  them. 


Questions. — What  Is  a  lake? — Do  rivers  ever  flow  into  lakes? — Do  they  ever 
flow  from  them?  —  What  lakes  are  generally  salt?  —  What  is  a  river?  —  What  is 
the  source  of  a  river?  —  What  is  its  mouth?  —  What  is  the  delta  of  a  river?  —  What 
is  an  estuary?  —  Where  do  rivers  generally  rise?  —  Upon  what  does  their  course 
depend  ? 

What  is  the  bed  of  a  river?  —  In  sailing  towards  the  mouth,  which  bank  is  on 
your  right  hand?  —  In  sailing  up  a  river,  which  bank  is  on  your  left  hand?  — 
What  produces  a  rapid?  —  A  cataract?  —  Would  there  be  any  difficulty  in  sailing 
up  a  rapid?  —  Why?  —  Which  is  most  likely  to  have  rapids  and  falls:  a  level  or  a 
hilly  country?  —  What  is  a  river-basin?  —  How  can  you  mark  out  the  limits  of  a 
river-basin? — What  is  a  water-shed?  —  Why  do  men,  in  settling  a  new  country, 
select  a  place  near  a  river?  —  Where  are  most  of  the  great  cities  of  the  world  situ- 
ated?—  What  is  a  navigable  river? 


12 


COMMON-SCHOOL    GEOGKAPHY. 


Tns  frigid  zones. 


THE    TEMPERATE    ZONES. 


THE    TORRID   ZONE. 


LESSON    XIV. 
CLIMATE. 

I.  By  the  Climate  of  a  country,  we  mean  its  degree  of  heat  or 

cold;  moisture  or  dryness,  healthfulness  or  unhealthfulness.     The 

Temperature  of  a  place  (that  is,  the  degree  of  heat  or  cold)  depends 

principally  upon  its  distance  from  the  Equator. 

There  are  numerous  exceptions,  however,  to  this  general  law;  some  places,  more 
remote  from  the  Equator,  being  warmer  than  others  which  are  nearer  to  it. 

II.  The  Temperature  of  a  place  also  depends  upon  its  elevation 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  its  vicinity  to  the  ocean. 

The  higher  you  ascend  above  the  general  surface,  the  colder  the  air  becomes. 
The  effects  of  this  are  strikingly  shown  in  tropical  countries,  where  in  ascending  a 
mountain  only  three  or  four  miles  high,  you  pass  through  as  many  changes  of  cli- 
mate as  in  travelling  from  the  Equator  to  the  Poles.  Even  at  the  Equator,  the  sum- 
mits of  lofty  mountains  are  perpetually  covered  with  snow. 

The  more  equal  temperature  of  the  ocean  generally  gives  to  places  on  or  near  the 
coast,  cooler  summers  and  warmer  winters  than  others  in  the  same  latitude  in  the 
interior  of  a  country. 

III.  In  the  Torrid  Zone  the  heat  is  very  great  throughout  the 
year,  for  the  wet  and  dry  seasons  have  nearly  the  same  tempera- 
ture. 

Snow  and  ice  are  unknown,  except  among  the  mountains.  In  the  dry  season, 
little  or  no  rain  falls,  and  the  sky  is  usually  cloudless.  In  the  wet  season,  copious 
showers  fall  nearly  every  day,  and  violent  thunder-storms  are  frequent. 

IV.  The  Temperate  Zones  are  characterized  by  a  cold  winter 

and  a  hot  summer ;  though  neither  the  heat  nor  cold  is  so  excessive 

as  in  other  zones. 

For  several  degrees  from  the  Tropics,  the  climate  is  like  that  of  the  Torrid  Zone, 
and  there  is  no  strong  contrast  between  the  temperature  of  the  summer  and  the 
winter.  Advancing  towards  the  Polar  Circles,  the  winters  become  very  cold,  and 
the  summers,  though  short,  are  yet  very  hot. 


V.  In  the  Frigid  Zones,  the  cold  is  very  severe.  Near  the  Poles, 
the  ground  is  perpetually  covered  with  snow  and  ice,  which  arc 
only  partially  thawed  in  summer. 

Great  fields  of  ice,  many  miles  in  extent,  float  about  in  the  Polar  Seas;  and  huge 
blocks  of  fresh-water  ice,  called  ice-bergs  (ice-mountains),  render  the  navigation 

extremely  perilous. 

•  

Questions. — What  is  meant  by  climate?  —  What  is  temperature?  —  Upon  what 
does  the  temperature  of  a  place  chiefly  depend  ?  —  What  else  influences  the  climate 
of  a  place?  —  If  you  were  to  go  up  in  a  balloon,  would  you  find  the  air  growing 
colder,  or  warmer?  —  What  is  the  climate  of  the  Torrid  Zone?  —  Where  would  you 
find  snow  in  this  zone  ?  —  What  is  the  climate  of  the  Temperate  Zones?  —  Is  it  every- 
where the  same?  —  What  parts  are  like  the  Torrid  Zone?  —  Where  are  the  winters 
coldest  in  this  zone:  near  the  Polar  or  Tropical  Circles?  —  What  is  the  climate  of 
the  Frigid  Zone? 


LESSON    XV. 
VEGETATION. 

I.  The  vegetable  productions  of  the  earth  vary  with  the  climate. 

The  term  vegetation,  or  vegetable  productions,  includes  trees,  flowers,  fruits,  grains, 
grasses,  and  all  other  plants. 

II.  Vegetation  is  most  luxuriant  in  tropical  countries.  The 
excessive  moisture  and  intense  heat  produce  trees  of  enormous 
size,  flowers  of  the  most  brilliant  colors,  and  climbing-plants  in 
great  number  and  variety. 

The  most  important  tropical  productions  are  yams,  bananas,  plantains,  bread- 
fruit, cassava  (from  which  tapioca  is  made),  sago,  cocoa-nuts,  and  the  cacao  or 
cocoa  tree  (from  the  seeds  of  the  fruit  of  which  chocolate  and  cocoa  are  prepared). 
Many  delicious  fruits  are  also  produced  in  the  Torrid  Zone — such  as  pine-apples, 
oranges,  lemons,  and  citrons. 

Spices  —  such  as  pepper,  cinnamon,  cloves,  and  nutmegs  —  come  from  tropical 
countries;  and  many  kinds  of  beautiful  wood,  as  mahogany  and  rosewood,  grow 
there  in  great  abundance.      The  vegetation  of  the  Torrid  Zone  continues  green 


i\ 


ANIMALS.  —  MAN 


13 


throughout  the  year;  while,  with  some  exceptions,  the  plants  of  other  regions  cast 
their  leaves  in  winter. 

III.  On  leaving  the  Torrid  Zone,  tropical  plants  gradually  dis- 
appear. Instead  of  the  palm  and  banana  trees,  we  find  the  beech, 
oak,  maple,  and  pine.  The  Temperate  Zones  are  the  regions  of 
the  grape-vine,  the  potato,  and  of  various  grains  —  such  as  wheat, 
Indian  corn,  barley,  oats,  and  rye.  Hemp  and  flax  thrive  best  in 
these  zones. 

Many  of  the  most  important  vegetable  productions  grow  both  in  the  Torrid  and  in 
the  warmer  parts  of  the  Temperate  Zones.  Among  these  are  rice,  cotton,  coffee, 
tobacco,  and  the  sugar-cane.     Tea  is  principally  produced  in  the  Temperate  Zone. 

IV.  In  the  Frigid  Zones,  trees  dwindle  into  mere  shrubs ;  and  in 
the  regions  of  perpetual  snow,  no  vegetation  exists,  except  a  few 
minute  plants  that  grow  upon  the  surface  of  the  snow. 

V.  In  ascending  from  the  base  of  mountains  and  table-lands,  the 
same  changes  in  the  character  of  vegetation  are  found. as  in  going 
towards  the  Poles ;  so  that  a  tropical  mountain,  of  great  elevation, 
possesses  the  climate  and  many  of  the  productions  of  every  zone. 


Questions.  —  What  does  the  term  vegetation  include?  —  Where  is  it  most  luxuri- 
ant?—  What  trees  grow  in  the  Temperate  Zones?  —  What  kinds  of  grain?  —  What 
is  the  vegetation  of  the  Frigid  Zones?  —  In  which  zone  do  yams,  bananas,  and  plan- 
tains grow?  —  Wheat,  rye,  oats,  and  barley?  —  Name  some  of  the  fruits  of  the  Tor- 
rid Zone.  — What  fruits  are  raised  in  your  vicinity?  —  What  spiceg  grow  in  the  Tor- 
rid Zone?  —  From  what  plant  is  tapioca  made?  —  Sugar?  —  From  what  plant  are 
chocolate  and  cocoa  made?  —  Where  does  sago  come  from? — In  what  zones  are 
cotton,  rice,  and  tobacco  raised? 


LESSON    XVI 


ANIMALS. 

I.  The  character  of  the  animals  which  inhabit  the  earth  varies 
with  the  climate  and  vegetation.    . 

II.  In  the  Torrid  Zone  we  find  the  largest,  strongest,  and  most 
ferocious  land  animals.  A  great  variety  of  birds,  and  vast  numbers 
of  dangerous  reptiles  and  troublesome  insects,  are  also  found  in  this 
zone.  The  birds,  fishes,  insects,  serpents,  and  many  of  the  wild 
beasts,  are  adorned  with  the  most  brilliant  and  beautiful  colors. 

Among  the  most  remarkable  animals  living  within  or  near  the  Tropics,  are  the 
elephant,  rhinoceros,  hippopotamus,  giraffe,  camel,  lion,  tiger,  jackal,  leopard,  and 
hyena.  These  animals,  however,  are  not  found  in  the  Western  Continent.  The 
monkey  is  confined  almost  entirely  to  tropical  regions.  The  boa  constrictor  and 
crocodile  are  among  the  most  formidable  reptiles. 

III.  In  the  Temperate  regions  we  find  the  buffalo,  bear,  deer, 
wolf,  fox,  and  wild-cat.  Eeptiles  and  insects  become  fewer,  smaller, 
and  less  troublesome.  '  The  birds  have  not  so  gorgeous  a  plumage, 
but  they  are  more  melodious.- 

IV.  In  the  Polar  regions,  the  animals  have  a  less  brilliant  color. 
There  are  no  reptiles,  and  but  few  insects. 

The  variety  of  animals  is  not  so  great  in  the  Arctic  regions  as  elsewhere,  but  the 
number  especially  of  birds  and  fishes  is  immense.  The  principal  land  animals  are 
reindeer,  bears,  wolves,  foxes,  sables,  and  ermine.  Whales,  seals,  narwhals,  wal- 
ruses, and  vast  shoals  of  fishes,  are  found  in  the  Polar  Seas.  Great  flocks  of  ducks, 
geese,  and  other  birds,  hover  in  countless  numbers  over  the  islands  and  along  the 
shores  of  these  cold  regions. 

V.  In  ascending  from  the  base  of  tropical  mountains,  we  find  the 
same  changes  of  animal  life  that  are  observed  in  passing  from  the 

j    Equator  to  the  Poles. 

I .  VI.  Most  animals  can  exist  only  in  the  climate  for  which  they 


are  by  nature  adapted.  The  reindeer  and  polar  bear  cannot  endure 
the  warmth  of  the  Temperate  and  Torrid  Zones;  nor  could  the  lion 
and  tiger  long  survive  the  rigors  of  an  Arctic  winter. 

On  this  account,  a  lofty  chain  of  mountains  forms  an  impassable  barrier  for  tho 
animals  living  on  opposite  sides;  for  in  crossing  the  mountains,  they  would  have  to 
enter  a  different  climate  from  that  in  which  they  are  formed  to  live. 

Many  of  the  most  useful  domestic  animals,  however,  such  as  the  ox,  horse,  sheep, 
goat,  hog,  and  dog,  are  found  in  almost  every  part  of  the  world  which  is  inhabited 
by  man. 


Questions.  —  Where  do  we  find  the  largest  and  fiercest  animals?  —  The  greatest 
number  of  serpents  and  insects?  —  Mention  the  most  remarkable  animals  of  the 
Torrid  Zone.  — Mention  all  the  tropical  animals  that  you  have  seen.  — Which  of  the 
tropical  animals  are  not  found  in  the  Western  Continent?  —  What  arc  the  principal 
animals  of  the  Temperate  Zones?  —  Name  the  principal  animals  of  the  Frigid  Zones. 
—  Can  the  animals  of  one  zone  generally  live  in  another?  —  Why  does  a  chain  of 
high  mountains  usually  form  a  barrier  to  animals  on  each  side?  —  What  useful  ani- 
mals can  live  in  almost  any  part  of  the  world? 


LESSON 


XVII. 


MAN. 

I.  The  Earth  was  made  for  Man;  hence,  he  is  found  in  every 
country,  and  in  every  climate. 

Men  can  adapt  the  warmth  or  lightness  of  their  clothing  to  the  climate  in  which 
they  live.  They  can  also  derive  nourishment  from  various  kinds  of  food.  If  it 
were  not  so,  they  could  not  occupy,  and  have  dominion  over,  the  whole  earth.      f 

In  the  Frigid  Zone,  where  there  is  little  or  no  vegetable  food,  men  subsist  almost 
wholly  on  animals.  In  the  Torrid  Zone,  they  live  almost  entirely  on  vegetable  food, 
which  is  best  suited  to  health  in  a  hot  climate.  In  the  Temperate  Zones,  where 
animal  and  vegetable  food  are  both  abundant,  men  partake  of  both. 

II.  The  most  intelligent  and  highly  civilized  nations  live  in  the 
Temperate  Zones.  The  inhabitants  of  the  Torrid  Zone  are  languid 
and  indolent  from  the  excessive  heat;  while  in  the  barren  regions' 
near  the  Poles,  men  can  only  procure-  the  mere  necessaries  of  life. 

III.  Mankind  is  divided  into  five  varieties,  or  races,  differing 
from  each  other  by  certain  characteristic  features. 

1.  The  Caucasian,  or  White  race. — Most  of  the  nations  of  Europe  and  America 
belong  to  this  race.  The  Caucasian  race  is  superior  to  all  others  in  intelligence, 
energy,  and  courage. 

2.  The  Mongolian,  or  Yellow  race,  is  found  chiefly  in  Asia.  The  Chinese  and 
Japanese  belong  to  the  Mongolian  race. 

3.  The  Ethiopian,  or  Black  race,  includes  all  the  natives  of  Africa,  except  those 
of  the  northern  part ;  the  natives  of  Australia,  and  some  of  the  neighboring  islands, 
and  the  negroes  of  America. 

4.  The  Malay,  or  Brown  race,  inhabit  most  of  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  the 
Peninsula  of  Malacca  (in  Asia),  and  many  of  the  adjacent  islands. 

5.  The  American,  or  Bed  race,  includes  all  the  Indians  of  the  Western  Continent, 
except  the  Esquimaux,. in  the  extreme  north,  who  belong  to  the  Mongolian  race. 


Questions. — Are  men  confined  to  any  one  country  or  climate?  —  Why  are  men 

able  to  accommodate  themselves  to  various  degrees  of  heat  and  cold? Are  they 

confined  to  any  one  kind  of  food?  — If  they  were,  what  would  bo  the  effect? Upon 

what  kind  of  food  do  men  live  in  the  Frigid  Zones?  —  Upon  what  do  men  live  in  the 
Torrid  Zone?  —  In  the  Temperate  Zones?  —  In  what  zones  do  the  most  intelligent 
nations  live? 

Into  how  many  races  is  mankind  divided?  —  Do  they  all  look  alike? — Which  is  the 

most  intelligent  race?  —  Which  are  the  most  important,  branches  of  this  race? 

Where  is  the  Mongolian  race  chiefly  found?  —  The  Ethiopian?  —  The  Malay? The 

American? — -To  what  race  do  the  Chinese  and  Japanese  belong?  —  The  American 
Indians?  — The  Esquimaux?  — Most  of  the  Africans?  — The  Australians?  — The 
natives  of  the  islands  of  the  Pacific?  —  The  natives  of  Malacca?  —  Most  of  the 
European  nations? 


14 


COMMON-SCHOOL    GEOGRAPHY, 


LESSON    XVIII. 
POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 

I.  Political  Geography  treats  of  the  division  of  the  world  into 
various  countries  or  States ;  and  of  the  state  of  society,  government, 
religion,  and  occupation  of  the  inhabitants. 

II.  States  of  Society. — The  various  nations  and  tribes  of  men 
differ  greatly  in  regard  to  knowledge  and  manner  of  living.  For 
this  reason  they  are  sometimes  divided  into  four  classes  —  the  sav- 
age, barbarous,  half-civilized,  and  civilized. 

III.  Savages  are  the  lowest  and  most  degraded  class.  They  do 
not  cultivate  the  soil,  but  live  on  roots  and  wild  fruit,  or  by  hunt- 
ing and  fishing.  Some  tribes  are  ignorant  of  the  use  of  fire,  and 
eat  their  food  raw.  They  have  scarcely  any  regular  laws,  and  no 
large  towns  or  cities. 

The  American  Indians,  many  of  the  negro  tribes  of  Africa,  and  all  the  native 
tribes  of  Australia,  are  savages. 


IV.  In  the  barbarous  state,  men  are  somewhat  more  advanced 
than  in  the  savage.  They  keep  many  horses,  cattle,  and  other 
animals,  with  which  they  wander  about  from  place  to  place,  wher- 
ever they  can  find  pasturage.  They  generally  live  in  tents,  and 
pay  little  attention  to  agriculture,  but  derive  their  support  from 
their  flocks  and  herds,  and  from  hunting  and  fishing. 

The  wandering  tribes  of  Arabia  and  of  Tartary  belong  to  this  class. 

V.  Savage  and  barbarous  nations  are  almost  always  engaged  in 
war.  They  are  addicted  to  plunder  and  robbery  —  are  *cruel  and 
revengeful,  and  generally  treat  their  women  as  inferior  beings. 


Questions. — What  is  Political  Geography?  —  What  department  of  Geography  arc 
you  learning  when  you  study  the  government  of  a  country  ?  —  Its  plains,  mountains, 
and  rivers?  —  When  you  are  studying  about  Latitude  and  Longitude? 

Are  all  nations  of  men  equally  intelligent  and  civilized?  —  Into  what  classes  arc 
they  divided?  —  Which  is  the- lowest  class?  —  Upon  what  do  savages  live?  —  Are 
there  farmers  and  mechanics  among  savage  tribes?  —  Do  savages  have  large  towns 
and  cities  ?  —  If  a  tribe  is  ignorant  of  the  use  of  fire,  how  must  they  cat  their  food  ?  — 
To  what  class  do  the  American  Indians  belong  ?  — The  negroes  of  Africa  and  Australia  ? 

Which  is  the  more  advanced:  the  savage  or  the  barbarous  state?  —  How  do  bar- 
barous tribes  support  themselves?  —  Do  they  generally  live  in  towns?  —  Why  do 
they  lead  a  wandering  life? — What  examples  of  barbarous  tribes  can  you  mention? 
Are  savage  and  barbarous  nations  of  a  peaceful  character? — How  are  women 
treated  by  tlicni  ? 


LESSON    XIX. 
STATES   OP   SOCIETY. 

I.  Half-civilized  nations  carry  on  agriculture  with  considerable 
skill.  They  build  houses  and  ships —  have  books,  and  some  degree 
of  learning  —  and  are  acquainted  with  many  other  useful  arts ;  but 
they  are  jealous  of  strangers,  and  have  very  little  communication 
with  foreign  countries.  For  this  reason  they  make  but  little 
progress,  and  continue  for  centuries  in  the  same  condition. 

Most  of  the  half-civilized  nations  belong  to  the  Mongolian  race,  and  inhabit  the 
Eastern  Continent.  The  Chinese,  Japanese,  Persians,  Turks,  and  Hindoos,  are 
half-civilized. 


II.  Among  civilized  nations,  agriculture,  manufactures,  and  other 
arts,  reach  their  highest  perfection.  While  the  miserable  savage 
goes  naked,  or  clothes  himself  with  the  skins  of  beasts,  the  civilized 
man  is  supplied  with  the  productions  and  luxuries  of  every  country 
and  of  every  climate. 

He  can  measure  the  size  and  distance  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  which  the  savage 
ignorantly  worships  as  gods.  Civilized  nations  rapidly  advance  in  knowledge  ;  for 
they  maintain  a  constant  communication  with  each  other,  and  with  the  remotest 
parts  of  the  earth.  They  have  colleges,  churches,  hospitals,  schools,  and  many 
other  useful  institutions. 

Most  of  the  civilized  nations  belong  to  the  Caucasian  race.  Nearly  all  the 
inhabitants  of  Europe,  and  their  descendants  in  America  and  ether  parts  of  the 
world,  belong  to  this  class. 


Questions.  —  What  is  the  next  state  of  society  after  the  barbarous?  —  With  what 
arts  are  half-civilized  nations  acquainted?  —  Are  these  known  by  savage  or  bar- 
barous tribes?  —  Why  do  half-civilized  nations  make  but  little  progress?  —  What 
are  the  chief  nations  of  this  class?  —  In  what  Btate  of  society  are  agriculture  and 
manufactures  most  advanced?  — What  striking  points  of  difference  exist  between 
the  savage  and  the  civilized  man? — What  advantages  may  a  people  derive  from  a 
communication  with  foreign  nations?  —  Do  the  half-civilized  nations  avail  them- 
selves of  this  advantage?  — Do  the  civilized? 

What  savage  tribes  are  there  in  America? — To  which  of  the  five  races  do  they 
belong?  —  Are  there  any  civilized  nations  in  America?  —  To  what  class  of  society  do 
most  of  the  nations  of  Europe  belong?  —  Suppose  each  nation  were  to  cut  off  all 
communication  with  other  countries:  would  its  progress  be  advanced,  or  retarded? 
—  Are  there  any  nations  which  adopt  this  course?  —  To  what  race  do  most  of  tb 
half-civilized  nations  belong?  —  To  what  the  civilized? 


V- 


I, 


tf 


GOVERNMENT.  — EEL  IG ION. 


15 


LESSON    XX. 
GOVERNMENT. 

I.  Government  is  that  form  of  principles  and  laws  by  -which 
ithe  members  of  a  society  or  nation  are  governed  or  controlled. 

II.  Those  persons  who  execute  the  laws,  or  see  that  they  are 
obeyed,  are  called  rulers,  or  governors. 

Among  savage  and  barbarous  nations  there  are  few  established  forms  of  law. 
The  lives  and  property  of  the  people  are  generally  at  the  disposal  of  the  chief. 

III.  There  are  two  principal  forms  of  government,  a  Monarchy 
and  a  Republic. 

There  are  many  other  names  of  governments:  as,  the  Patriarchal,  which  existed 
in  the  early  history  of  the  Jews,  and  is  now  found  among  the  tribes  of  American 
Indians,  and  among  some  of  the  tribes  of  Arabs;  and  the  Aristocracy  and 
Democracy  of  the  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans. 

IV.  A  Monarchy  is  that  form  of  government  in  which  the 
supreme  authority  is  possessed  by  one  person,  called  a  monarch, 
who  holds  his  power  for  life. 

Monarchs  have  different  names.  Thus,  the  monarch  of  an  Empire  is  called  an 
Emperor,  Czar,  or  Sultan;  of  a  Kingdom,  a  King;  of  a  Principality,  a  Prince;  of 
a  Duchy,  a  Duke ;  of  an  Electorate,  an  Elector.  The  monarch,  when  a  woman,  is 
called  a  Queen,  or  Empress. 

V.  An  Absolute  Monarchy,  or  Despotism,  is  a  government  in 
which  the  sovereign  rules  according  to  his  own  will,  and  has 
almost  uncontrolled  power  over  the  lives  and  property  of  his 
subjects. 

China,  Persia,  Morocco,  and  most  of  the  half-civilized  countries  of  the  Eastern 
Continent,  are  absolute  monarchies. 

VI.  A  Limited  Monarchy  is  a  government  in  which  the  power 
of  the  sovereign  is  limited  by  law. 

Great  Britain  is  an  example  of  a  limited  monarchy. 

VII.  A  Republic  is  a  government  in  which  the  exercise  of  the 
sovereign  power  is  lodged  in  representatives  chosen  by  the  people. 

Most  of  the  States  and  Countries  of  the  Western  Continent  are  Republics.  The 
United  States  forms  the  best  example  of  a  Republican  government. 

VIII.  In  the  United  States  the  power  of  the  government  is 
divided  into  three  departments, — the  Legislative,  the  Executive, 
and  the  Judicial. 

The  Legislative  power  makes  the  laws,  and  belongs  to  Congress.  Congress  is 
composed  of  two  branches,  a  Senate  and  a  House  of  Representatives.  The  Senate  is 
composed  of  two  members  from  each  State,  chosen  for  six  years.  The  House  of 
Representatives  is  composed  of  members  from  each  State,  chosen  for  two  years,  the 
number  of  Representatives  depending  on  the  population. 

The  Executive  power  executes  the  laws,  and  is  lodged  in  the  President,  who  is 
elected  for  four  years  by  electors  chosen  by  the  people. 

The  Judicial  power  determines  all  questions  of  law  and  justice  arising  under  the 
Constitution  and  laws.  It  consists  of  a  Supreme  Court,  and  a  number  of  Circuit 
and  District  Courts  / 

IX.  The  character  of  a  government  depends,  in  a  great  degree,  on 
the  intelligence  of  the  people.  Despotism  can  exist  only  among 
the  ignorant  and  barbarous.  Civilized  communities  understand 
their  rights  and  require  their  rulers  to  observe  and  respect  them. 

Questions.  —  What  is  government?  —  Who  arc  rulers,  or  governors  ?  —  Where  do 
you  find  few  forms  of  law  ?  —  What  are  the  two  principal  forms  of  government?  — 
Where  do  you  find  examples  of  the  Patriarchal  government?  —  Of  Aristocracy  and 
Democracy?  —  Define  a  Monarchy. — What  is  an  Absolute  Monarchy?  —  Give  an 
example.  —  What  is  a  Limited  Monarchy?  —  Give  an  example. — What  is  a  Republic? 
—  Where  are  most  of  the  Republics  found  ?  — What  are  the  three  departments  of  the 
United  States  Government?  —  What  connection  is  there  between  the  intelligence  of 
a  people  and  their  form  of  government? 


LESSON    XXT. 
RELIGION. 

Most,  if  not  all,  of  the  different  varieties  of  the  human  race  appear  to  have  some 
idea  of  a  Supreme  Being.  Even  the  most  savage  tribes  believe  in  a  future  state, 
and  in  some  invisible  power  of  good  or  evil.  These  different  ideas  constitute  the 
various  forms  of  religion  which  prevail  in  the  world. 

I.  The  principal  forms  of  religion  are  the  Christian,  Jewish, 
Mohammedan,  and  Pagan. 

II.  Christians  believe  in  Jesus  Christ  as  the  Saviour  of  mankind, 
and  in  the  Old  and  New  Testament  as  the  Word  of  God. 

The  Christian  religion  is  professed  by  the  most  enlightened  nations  of  the  earth. 
The  three  great  classes  of  its  followers  are  Roman  Catholics,  Protestants,  and 
adherents  of  the  Greek  Church.  The  French,  Spaniards,  Italians,  many  of  the 
Germans,  and  the  principal  part  of  the  inhabitants  of  Mexico  and  South  America, 
are  Catholics.  The  inhabitants  of  the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  and  some 
countries  of  Northern  Europe,  are  chiefly  Protestants.  The  Russians  and  Greeks 
belong  to  the  Greek  Church. 

III.  Jews  believe  in  the  Old  Testament  as  the  Word  of  God. 
They  reject  Christ  and  his  Gospel,  and  expect  a  Messiah,  or  Saviour, 
yet  to  come. 

The  Jews  once  inhabited  the  Holy  Land.  They  are  now  scattered  throughout 
nearly  all  parts  of  the  world. 

IV.  Mohammedans  are  followers  of  the  false  prophet  Mohammed 
who  lived  in  Arabia  about  600  years  after  Christ. 

They  believe  in  one  God,  and  that  Mohammed  is  his  prophet.  They  consider 
Moses  and  Christ  as  true  prophets,  but  Mohammed  as  the  greatest  and  last.  The 
Mohammedans  are  found  in  Turkey ,*  Northern  Africa,  Arabia,  Persia,  and  many 
other  parts  of  Asia. 

V.  Pagans  believe  in  false  gods,  and  worship  many  different 
objects :  as  idols,  beasts,  and  serpents. 

The  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  of  Asia  and  Africa,  nearly  all  of  the  native 
tribes  of  the  islands  of  the  Pacific,  together  with  the  Indians  of  America,  are 
Pagans.  Among  some  heathen  tribes,  as  in  Africa,  India,  and  the  Islands  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  the  horrid  practice  of  human  sacrifice  is  connected  with  their 
religious  worship. 

VI.  About  one-half  of  the  people  upon  the  globe  are  Pagans ; 
about  one-third  are  Christians ;  nearly  one-sixth  are  Mohamme- 
dans; and  there  are  about  four  millions  of  Jews. 

Christian  nations  are  more  powerful,  and  much  more  advanced  in  knowledge, 
than  any  others.  Their  power  also  is  continually  increasing.  They  have  colonies 
in  many  Pagan  countries.  They  send  missionaries  to  the  remotest  parts  of  tho 
earth.  They  establish  schools,  and  other  useful  institutions ;  and  there  is  little 
doubt  that  in  the  course  of  a  few  generations,  the  Christian  religion  will  be  spread 
over  the  greater  part  of  the  earth. 


Questions.  —  What  are  the  principal  forms  of  religion  upon  the  globe?  —  What  do 
Christians  believe?  —  How  does  their  belief  differ  from  that  of  the  Jews?  —  Name 
the  three  classes  of  Christians.  —  What  is  the  character  of  Christian  nations?  — 
Where  do  the  Jews  live?  t 

Who  was  Mohammed?  —  How  long  ago  did  he  live?  — Where  are  the  Mohamme- 
dans found?  —  What  do  they  believe?  —  In  what  do  Pagans  believe?  —  What  do 
they  worship?  —  What  Pagan  tribes  inhabit  America?  —  Is  human  sacrifice  ever 
practised  with  religious  worship?  —  Where?  —  By  whom? 

Which  are  the  most  numerous:  Pagans  or  Christians?  —  What  is  the  estimated 
number  of  Jews?  —  What  part  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  globe  are  Mohammedans  ? 
-rsWhat  nations  are  most  powerful? 


16 


COMMON-SCHOOL    GEOGKAPHY. 
LESSON    XXII.  LESSON    XXIII. 


BRANCHES  OP  INDUSTRY. 

I.  Among  civilized  nations  men  are  engaged  in  obtaining  the 
natural  products  of  the  land  and  water,  in  manufactures,  and.  in 
commerce. 

II.  The  natural  products  of  the  land  and  water  are  animal,  vege- 
table, and  mineral.  Every  substance  in  the  world  belongs  to  one 
of  these  classes. 

III.  Animal  productions  consist  of  land  animals,  either  in  a  wild 

or  domestic  state,  and  of  fish. 

In  a  thinly  settled  country,  where  wild  animals  are  numerous,  hunting  is  a 
favorite  occupation.  In  cold  countries,  many  animals  arc  hunted  for  their  furs, 
which  are  very  valuable. 

IY.  In  countries  where  good  pasturage  is  abundant,  grazing — 
or  the  feeding  of  cattle  upon  grass — and  the  raising  of  live-stock 
are  important  occupations.  The  term  live-stock  includes  cattle 
(that  is,  oxen  and  cows),  horses,  sheep,  goats,  and  some  other 
animals. 

The  various  articles  which  are  obtained  from  them  are  included  among  animal 
productions,  namely :  hides,  skins,  horns,  tallow,  hair,  wool,  beef,  and  pork ;  also, 
milk,  butter,  cheese,  and  other  products  of  the  dairy. 


Y.  Pishing. — The  products  of  the  fisheries  are  of  great  value  to 
man.  Oil  and  whale-bone  are  obtained  from  the  whale ;  seal-skin 
and  oil,  from  the  seal ;  and  vast  numbers  of  cod,  salmon,  mackerel, 
herring,  and  other  fish,  are  salted,  or  otherwise  preserved,  for  food. 


Questions.  —  How  are  the  inhabitants  of  a  civilized  country  generally  employed? 

—  Of  what  three  classes  do  natural  productions  consist?  —  Of  what  do  animal 
productions  consist  ? 

What  is  a  favorite  occupation  in  a  thinly-settled  country?  —  Are  there  any  wild 
animals  in  the  vicinity  of  the  place  in  which  you  live?  —  Is  the  wolf  a  wild  animal? 

—  Are  dogs?  —  Let  each  scholar  name  a  wild  animal  which  he  has  seen. 

What  does  live-stock  mean?  —  To  what  class  do  the  articles  which  are  obtained 

from  these  animals  belong?  —  From  what  animals  are  hides  obtained?  —  Horns? 

Tallow  ?  —  Wool  ?  —  Beef  ?  —  Pork  ?  —  Milk,   butter,   and   cheese  ?  —  Oil  ?  —  Whale- 
bone ?  —  Seal-skin  ? 


BRANCHES  OP  INDUSTRY.— Continued. 

I.  Agriculture  is  the  cultivation  of  the  soil.  The  products 
of  agriculture,  and  of  the  forests,  form  the  most  important  part  of 
vegetable  productions. 

In  very  warm  countries  agriculture  is  not  conducted  with  much  skill ;  for  the 
fruits  grow  wild,  in  great  abundance,  and  little  care  is  required  to  procure  food, 
shelter,  and  clothing.  Thus,  it  is  said  that  three  of  the  Bread-Fruit  trees  will 
afford  one  person  a  constant  supply  of  food. 

On  the  other  hand,  in  very  cold  countries,  where  the  ground  is  covered  with 
snow  the  greater  part  of  the  year,  the  soil  will  not  yield  a  sufficient  support,  and 
the  people  must  gain  a  subsistence  by  hunting  and  fishing. 

II.  A  temperate  climate  is  favorable  to  the  highest  skill  in 
agriculture.  In  such  a  climate,  few  useful  plants  grow  without 
cultivation ;  yet,  by  cultivation,  a  great  abundance  may  be  pro- 
duced. For  the  production  of  wheat,  corn,  and  other  grains  com- 
mon to  the  Temperate  Zones,  much  labor  is  required,  but  such 
labor  is  well  rewarded. 


III.  Mining  is  the  business  of  obtaining  mineral  productions 
The  place  where  they  are  obtained  is  called  a  mine.  The  place 
from  which  building-stone  is  taken,  is  termed  a  quarry. 

Mineral  productions  consist  principally  of  jewels  or  precious  stones;  of  precious 
metals,  such  as  gold,  silver,  and  platinum;  of  useful  metals,  as  iron,  tin,  load, 
copper,  zinc,  and  quicksilver;  of  various  kinds  of  stone,  such  as  marble,  granite, 
sandstone,  limestone — useful  for  building  purposes;  of  coal,  salt,  and  many  other 
minerals,  which  are  obtained  beneath  the  surface  of  the  earth. 


Questions.  —  What  are  the  most  important  vegetable  productions? — What  is 
agriculture?  —  Why  is  not  agriculture  conducted  with  much  skill  in  very  warm 
countries?  —  In  very  cold  climates? — Why  is  a  temperate  climate  favorable  to 
agricultural  skill?  — In  what  countries  is  agricultural  skill  unnecessary?  —  In  what 
countries  is  it  unsuccessful? — In  what  is  it  both  necessary  and  successful. 

What  is  mining? — What  is  a  mine?  —  What  is  a  quarry?  —  Let  each  scholar 
name  some  jewel  or  precious  stone. — Name  the  principal  precious  metals. — The 
useful  metals.  —  The  various  kinds  of  stone. — What  other  useful  minerals  can  you 
mention?  —  Which  are  most  necessary  to  our  comfort  and  convenience:  gold,  silver, 
and  diamonds  —  or  iron,  lead,  coal,  and  salt? 


BRANCHES    OF    INDUSTRY, 


17 


LESSON   XXIV. 
BRANCHES  OF  INDUSTRY.— Continued. 

I.  Manufacturing  is  the  art  of  adapting  natural  productions 
to  the  uses  of  man. 

Very  fow  productions  are  used  in  their  natural  state  by  men :  they  must  undergo 
some  change  to  suit  their  necessity  or  pleasure.  Even  the  savage,  whose  wants  are 
few  and  simple,  pounds  his  corn  into  meal  with,  a  heavy  stone,  and  fashions  his  rude 
war-hatchet  and  spear. 

II.  In  civilized  society  many  different  articles  are  manufactured 
from  animal,  vegetable,  and  mineral  productions  Such  articles 
are  called  manufactures.  Thus,  leather  is  made  from  the  skins  of 
animals ;  cloth  from  cotton,  hemp,  and  flax ;  agricultural  and  house- 
hold implements  from  iron,  copper,  and  tin. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  there  are  two  classes  of  productions :  those  which  are  in 
a  natural  state,  and  those  which  are  manufactured. 

III.  Among  the  most  necessary  manufactures  are  those  which 
are  used  for  food,  clothing,  and  shelter. 

From  grain,  milk,  and  the  sugar-cane,  various  kinds  of  food  and  drink  are  made  — 
some  of  them  wholesome,  others  very  injurious.  Thus,  grain  is  made  not  only  into 
flour  and  meal,  but  into  ale,  beer,  whiskey,  and  other  intoxicating  drinks.  From 
the  sugar-cane  are  manufactured  not  only  sugar  and  molasses,  but  rum.  Vast 
quantities  of  wino  are  made  from  the  grape. 

Among  the  substances  mo9t  used  for  clothing  are  wool,  cotton,  leather,  flax,  and 
hemp  (from  which  linen  is  made),  and  silk.  Silk  is  made  from  the  web  of  the  silk- 
worm. The  silk-worm  is  fed  with  the  leaves  of  the  mulberry  tree,  which  grows 
luxuriantly  in  Southern  Europe,  China,  and  India. 

For  building-purposes,  wood,  stone,  clay  (for  bricks)  and  iron,  are  chiefly 
employed.     The  principal  material  used  in  making  glass  is  sand. 

IV.  The  ingenious  and  costly  machinery  of  our  great  manufac- 
turing establishments  requires  wealth  and  a  high  state  of  civiliza- 
tion. On  that  account  we  must  not  look  for  extensive  manufactures 
in  a  thinly  settled  country,  or  among  an  indolent  people. 


Questions. — What  is  manufacturing  ?  —  Do  men  commonly  use  the  productions  of 
the  earth  in  a  natural  state?  —  Does  the  savage  manufacture  as  great  a  variety  of 
articles  as  the  civilized  man  ?  —  From  what  three  classes  of  substances  are  manufac- 
tures derived? — What  two  classes  of  productions  are  there? — What  are  the  most 
necessary  manufactures? — Name  some  of  the  substances  which  are  manufactured 
for  food. —  From  what  are  ale,  beer,  and  whiskey  made? — Wine?  —  Rum?  —  Flour? 
—  Butter  and  cheeso  ?  —  Sugar  and  molasses? — Which  of  these  articles  are  most 
valuable  ? 

Name  some  of  the  substances  manufactured  for  clothing  ?  —  From  what  substance 
are  shoes  principally  made  ?  —  Coats  ?  —  Hats  and  caps  ?  —  Bonnets  ?  —  Stockings  ?  — 

To  which  class  —  animal,  vegetable,  or  mineral — does  leather  belong?  —  Wool? 

Straw?  — Cotton  ?  —  Hemp  and  flax? — From  what  is  linen  made?  —  From  what 

silk? — On  what  is  the  silk-worm  fed? — From  what  countries  do  we  obtain  silk? 

Name  the  substances  most  used  for  building. 


LESSON   XXV. 
BRANCHES  OP  INDUSTRY.— Continued. 

I.  Commerce  is  the  exchange  of  goods.  When  a  farmer  raises 
more  grain  than  he  wants,  he  sells  the  remainder  (called  the  sur- 
plus,) for  something  which  he  does  not  himself  produce.  This  is 
the  case,  too,  with  the  miner,  the  manufacturer,  the  fisherman,  and 

§ery  other  producer. 


Suppose  the  farmers  of  an  extensive  district  raise  an  abundance  of  grain  and  live- 
stock— they  wish  to  sell  tho  surplus  in  order  to  procure  other  articles,  such  as 
sugar,  tea,  coffee,  furniture,  and  books.  They  cannot  dispose  of  their  grain  and 
live  stock  to  each  other,  for  each  man  raises  more  than  he  needs  for  his  own  use. 
They  cannot  spare  the  time  to  carry  their  produce  to  a  distant  region:  they  there- 
fore take  it  to  some  neighboring  town. 

The  merchants  of  that  town  buy  the  produce  thus  furnished  by  the  surrounding 
country,  and  export  it  (send  it  away)  to  other  places.  They  also  import  (bring  in)  a 
variety  of  articles,  of  which  the  people  stand  in  need. 


II.  Commercial  Towns. — In  a  prosperous  country  there  are  many 

large  commercial  towns  in  the  interior  and  upon  the  coast,  each 

forming  the  centre  of  trade  for  the  surrounding  district. 

A  sea-coast  town  cannot  have  an  extensive  foreign  commerce,  unless  the  harbor 
is  deep  enough  to  admit  large  ships  —  for  the  commerce  with  distant  countries  is 
not  often  carried  on  in  small  vessels.  The  interior  commercial  towns  are  generally 
situated  upon  some  large  river,  or  lake,  which  communicates  with  the  coast.  Where 
these  are  wanting,  a  railroad  sometimes  supplies  the  deficiency. 

III.  Our  own  country,  so  well  supplied  with  noble  lakes,  rivers, 
and  harbors,  contains  many  great  commercial  cities  which  exhibit 
the  advantages  of  a  fortunate  position. 

Thus,  if  we  examine  the  map  of  the  United  States  (p.  26),  we  shall  find  on  the 
chain  of  Great  Lakes,  Chicago,  Milwaukie,  Detroit,  Toledo,  Cleveland,  and  Buffalo. 
The  wheat,  corn,  and  other  products  of  the  Great  West  are  forwarded  through  these 
cities,  along  the  lakes  and  by  various  railroads  and  canals,  to  the  great  Atlantic 
cities  —  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  and  Boston. 

These  latter  cities  pay  for  the  produce  thus  received  by  goods  manufactured  in 
their  vicinity,  or  by  merchandise  imported  from  foreign  countries.  In  like  manner, 
New  Orleans  carries  on  a  trade  with  St.  Louis,  Cincinnati,  and  other  places  in  the 
interior. 


Questions. — What  is  commerce?  —  now  do  the  farmer,  miner,  fisherman,  and 
manufacturer  dispose  of  their  surplus  products  ?  —  Name  some  of  the  articles  which 
the  farmer  Wants,  in  return  for  his  own  productions. — What  do  the  merchants  in  a 
commercial  town  do  with  the  productions  of  the  surrounding  country? — What  do 
they  import? — »A  certain  country  has  no  iron  mines,  but  manufactures  a  great 
amount  of  cotton  goods :  which  would  the  people  be  likely  to  export  ? —  To 
import? 

Do  you  generally  find  many  commercial  towns  in  a  prosperous  country? — Why 
must  a  large  commercial  seaport  have  a  deep  harbor?  —  How  are  the  commercial 
towns  of  the  interior  connected  with  the  coast?  —  Is  our  own  country  well  supplied 
with  favorable  sites  for  commercial  towns?  —  Give  an  example  of  the  way  in  which 
commerce  is  carried  on  between  cities  on  the  coast,  and  those  in  the  interior. 


PAET    II. 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  COUNTRIES. 


CHAPTER    I. 
THE    HEMISPHERES. 

I.  The  entire  surface  of  the  globe  is  represented  by  the  maps  of 
the  two  hemispheres :  —  the  Eastern,  and  the  Western. 

The  meridian  of  20  degrees  west  from  Greenwich  is  the  line  usually  chosen  for 
the  division  of  the  Eastern  and  Western  Hemispheres,  though  any  other  meridian 
would  answer  equally  well. 

This  line  was  adopted  because  it  was  supposed  to  be  the  meridian  of  Ferro,  one 
of  the  Canary  Islands.  Ferro  was  the  most  western  land  known  to  the  ancients; 
the  region  beyond  being  to  them  one  of  doubt  and  darkness.  This  island  is  now 
known  to  be  a  little  east  of  20°. 

II.  The  Western  Hemisphere  comprises  the  Western  Continent,  a 
small  part  of  the  Eastern  Continent,  a  portion  of  the  Antarctic  Land, 
and  numerous  islands ;  besides  a  part  of  the  Pacific,  Atlantic,  Arctic, 
and  Antarctic  Oceans.  There  is  much  more  water  than  land  in  this 
hemisphere. 

III.  The  Eastern  Hemisphere  comprises  the  Eastern  Continent 
(except  the  north-eastern  extremity),  a  portion  of  the  Antarctic 
Land,  and  numerous  islands  ;  besides  -the  Indian  Ocean,  and  a  part 
of  the  Pacific,  Atlantic,  Arctic,  and  Antarctic  Oceans.  There  is 
also  more  water  than  land  in  this  hemisphere. 

IV.  Except  the  Antarctic  Land,  and  a  few  small  islands  far  out 
at  sea,  every  tract  of  land  now  known  is  included  within  one  of  the 
six  Grand  Divisions  of  Asia,  Europe,  Africa,  North  America,  South 
America,  and  Oceanica. 

Y.  The  globe  may  also  be  divided  into  a  Northern  and  a  Southern 
Hemisphere;  of  which  the  former  contains  the  greater  proportion 
of  land  —  the  latter,  of  water. 

VI.  In  the  Southern  Hemisphere  there  are  various  tracts  of  land 
lying  within  the  Antarctic  Ocean,  which  may  be  included  in  the 
general  name  of  Antarctic  Land. 

Until  the  year  1819,  no  land  was  known  to  exist  south  of  the  GOth  degree  of 
South  Latitude.  Since  that  time,  navigators  have  discovered  numerous  islands  and 
bodies  of  land,  among  which  are  the  South  Shetland  Islands,  Graham's  Land,  Vic- 
toria Land,  and  Enderby's  Land. 

The  most  extensive  tract  yet  known,  in  that  part  of  the  world,  is  called  the  Ant- 
arctic Continent,  situated  about  2000  miles  south  of  Australia.  It  was  discovered 
in  1840,  by  Captain  Wilkes,  of  the  American  Navy.  He  sailed  along  the  coast  a 
distance  of  1700  miles  east  and  west. 

In  1841,  Captain  Ross,  of  the  British  Navy,  explored  a  line  of  coast  (Victoria 
Land),  extending  southward  to  within  830  miles  of  the  South  Pole;  being  the  near- 
est approach  yet  made  to  that  point.  He  discovered,  in  these  frozen  regions,  an 
active  volcano,  12,400  feet  high,  which  he  named  Mount  Erebus.  A  little  farther 
east,  he  saw  an  extinct  volcano,  which  he  named  Mount  Terror. 


All  these  regions  are  barren  and  desolate.  The  land  is  perpetually  covered  with 
ice  and  snow,  and  the  coasts  are  for  the  most  part  bordered  by  vast  masses  of  ice. 
There  are  no  inhabitants,  and  but  few  land  animals;  and  some  tracts  are  wholly 
destitute  of  vegetation.  It  has  been  ascertained  thai  the  ice  of  the  Antarctic  regions 
extends  10  degrees  nearer  the  Equator  than  that  of  the  Arctic. 


Questions. — What  proportion  of  the  surface  of  the  globe  is  represented  by  the  map 
of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  ?• — By  that  of  the  Western  ? — By  both  ?  — What  meridian 
is  usually  chosen  for  the  division  of  the  Eastern  and  Western  Hemispheres  ?  —  Could 
any  other  line  be  adopted?  —  Suppose  some  other  meridian  were  used  for  this  pur- 
pose :  would  the  map  of  each  hemisphere  contain  the  same  portions  of  laud  and 
water  as  it  does  now  ? 

Suppose  the  meridian  of  100°  of  West  Longitude  were  selected  for  the  dividing 
line:  in  which  hemisphere  would  South  America  be? — Why  is  the  meridian  of  20° 
commonly  adopted?  —  In  which  hemisphere  is  the  Island  of  Ferro ? — Why? 

What,  bodies  of  land  are  included  in  the  Western  Hemisphere  ?  — What  oceans  lie 
partly  within  this  hemisphere  ?  — What  bodies  of  land  are  included  in  the  Eastern 
Hemisphere? — What  ocean  is  entirely  within  it  ? — What  other  oceans  are  partly 
within  it? — What  contains  the  greater  proportion  of  land:  the  Northern,  or  the 
Southern  Hemisphere? — Which  contains  the  more  water? 

What  is  included  in  the  term  Antarctic  Land?  —  In  what  year  did  the  discovery 
of  these  regions  commence  ? — Where  is  Victoria  Land?  —  The  South  Shetland  Isles? 

Graham's  Land  ? — What  is  the  character  of  these  regions? — Why  are  there  no 

inhabitants  ?  —  In  which  region,  the  Arctic  or  Antarctic,  does  the  ice  extend  farthest 
towards  the  Equator  ? 


QUESTIONS    ON   THE   MAP. 

Which  is  the  largest  division  of  laud  in  the  Western  Hemisphere  ?  —What  ocean 
is  north  of  this  division? — What  ocean  is  East? — West? 

What  is  that  portion  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  north  of  the  Equator  called  ?  — What 
is  the  portion  south  called  ?  — What  is  that  part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  north  of  the 
Equator  called? — What  is  the  part  south  called  ? 


Through  what  strait  would  you  sail,  to  go  from  the  Pacific  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  ? — ■ 
What  narrow  isthmus  separates  the  waters  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans?  — 
The  Antarctic  Ocean  is  south  of  the  Antarctio  Circle  :  what  land  is  in  this  ocean  ? 

What  sea  and  gulf  lie  between  North  and  South  America?  —  Of  what  ocean  do 
these  bodies  of  water  form  a  part?— What  sea  is  north  of  the  Aleutian  Islands  ?  — 
Of  what  ocean  is  it  a  part?- — Through  what  bay  must  Dr.  Kane  have  sailed  to 
reach  his  farthest  point  north  ? 


A  vessel  is  reported  to  have  been  wrecked  in  Latitude  40°  North,  and  Longitude 
30°  West:  in  what  ocean  did  it  occur  ?  —  Near  what  land? 

A  United  States  vessel  of  war  is  ordered  to  cruise  among  the  islands  situated 
between  Latitude  10°  and  30°  North,  and  Longitude  G0°  and  90°  West ;  whaUslands 
are  meant  ? 

A  whaling-vessel  is  reported  in  Latitude  30°  South,  and  Longitude  80°  West:  in 
what  pcean  is  this  vessel?  —  Near  what  group  of  islands? — What  main-land. 

19 


20 


COMMON-SCHOOL    GEOGEAPHY. 


CHAPTER    II. 
THE    CONTINENTS. 

I.  The  most  extensive  bodies  of  land  upon  the  surface  of  the 
earth  are  the  Eastern  and  the  Western  Continents. 

II.  The  Eastern  Continent,  and  the  adjacent  islands,  form  three 
grand  divisions :  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa.  _This  continent  is  more 
than  twice  as  large  as  the  Western. 

III.  The  Western  Continent,  with  the  neighboring  islands,  forms 
two  grand  divisions :  North  America  and  South  America. 

These  are  connected  by  the  Isthmus  of  Panama. 

The  two  continents  approach  nearest  each  other  at  Behring  Strait,  which,  at  the 
narrowest  part,  is  only  36  miles  wide.  A  partial  connection  is  established  by  the 
Aleutian  Islands,  which  extend  from  the  Peninsula  of  Alaska,  in  North  America,  to 
Kamtschatka,  in  Asia. 

IV.  Position. —  The  greatest  extent  of  land  in  the  two  continents 
is  north  of  the  Equator,  and  in  the  North  Temperate  Zone.  Only 
a  small  part  is  in  the  South  Temperate,  and  none  at  all  in  the  South 
Frierid  Zone. 

O 

V.  Climate. —  The  position  of  the  continents  determines,  in  a 
great  measure,  the  climate  of  the  five  sections  of  which  they  are 
composed. 

The  three  northern  sections  (Asia,  Europe,  and  North  America)  are  principally 
in  the  Temperate  Zone,  and  extend  beyond  the  Arctic  Circle — forming  almost  a 
connected  line  around  the  North  Pole.  They  arc,  therefore,  colder  than  the  two 
southern  sections  (Africa  and  South  America),  which  lie  chiefly  within  the  Tropics, 
and  are  far  removed  from  the  Frigid  Zone. 

VI.  Outline. —  The  outline  of  the  two  continents  presents  some 
points  of  resemblance,  and  some  of  contrast. 

1.  The  southern  section  of  each  continent  is  a  peninsula,  connected  with  the  main 
body  by  a  narrow  isthmus.  Each  of  these  peninsulas  terminates  in  a  pointed  pro- 
jection towards  the  Bouth. 

2.  An  island,  or  group  of  islands,  is  found  east  of  the  southern  part  of  each  conti- 
nent: as  Madagascar,  east  of  Africa;  and  the  Falkland  Islands,  east  of  South 
America. 

3.  The  three  northern  sections  are  deeply  indented  by  large  seas  and  gulfs ; 
while  in  the  two  southern,  the  coast  is  unbroken  by  any  large  arms  of  the  ocean. 
It  is  partly  owing  to  this  circumstance  that  South  America  and  Africa  have  not  been 
more  thoroughly  explored  by  Europeans. 

4.  The  greatest  length  of  the  Western  Continent  is  from  north-west  to  south-east; 
while  that  of  the  Eastern  is  from  northeast  to  south-west. 

VII.  Surface.  —  The  Western  Continent  is  traversed  throughout 
its  entire  length  by  a  great  mountain-system,  which  accompanies 
the  line  of  its  western  shores. 

VIII.  East  of  this  great  chain  is  a  vast  plain,  stretching  through- 
out the  entire  length  of  the  continent,  interrupted  only  by  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  The  eastern  limits  of  this  plain  are  formed  by  inferior 
mountain-systems. 

IX.  The  Eastern  Continent  also  contains  an  immense  mountain- 
system,  traversing  the  greatest  length  of  the  main  body  (Asia  and 
Europe),  from  the  Pacific  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

[Notk. —  The  mountain-systems  of  the  two  continents  will  be  described  in  con- 
nection with  the  Grand  Divisions.] 

Southward  from  this  system  extend  a  number  of  peninsulas :  Farther  India, 
llindoostan,  and  Arabia,  in  Asia ;  and  Greece,  Italy,  and  the  Spanish  Peninsula,  in 
Europe.  These  peninsulas  are  penetrated  by  mountain-chains  —  branches  of  the 
principal  system.  s> 


X.  Northward  from  this  great  mountain  band,  a  vast  plain 
extends  to  the  shores  of  the  Arctic  Ocean.  It  stretches  east  and 
west,  from  Behring  Strait  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean — about  one-third 
the  circumference  of  the  globe. 


Questions.  —  What  are  the  most  extensive  bodies  of  land  upon  the  surface  of  the 
earth? — Which  is  the  larger  of  the  two? — Of  what  three  sections  does  it  consist?  — 
Of  what  two  sections  is  the  Western  Continent  composed  ? — Where  do  the  continents 
approach  nearest  to  each  other? — What  is  the  shortest  distance  between  them?  — 
How  is  a  partial  connection  established  between  them  ? 

On  which  side  of  the  Equator  is  the  greatest  extent  of  land,  in  the  two  continents  ? 
—  In  what  zone? — Which  contains  the  greatest  extent  of  their  surface:  the  Torrid, 
or  the  South  Temperate  Zone?  —  Does  any  part  of  these  continents  extend  beyond 
the  Arctic  Circle  ?  —  The  Antarctic  ? 

What  determines  the  climate  of  the  continents? — Why  arc  Asia,  Europe,  and 
North  America  colder  than  Africa  and  South  America? 

Which  sections  of  the  continents  are  most  deeply  indented:  the  three  northern,  or 
the  two  southern?— Why  has  the  unbroken  outline  of  South  America  and  Africa,  in 
some  measure,  prevented  Europeans  from  exploring  them  more  thoroughly? 

In  what  direction  does  the  chief  mountain-system  of  the  Western  Continent  extend? 
— What  is  the  character  of  the  surface  cast  of  this  system? 

In  what  direction  docs  the  principal  mountain-system  of  the  Eastern  Continent 
extend? — What  grand  divisions  docs  it  cross?  —  Name  the  peninsulas  which  extend 
southward  from  this  central  system? — By  what  mountain-chains  are  they  pene- 
trated? 

In  what  direction  does  the  great  plain,  north  of  this  system,  slope?  —  What  is  its 
extent?  —  In  what  direction  does  the  greatest  length  of  this  plain  extend?  —  In  what 
direction  does  the  greatest  length  of  the  plain  in  the  Western  Continent  extend  ? 


QUESTIONS    ON    THE    MAP. 

Which  is  the  largest  division  of  land  in  the  Eastern  Hemisphere? — What  ocean 
is  north  of  it?  — What  oceans  are  cast? — What  ocean  is  west? 

AVhich  are  the  two  northern  divisions  of  the  Eastern  Continent? — Which  division 
is  a  great  peninsula?  —  What  isthmus  connects  it  with  the  main  land? 

What  great  sea  and  bay  arc  south  of  Asia? — Of  what  ocean  are  they  a  part?  — 
Of  what  ocean  arc  the  seas  south  and  west  of  Europe  a  part  ? — Name  the  four  great 
seas  east  of  Asia.— Of  what  ocean  are  they  a  part? 


Which  is  the  largest  island  of  (he  Eastern  Hemisphere  ?  —  To  what  grand  division 
does  it  belong  ?  —  Name  two  other  islands  belonging  to  the  same  grand  division. 

In  what  zone  is  the  greater  part  of.Asia?  —  Is  any  part  of  Europe  in  the  Torrid 
Zone?  —  Is  any  part  of  Asia  south  of  the  Equator?  —  Is  any  part  of  Africa  in  the 
South  Temperate  Zone?  —  In  what  zones  is  Australia? 

To  what  grand  division  docs  Madagascar  belong? — The  Japan  Islands?  —  Bor- 
neo?—  Tasmania?  —  What  extensive  tract  of  land  is  south  of  Australia? — Is  the 
Antarctic  Continent  inhabited  or  uninhabited  ? 


A  bottle  containing  the  following  paper  was  picked  up  at  sea,  in  Latitude  10° 
South,  and  Longitude  50°  East:  "Thrown  overboard  from  the  wreck  of  the  ship 
Valparaiso,  in  Latitude  80°  South,  and  Longitude  110°  East;"  near  what  islands 
and  main-land  was  the  bottle  found  ? — Where  was  it  thrown  overboard?  —  Across 
what  ocean  had  it  drifted  ? 

A  British  cruiser  captures  a  Portuguese  brig  engaged  in  the  slave-trade,  in  Lati- 
tude 10°  South,  and  Longitude  10°  East:  in  what  ocean  did  this  capture  occur?  — 
Near  what  land  ? 


On  what  ocean  would  a  vessel  sail,  to  go  by  the  nearest  route  from  Africa  to  the 
island  of  St.  Helena  ? — Across  what  ocean  would  a  vessel  sail,  to  go  by  the  nearest 
course  from  Madagascar  to  Australia  ? 

A  vessel  is  captured  by  Malay  pirates  near  the  Equator,  in  Longitude  105°  East: 
between  what  two  great  islands  was  this?  —  Near  which  of  the  Grand  Divisions  of 
the  Eastern  Continent  ? 

A  vessel  is  wrecked  in  Latitude  40°  North,  and  Longitude  150°  East:  in  what 
ocean  is  this?  —  The  passengers  and  crew  are  saved,  and  escape  to  the  nearest 
land  :  what  is  it? 


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22 


COMMON-SCHOOL    GEOGBAPHY, 


CHAPTER    III. 
NORTH   AMERICA. 

PHYSICAL   FEATURES. 

I.  Outline. — North  America  is  penetrated  by  many  large  gulfs 
and  bays.  In  this  respect  it  differs  from  South  America,  which 
has  an  unbroken  coast-line. 

II.  Surface. — North  America  contains  three  mountain-systems: 
the  Eocky  Mountain,  California,  and  Alleghany  Systems. 

The  Rocky  Mountain  System  extends  from  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  to  the  Arctic 
Ocean.  As  far  north  as  Latitude  38°,  the  principal  chain  is  called  the  Sierra 
Madre;  thence  to  the  Arotic  Ocean  it  is  known  as  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

The  California  System  includes  the  chains  which  extend  along  the  Pacific  coast, 
from  the  southern  extremity  of  California  into  Russian  America.  The  Sierra  Nevada 
and  Cascade  Mountains  are  the  principal  ranges. 

The  Alleghany  Mountains  extend  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  from  within  two  hun- 
dred miles  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

III.  The  surface  of  North  America  is  divided  by  the  Eocky  and 
Alleghany  Mountains  into  three  distinct  sections:  the  Atlantic 
Slope,  the  Pacific  Slope,  and  the  Great  Central  Plain. 

The  Atlantic  Slope  includes  the  country  lying  between  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
and  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

The  Pacific  Slope  extends  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

The  Great  Central  Plain,  lying  between  the  Rocky  and  Alleghany  Mountains, 
extends  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  divided,  about  mid- 
way, into  a  northern  and  a  southern  slope.  The  surface  is  so  level  that  a  man  may 
traverse  its  entire  length  without  encountering  an  elevation  of  more  than  a  few 
hundred  feet. 

IV.  Rivers  and  Lakes. — Each  of  these  three  sections  is  drained 
by  a  system  of  lakes  and  rivers. 

How  does  the  outline  of  North  America  differ  from  that  of  South  America  ?  —  Name 
the  three  mountain-systems. —  Describe  each  of  them. —  Into  what  three  sections  is 
the  country  divided?  — Describe  each  of  them.— Which  has  the  largest  rfrers ? 


The  rivers  of  the  Great  Central  Plain,  owing  to  the  extent  of  that  section,  are 
much  the  largest.  They  flow  in  various  directions:  those  of  the  southern  slope  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ;  and  those  of  the  northern  slope  into  the  Arctic  Ocean,  Hudson's 
Bay,  or  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

The  rivers  of  the  northern  slope  are  connected  with  numerous  chains  of  great 
lakes,  which  are  said  to  contain  more  than  half  the  fresh  water  upon  the  surface 
of  the  globe. 

V.  North  America  consists  of  the  following  divisions :  the  United 
States,  British  America,  Danish  America,  Eussian  America,  Mexico, 
Central  America,  and  the  West  Indies. 


BRITISH,  DANISH,  AND  RUSSIAN  AMERICA. 

VI.  These  three  divisions  comprise  the  whole  country  north  of 
the  United  States,  and  constitute  one-half  of  North  America. 

VII.  The   Arctic   Ocean  washes   the   northern   shores  of  this 

immense  territory. 

The  regions  bordering  upon  the  Arctic  Ocean  are  among  the  most  dreary  and 
desolate  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  The  shores  are  covered  with  eternal  snows,  and 
the  entire  surface  of  the  sea  with  large  fields  and  huge  masses  of  floating  ice. 

VIII.  Notwithstanding  the  fearful  dangers  encountered  in  these 
frozen  regions,  the  Arctic  Ocean  has  been  perseveringly  explored 
for  the  last  300  years,  with  the  hope  of  finding  a  passage  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 

The  voyage  to  India  and  China,  from  Europe  or  the  ports  on  our  Atlantic  coast,  is 
now  made  by  way  of  Cape  Horn  or  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  distance  by  way 
of  the  Arctic  Ocean  is  only  half  as  great ;  hence  these  repeated  explorations. 

That  such  a  passage  exists  was  proved  by  Capt.  McClure,  of  the  British  Navy, 
who  in  1852  forced  his  way  through  it ;  but  so  perilous  and  difficult  is  its  navigation 
that  it  can  never  be  of  any  commercial  value. 

What  are  the  Political  Divisions  of  North  America  ?  — Which  of  them  border  on  the 
Arctic  Ocean?  —  Describe  the  Arctie  regions. — Why  has  the  Arctic  Ocean  been  so 
perseveringly  explored? — What  results  have  followed  these  explorations? 


NOETH    AMEEICA, 


23 


IX.  Discoveries  in  the  Arctic  Ocean. — Most  of  the  discoveries  have 
been  made  by  British  and  American  navigators,  and  many  of  the 
places  bear  their  names. 

Grinnell  Land  was  discovered  in  1800,  by  the  Expedition  i*der  command  of  Lieut. 
De  Haven,  sent  out  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin,  and  named  in  honor  of  Henry 
Grinnell,  Esq.,  of  New  York,  whoso  munificence  fitted  out  the  Expedition.  Mount 
Franklin  was  named  in  honor  of  Sir  John  Franklin. 

In  1852,  Dr.  Kane,  of  the  U.  S.  Navy,  penetrated  as  far  as  82°  30'  North  Latitude, 
where  he  discovered  on  open  Polar  Sea,  free  from  ice.  Ho  explored  a  tract  of 
country  north  of  Greenland,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Washington  Land. 

X.  Climate. — It  has  been  generally  supposed  that  the  climate  of 
nearly  all  British,  Russian,  and  Danish  America,  was  so  severe  that 
the  country  must  forever  remain  a  desolate  waste. 

The  Valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  a  part  of  the  Basin  of  tho  Saskatchewan, 
have  usually  been  regarded  as  the  only  cultivable  regions.  It  is  now  believed, 
however,  that  a  large  portion  of  the  country  south-west  of  Hudson  Bay  (especially 
the  section  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,)  has  a  genial  climate  and  fertile  soil,  and 
that  it  is  capable  of  sustaining  a  dense  population. 

XI.  Vegetation. —  There  is  scarcely  any  vegetation,  in  the  north, 
capable  of  supporting  man.  In  the  cultivable  districts  of  the  south, 
wheat  and  other  grains  common  to  the  Temperate  Zones  are  raised. 

An  abundance  of  mosses,  lichens,  berries,  willows,  and  shrubs,  grow  in  the  cold 
districts  of  tho  north,  upon  which  the  numerous  birds  and  land-animals  subsist. 

In  Greenland,  a  very  small  red  plant  grows  upon  the  surface  of  the  snow.  When 
first  seen  it  was  thought  to  be  red  snow,  and  is  now  generally  called  by  that  name. 

XII.  Animals. —  These  frozen  regions  of  the  north,  though  thinly 
peopled,  abound  with  animal  life,  both  on  land  and  in  the  sea. 
Their  chief  value,  indeed,  to  the  European  governments,  by  which 
they  are  held,  is  in  the  trade  in  oil,  whalebone,  and  skins,  which 
are  thus  supplied. 

Within  the  Tropics,  land-animals  attain  the  greatest  size;  but  the  largest  sea- 
animals  are  found  in  or  near  the  Polar  waters.  The  Great  Borqual  (a  species  of 
whale  found  in  the  Northern  Atlantic,)  is  the  largest  of  living  animals,  being  some- 
times from  80  to  100  feet  long. 

The  lakes  and  seas  abound  with  fish,  and  myriads  of  water-fowl  hover  upon  the 
coast.  The  principal  amphibious  animals  are  the  seal  and  walrus.  The  walrus  is  a 
ferocious  creature,  sometimes  eighteen  feet  long,  with  tusks  three  feet  in  length. 

The  grizzly  bear,  the  largest  and  most  dangerous  of  the  bear  tribe,  is  found 
among  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  the  southern  districts.  The  white,  or  Polar  bear, 
inhabits  the  northern  coasts. 

The  buffalo,  moose,  elk,  deer,  and  reindeer,  are  numerous ;  and  immense  num- 
bers of  the  smaller  fur-bearing  animals  —  as  the  fox,  wolf,  raccoon,  otter,  marten, 
and  beaver  —  are  yearly  taken  by  the  trappers. 

XIII.  Inhabitants. — Except  in  Iceland  and  the  British  Provinces, 
the  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Indians  and  Esquimaux.  The  few 
Europeans  are  mostly  government  officers,  or  persons  employed  in 
the  fur-trade. 

The  Esquimaux  inhabit  the  northern  districts,  near  the  coast.  They  belong  to 
the  Mongolian  race,  and  are  of  low  stature  and  filthy  appearance.  They  derive 
their  support  principally  from  the  sea. 

They  eat  the  flesh  of  the  bear  and  reindeer,  and  clothe  themselves  with  the  skins. 
The  oil  of  the  whale,  seal,  and  walrus,  affords  them  light  during  the  long  night  of 
winter;  and  they  consume  the  blubber  (or  fat,)  for  food. 

The  Esquimaux  frames  his  canoe  with  the  bones  of  the  whale,  and  covers  it  with 
the  skin  of  the  seal.  Instead  of  the  reindeer,  he  harnesses  a  team  of  dogs  to  his 
sledge,  by  which  he  is  rapidly  drawn  over  tho  fields  of  ice  and  snow.  The  hardy 
native  does  not  hesitate  to  attack  the  formidable  walrus  and  Polar  bear,  which  are 
encountered  on  the  fields  of  ice. 

By  whom  have  most  of  the  discoveries  in  the  Arctic  regions  been  made  ?  —  Mention 
some  of  tho  results  of  American  explorations. — What  is  the  climate  of  these  regions  ? 
— What  is  the  character  of  the  vegetation? — What  kind  of  animals  are  numerous? 
—  Name  somo  of  tho  principal  land-animals. — Why  is  this  country  valuable  to  Euro- 
pean governments? — Who  inhabit  those  regions?  —  Describe  the  Esquimaux. 


BEITISH   AMERICA. 

XIY.  This  country  comprises  all  of  North  America  north  of  tho 
United  States,  except  Eussian  America,  Greenland,  and  Iceland. 

Its  different  divisions  are  Rupert  Land,  or  New  Britain,  British  Columbia,  Van- 
couver Island,  and  the  more  thickly  settled  provinces  in  the  southeast.  (A  descrip- 
tion of  the  latter  is  given  on  page  54.) 

Rupert  Land  comprises  the  greater  part  of  British  America.  It  was  formerly 
under  the  control  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  who  had  the  exclusive  right  to  the 
fisheries  and  trade  of  this  vast  region. 

British  Columbia  is  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Gold  is  found  in  considerable 
quantities  on  Fraser  Rive"r.     New  Westminster  is  the  capital. 

Vancouver  Island  is  very  fertile,  and  contains  a  great  abundance  of  coal. 
Victoria  is  the  principal  settlement. 

RUSSIAN   AMERICA. 

XV.  This  country  was  purchased  by  the  Government  of  the 
United  States  from  Eussia  in  1867.  It  has  an  area  of  570,000, 
square  miles,  or  more  than  ten  times  that  of  the  State  of  Illinois, 
and  has  hitherto  been  but  partially  explored. 

North  of  the  Peninsula  of  Alaska  the  coast  is  low  and  marshy,  but  south  of  this 
Peninsula  it  is  bold  and  mountainous,  often  consisting  of  precipitous  cliffs  which 
descend  abruptly  to  tho  sea.  Groups  of  volcanic  islands  skirt  this  part  of  the  coast, 
and  between  them  and  the  main  land  is  a  remarkable  interior  channel,  safe  for 
steamboat  navigation  at  all  times. 

Extensive  forests  of  pine,  cypress,  spruce,  poplar,  and  willow  cover  much  of  the 
country.     Deposits  of  valuable  minerals  exist  in  the  mountain  ranges. 

An  astonishing  quantity  of  animal  life  is  supported  in  tho  forests,  the  streams, 
and  the  island  passages  of  the  sea.  The  otter,  beaver,  mink,  ermine,  sable ;  — 
foxes,  bears,  wolves,  and  other  fur-bearing  animals,  are  found  in  great  numbers. 
Myriads  of  birds  fill  the  woods  in  the  summer  season  ;  while  the  waters  swarm  with 
cod,  halibut,  salmon,  and  many  other  varieties  of  fish. 

About  six  thousand  Russians  and  sixty  thousand  Indians  and  Esquimaux  con- 
stitute the  inhabitants.  —  The  latter  nro  filthy  and  degraded,  and  live  in  huts 
wholly  or  partly  under  ground. 

Sitka,  on  Baranoff  Island,  is  the  principal  settlement. 

DANISH    AMERICA. 

XVI.  Danish  America  includes  Greenland  and  Iceland.  ' 

XVII.  Greenland. — It  is  not  yet  known  whether  Greenland  is  an 
island,  or  a  projection  from  an  Arctic  continent  not  yet  discovered. 
Some  writers  suppose  it  to  be  a  cluster  of  islands  joined  together 
by  ice. 

The  interior  has  never  been  explored,  but  the  coast  is  high  and  rooky,  and  tho 
more  elevated  portions  are  covered  with  perpetual  snow  and  ice. 

The  Danish  Governor  resides  at  Lichtenfels  on  {he  west  coast.  Tho  Moravian 
missionaries  have  also  settlements  on  this  coast  and  on  the  opposite  coast  of  Labra- 
dor, and  have  converted  many  of  tho  natives  to  Christianity. 

XVIII.  Iceland. —  This  island  is  of  volcanic  formation.  Eanges 
of  high  and  rugged  mountains  border  the  coast,  while  the  interior 
is  a  dreary  desert  of  volcanoes,  ice-clad  mountains,  or  fields  of  lava. 

The  most  famous  of  tho  volcanoes  is  Mount  Ilecla.  There  are  also  boiling  springs 
which  throw  up  water,  steam,  and  even  large  stones  to  a  great  height. 

The  settlements  are  all  near  the  coast.     Reikiavik  is  the  principal  town. 

The  Icelanders  are  of  European  origin,  and  are  generally  well  educated. 

Notwithstanding  its  name,  Iceland  is  not  so  cold  a  country  as  Greenland.  It  was 
called  Iceland  by  a  Norwegian  pirate,  who,  on  his  first  visit,  saw  a  bay  filled  with 
ice  which  had  floated  there  from  Greenland. 

Greenland  was  so  named  by  an  Icelandic  chief,  who,  for  somo  crime,  was  obliged 
to  flee  from  his  native  land.  To  induce  his  countrymen  to  follow  him  to  Greenland, 
he  falsely  represented  it  as  superior  in  fertility  to  Iceland. 

What  does  British  America  comprise?  —  Name  the  different  divisions. — Which  of 
them  is  the  largest  ?  — What  can  you  say  of  Russian  America  ?  —  Describe  the  coast.; — 
Mention  some  of  the  animals  found  there. — By  whom  is  it  inhabited  ? — What  does  Dan- 
ish America  include  ? — Describe  Greenland. — Where  have  the  Moravian  missionaries 
settlements  ?  — Describe  Iceland. — Which  is  the  colder  country,  Iceland  or  Greenland  ? 


Si 


Longitude  West  20  from  Washington 


QUESTIONS   ON   THE   MAP   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


OUTLINE. 

Which  has  the  more  irregular  outline:  North  or  South  America?  —  By  what 
oceans  is  North  America  surrounded?  —  Which  of  these  is  on  the  north?  —  By  what 
strait  is  it  connected  with  the  Pacific?  —  Is  there  any  communication  with  the 
Atlantic  ? 

What  land  is  east  of  Baffin  Bay?  —  Is  Greenland  attached  to  the  main-land  of  the 
Continent?  —  In  what  direction  does  Greenland  extend?  —  What  cape  at  the  southern 
extremity?  —  In  what  direction  is  Iceland  from  that  cape? 

On  the  eastern  coast  of  North  America  there  are  five  great  branches  of  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean:  which  of  these  are  called'gulfs? —  Which  one  is  called  a  sea?  —  Which 
are  called  bays?  —  Do  you  perceive  any  reason  why  some  of  them  should  be  called 
bays,  and  others  gulfs  and  seas?  —  Name  the  only  large  branch  of  the  ocean  on  the 
western  coast. 


By  what  strait  is  Baffin  Bay  entered  from  the  Atlantic?  —  By  what  strait  is  Hud- 
son Bay?  —  By  what  land  is  that  bay  surrounded?  —  By  what  island  and  peninsula 
is  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  partly  enclosed?  —  What  cape  at  the  south-eastern 
extremity  of  Newfoundland?  —  At  the  south-western  extremity  of  Nova  Scotia? 

By  what  two  peninsulas  is  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  partly  enclosed?  — In  what  direc- 
tion does  the  Peninsula  of  Yucatan  extend?  —  By  what  group  of  islands  is  the 
Caribbean  Sea  separated  from  the  Atlantic?  —  What  land  separates  it  from  the 
Pacific? 

What  two  peninsulas  on  the  western  coast,  of  North  America?  —  In  what  direction 
do  they  extend?  —  What  cape  at  the  southern  extremity  of  California?  —  What  chain 
of  islands  extends  from  the  Peninsula  of  Alaska  to  that  of  Kamtschatka?  (See  map 
of  the  Western  Hemisphere.)  —  Name  the  principal  islands  on  the  western  coast  of 
British  and  Russian  America.  —  To  what  country  does  Vancouver  Island  belong? 


SURFACE. 

What  three  mountain-systems  are  there  in  North  America? — Do  they  follow  the 
general  direction  of  the  neighboring  coast?  —  In  what  direction,  then,  does  the 
Rocky  Mountain  System  extend?  —  The  Alleghany  System?  — Which  of  the  three 
systems  is  the  longest?  —  What  mountain-system  extends  from  the  Isthmus  of 
Panama  to  the  Arctic  Ocean?  —  What  name  is  given  to  the  southern  part  of  the 
principal  chain? — -To  the  northern  part?  —  What  system  follows  the  coast,  from 
Cape  St.  Lucas  to  Russian  America?  —  What  two  lofty  peaks  in  Russian  America 
does  it  contain?  —  Between  what  two  gulfs  does  the  Alleghany  System  extend?  — 
In  what  range  is  Mount  Brown? 


LAKES  AND  RIVERS. 

Into  what  three  sections  is  North  America  divided  by  the  mountain-systems?  — 
Which  section  is  the  most  extensive?  —  Which,  then,  contains  the  largest  rivers?  — 
From  what  mountains  do  the  rivers  of  the  Atlantic  Slope  flow?  —  In  what  general 
direction  ? 

From  what  mountains  do  the  largest  rivers  of  the  Pacific  Slope  flow  ?  —  In  what 
general  direction?  —  Why?  —  Into  what  ocean?  —  Which  of  them  is  in  Russian 
America?  —  Which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  California?  —  Into  the  Gulf  of  Georgia? 

Do  the  rivers  of  the  Central  Plain  all  flow  in  the  same  general  direction  ?  —  Why  ? 
— Where  is  this  plain  divided?  —  Towards  what  great  gulf  does  the  southern  half 
slope?  —  Name  the  principal  river  of  this  southern  slope.  —  WThat  other  large  river 
flows  between  Mexico  and  the  United  States?  —  Into  what  gulf  do  these  rivers  flow? 


Ocea 


hat  great  river,  in  the  northern  half  of  the  Central  Plain,  flows  into  the  Arctic 
cean  ?  —  In  what  mountains  does  it  rise?  —  What  name  does  it  bear  in  the  upper 
part  of  its  course?  —  Name  the  three  largest  lakes  with  which  it  is  connected. — 
Does  any  part  of  this  river  rise  on  the  west  side  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  ?  —  Is  this 
river  frozen  during  any  part  of  the  year? 

What  is  there  on  the  map  which  would  make  you  think  that  the  land  around 
Hudson  Bay  slopes  towards  it?  —  What  is  meant  by  the  "Basin  of  Hudson  Bay"? — 
What  lake  empties  into  Hudson  Bay  through  Nelson  River?  —  What  great  river 
empties  into  that  lake?  —  What  great  river  and  chain  of  lakes  flows  into  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence? 

The  following  rivers  rise  in  the  Rocky  Mountains — name  the  waters  into  which 
they  flow:  the  Columbia,  Fraser,  Colorado,  Mackenzie,  Saskatchawan,  Missouri, 
Rio  Grande.  —  Can  you  reach  the  Alleghany  Mountains  by  following  a  tributary  of 
the  Mississippi?  —  Can  you  also  reach  the  Rocky  Mountains  by  following  some  of 
its  tributaries  ? 
4 


CLIMATE  AND  VEGETATION. 

[These  questions  require  a  thorough  understanding  of  the  principles  stated  in 
the  lessons  on  Climate  and  Vegetation,  page  12.] 

On  which  side  of  the  Equator  does  North  America  lie?  —  Does  the  climate,  then, 
become  warmer  or  colder,  as  you  go  north?  —  In  what  zone  is  North  America 
situated?  —  In  which  zone  is  the  greatest  extent  included?  —  Are  the  climate  and 
productions  of  North  America,  then,  generally  thoje  of  the  Torrid  or  Temperate 
Zone? 

In  what  part  of  the  country  would  you  expect  to  find  tropical  productions?  —  In 
advancing  towards  the  north,  would  you  find  the  vegetation  becoming  more  or  less 
luxuriant?  —  In  what  regions  would  you  expect  to  find  the  vegetation  almost 
entirely  cease? — Where  would  you  expect  to  find  grain  most  extensively  produced? 

Are  the  summers  generally  hotter  or  colder  in  the  interior  of  a  country  than  on 
the  coast? — -Where  are  the  winters  usually  more  severe:  upon  the  coast,  or  in  the 
interior?  —  Where,  then,  would  you  expect  to  find  the  hotter  summer:  on  the 
Atlantic  coast,  or  upon  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  River,  in  the  same  latitude  ? 


POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

What  three  divisions  occupy  the  northern  half  of  the  country? — What  great 
country  lies  south  of  British  America?  —  What  one  between  the  Pacific  Ocean  and 
Gulf  of  Mexico?  —  Between  the  Caribbean  Sea  and  the  Pacific  Ocean? 

What  group  of  islands  between  North  and  South  America  ?  —  Name  the  two  largest 
political  divisions  of  North  America. — Which  of  these  is  the  more  valuable  coun- 
try?—  Why?  —  What  divisions  are  in  the  Torrid  Zone?  —  Are  all  of  the  West  India 
Islands  in  the  Torrid  Zone  ?  —  In  what  part  of  British  America  is  British  Columbia  ? 
— Labrador?  

MISCELLANEOUS. 

What  proportion  of  North  America  is  occupied  by  British,  Danish,  and  Russian 
America?  —  Why  is  this  not,  generally,  a  habitable  region?  —  What  parts  are 
capable  of  supporting  a  numerous  population  ? 

What  is  the  chief  value  of  these  countries  to  the  governments  by  which  they  are 
held  ?  —  If  there  is  not  vegetation  enough  to  support  man,  how  do  the  animals  live  ? 
—  Name  the  principal  land  animals.  —  What  animals  are  amphibious?  — What  is  an 
amphibious  animal  ?  

Where  is  Reikiavik  ?  —  Sitka?  —  Would  you  find  any  white  people  living  in  these 
towns?  —  As  the  vegetation  is  scanty,  upon  what  do  they  subsist?  —  Is  Iceland  in 
the  Frigid  or  North  Temperate  Zone?  —  Is  any  part  of  Greenland  in  the  Temperate 
Zone? 

Which  is  the  colder  country:  Iceland,  or  Greenland  ?  —  How,  then,  came  they  to 
receive  such  erroneous  names?  —  Where  is  Lichtenfels?  —  Where  are  there  any 
Moravian  settlements?  —  Where  are  the  settlements  in  Greenland  and  Iceland:  in 
the  interior,  or  on  the  coast?  —  Why? — What  can  you  say  of  the  animal  life  of 
Russian  America  ?  

Why  have  not  the  various  bodies  of  land  in  the  Arctic  Ocean  been  more  thor- 
oughly explored?  —  For  what  purpose  have  most  of  the  expeditions  been  sent 
into  these  seas?  —  Has  the  Northwest  passage  ever  been  made?  —  Does  such  a 
passage  exist  ? 

Who  discovered  the  open  Polar  Sea? — Where  is  Grinnell  Land? — Why  is  it  so 
called?  —  What  other  ocean  has  a  similar  character  to  that  of  the  Arctic  ? 

Who  inhabit  the  northern  coasts  of  North  America?  —  How  do  they  live?  —  Are 
they  of  the  same  race  as  the  Indians?  —  As  the  inhabitants  of  Iceland?  —  What 
valuable  articles  do  we  obtain  from  these  northern  regions?  —  W:here  is  Nain  ?  — 
Mount  Hecla  ? — Disco  Island?  —  Washington  Land?  —  Upernavik? — On  what 
island  is  Victoria?  

What  mountains  would  you  cross,  in  going  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
on  the  40th  parallel  of  latitude  ?  —  What  lakes  and  bay,  going  from  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  on  the  meridian  of  10°  West  Longitude  from  Washing- 
ton?—  Following  the  same  meridian  south,  what  peninsula  and  country  would  you 
cross?  —  What  ocean  would  you  reach?  —  Would  you  cross  a  level  or  mountainous 
country,  in  going  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  thje  Arctic  Ocean,  on  the  meridian  of 
20°  west  from  Washington  ? 

Bound  each  political  division  of  North  America.  Sketch  a  map  of  North  America, 
locating  the  principal  mountain-chains  and  rivers.  —  (See  article  on  Map  Drawing, 
page  97.) 

25 


26 


COMMON-SCnOOL    GEOGRAPHY. 


THE    FALLS    OF    NIAGARA. 


CHAPTER    IV. 
THE  UNITED  STATES. 

PHYSICAL    FEATURES. 

I.  The  United  States  occupy  the  central  part  of  North  America, 
and  form  about  three-eighths  of  its  extent.  The  country  has  a 
fortunate  position,  being  equally  removed  from  the  blighting  cold 
of  the  North,  and  the  enfeebling  heat  of  the  Torrid  Zone. 

II.  Surface. — The  three  great  mountain-systems  of  North  America 
cross  the  United  States  from  north  to  south. 

III.  The  Alleghany  system  is  almost  wholly  confined  to  the 
United  States,  only  a  small  portion  of  it  extending  into  Canada. 
This  system  extends  from  the  north-eastern  border  to  within  200 
miles  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

It  consists  of  several  parallel  ranges,  known  in  the  different  States  by  various 
local  names.  The  average  width  of  the  system  is  about  CO  miles,  and  the  average 
elevation  from  2000  to  3000  feet. 

IV.  The  Rocky  Mountain  system  stretches  entirely  across  the 
United  States,  at  an  average  distance  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  of 
about  800  miles.  North  of  Latitude  38°,  the  principal  chain  is 
called  the  Rocky  Mountains;  south  of  it,  the  Sierra  Madre. 

V.  The  California  system  also  extends  entirely  across  the  coun- 
try, closely  skirting  the  Pacific  coast.  The  various  chains,  in  the 
United  States,  are  the  Coast  Range,  the  Cascade  Mountains,  and 
the  Sierra  Nevada. 


Why  may  the  United  States  be  regarded  as  having  a  fortunate  position? —  Name 
the  three  principal  mountain-systems.  —  Describe  each  of  them.  —  Which  of  them 
are  clothed  with  vegetation?  —  Which  have  peaks  covered  with  snow?  —  Which, 
then,  are  highest? 


The  Coast  Range  and  the  Alleghany  Mountains  are  generally  clothed  with  vege- 
tation to  their  Bummits ;  while  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and 
Cascade  Range,  are  bald  and  inaccessible  —  many  of  the  peaks  being  perpetually 
covered  with  snow. 

VI.  The  country  is  divided  by  the  mountain-systems  into  three 
principal  sections :  the  Atlantic  Slope,  the  Pacific  Slope,  and  the 
Central  Plain. 

VII.  The  Atlantic  Slope  embraces  the  Country  which  extends 
from  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 

For  about  100  or  150  miles  from  the  base  of  the  mountains,  the  land  has  a 
general  elevation  of  about  1000  feet,  with  a  hilly  and  broken  surface.  Between 
this  upland  country  and  the  sea  is  the  coast  district,  which  is  low  and  flat,  rarely 
rising  more  than  100  feet  above  the  ocean. 

From  the  Hudson  River  south,  this  lowland  district  has  an  average  width  of  from  i 
30  to  150  miles.     A  considerable  portion  of  it  is  sandy  or  marshy.     North-east  of 
the  Hudson  River  (in  New  England),  the  hilly  country  extends  nearly  or  quite  to 
the  ocean ;  so  that  the  flat  district  is  an  unimportant  feature. 

The  rivers  of  the  Atlantic  Slope  are  usually  navigable  to  the  edge  of  the  upland 
country.  This  point,  therefore,  determines  the  position  of  many  important  cities 
and  towns. 

VIII.  The  Pacific  Slope  embraces  the  country  between  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

The  region  between  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascade 
Range,  is,  for  the  most  part,  a  table-land,  with  an  elevation  of  from  2500  to  5000 
feet.  It  is  generally  barren;  and  is  crossed  by  several  mountain-chains,  which 
connect  the  Rocky  Mountain  and  California  Systems. 

Fremont,  or  Great  Basin,  is  a  desolate  tract,  lying  within  these  limits.     Its  water; 
do  not  flow  into  the  ocean. 

Most  of  the  country  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascade  Mountains  is 
exceedingly  fertile,  and  is  capable  of  sustaining  a  dense  population. 


Into  what  sections  is  the  United  States  divided? —What  part  of  the  Atlantic 
Slope    is    upland?  —  Lowland? — What    point    determines    the   position    of  man 
important  places?—  Why?  —  What  part  of  the   Pacific  Slope  is  fertile?  —  Whi 
parts  are  barren? 


I\ 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


27 


IX.  The  Central  Plain  is  a  part  of  the  Great  Central  Plain  of 
North  America  (page  22),  and  embraces  the  Mississippi  Valley,  the 
Basin  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  the  small  valley  of  the  Eed  River,  of 
the  North  and  the  Texas  Slope. 

The  Mississippi  Valley  is,  next  to  that  of  the  Amazon,  the  largest  river-basin  in 
the  world.  It  is  generally  level,  only  rising  into  hills  near  the  mountains,  -which 
form  its  limits.     The  soil  is  generally  very  rich. 

The  most  important  exception  to  the  fertility  of  this  region  consists  in  a  desert- 
plateau  along  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  stretching  eastward  to  a  distance 
of  200  or  400  miles.     It  has  an  elevation  of  2000  to  5000  feet- 
Most  of  the  States  of  Wisconsin  and  Illinois,  and  much  of  the  country  west  of 
the  Mississippi  River,  consists  of  prairie  land. 

The  term  prairie  is  applied  to  the  great  treeless  plains  of  our  Western  States. 
The  prairies  are  not,  however,  entirely  destitute  of  timber,  but  are  well  wooded 
near  the  banks  of  the  streams.  The  land  is  generally  fertile,  and  yields  a  natural 
growth  of  heavy  grass.  The  surface  of  the  prairies  is  sometimes  level  and  some- 
times rolling. 

The  St.  Lawrence  Basin,  and  the  valley  of  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  belong  to 
the  northern  slope  of  the  Great  Central  Plain.  The  Red  River  valley  is  included  in 
the  Saskatchawan  Basin,  and  its  waters  flow  into  Hudson's  Bay.  The  St.  Lawrence 
Basin  is  a  well-wooded,  fertile  region,  from  300  to  500  feet  in  elevation. 

The  Texas  Slope  includes  the  region  between  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains.     It  resembles  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

X.  Lakes  and  Rivers. — Each  of  these  divisions  is  drained  by  a 
system  of  lakes  and  rivers,  which  will  be  described  in  connection 
with  the  different  States. 

XI.  Climate. — The  climate  is  such  as  belongs  to  the  middle  and 
southern  parts  of  the  North  Temperate  Zone. 

In  our  Southern  States  the  summer  is  very  warm,  and  the  winter  mild.  Farther 
north,  the  contrast  between  the  seasons  is  greater;  the  winters  are  very  cold,  and 
the  summers  are  not  so  warm  as  at  the  south. 

XII.  Vegetation. — The  vegetable  productions  are  such  as  are 
common  to  the  middle  and  southern  parts  of  the  North  Temperate 
Zone — including,  therefore,  many  plants  of  a  tropical  character, 
as  well  as  those  belonging  to  a  temperate  climate. 

The  various  grains  —  wheat,  Indian  corn,  rye,  oats,  and  barley  —  are  raised  in 
all  parts  of  the  country.  The  northern  and  middle  sections  produce  the  greatest 
quantity  of  wheat;  while  Indian  corn  grows  best  in  the  middle  and  southern  districts. 

The  potato  succeeds  best  in  the  Northern  States.  Its  place  is  supplied  at  the 
south  by  the  Carolina  or  sweet  potato.  Tobacco  is  principally  raised  in  the  middle 
sections,  though  it  is  also  grown  in  several  of  the  Northern  States.  Hemp  and  flax 
thrive  in  the  middle  districts. 

Most  of  the  cotton  used  by  mankind  is  raised  in  our  Southern  States.  Rice 
grows  in  great  abundance  at  the  south,  in  the  marshy  tracts  along  the  coast.  In 
the  extreme  south,  sugar  is  ono  of  the  most  important  productions ;  and  oranges 
are  easily  raised. 

XIII.  Inhabitants. — Tho  white  population  is  chiefly  of  English 
descent ;  but  there  is  also  a  large  proportion  of  Irish,  •Germans,  and 
other  natives  of  Europe. 

Our  population  has  increased  more  rapidly  than  that  of  any  other  country  in  the 
world.  In  the  Middle  and  Western  States,  especially,  small  villages  rapidly  grow 
into  large  towns,  and  large  towns  into  great  cities. 

The  principal  cause  of  this  remarkable  growth  is  the  arrival  of  emigrants  from 
Europe,  who  seek  in  America  that  employment  and  liberty  which  are  denied  them 
at  home. 

What  does  the  Central  Plain  comprise?  —  Describe  each  section.  —  How  does  the 
climate  of  the  Southern  States  compare  with  that  of  the  Northern  ?  — Name  some  of 
the  plants  which  grow  in  all  sections  of  our  country.  — Where  is  tobacco  raised  ?  — 
Cotton  ?  —  Sugar  ?  —  Rice  ?  —  Of  what  descent  is  the  white  population  ?  —  What  has 
caused  the  remarkable  growth  of  this  country? — What  are  the  political  divisions 
of  the  United  States  ? 


POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

XIV.  The  United  States  consist  of  thirty-seven  States,  ten 
Territories,  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  the  extensive  country 
known  as  Russian  America,  recently  purchased  from  Russia. 

The  States  are  divided  into  the  Eastern,  Middle,  Southern,  and  Western. 

XV.  Government — The  government  of  the  United  States  is 
republican,  and  a  President  is  elected  by  the  people  every  four 
years. 

XVI.  Religion. — Unlike  most  European  countries,  the  govern- 
ment supports  no  particular  form  of  religion.  The  greater  part 
of  the  inhabitants,  however,  are  Protestants. 

XVII.  Education  is  more  general  in  the  United  States  than  in 
any  other  country.  Colleges  .and  academies  are  numerous,  and  in 
nearly  all  the  States  there  is  a  system  of  free  schools. 

HISTORY. 

XVIII.  The  first  settlements  in  the  New  World  were  made  prin- 
cipally by  the  Spanish,  French,  and  English. 

The  Spaniards  occupied  the  greater  part  of  South  America,  and  the  sections 
bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  These  countries  (save  Florida  and  Texas)  are 
still  occupied  by  their  descendants,  who  speak  the  Spanish  language. 

The  French  originally  claimed  and  partly  settled  the  Basin  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
and  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi.  But  the  only  part  of  this  vast  territory  now  in 
their  possession  is  two  small  islands  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

The  early  settlements  of  the  English  were  almost  wholly  confined  to  the  Atlantic 
Slope,  between  Maine  and  Florida.  Yet,  by  energy  and  intelligence,  their  descend- 
ants have  become  possessed  of  the  greater  part  of  North  America,  and  the  countries 
they  have  settled  are  the  most  flourishing  on  tho  Western  Continent. 

XIX.  In  the  year  1607,  the  first  English  settlement,  or  colony, 
in  America,  was  established  at  Jamestown,  in  Virginia.  Other 
colonies  were  settled  from  time  to  time,  until,  in  the  year  1733, 
they  amounted  to  thirteen  in  number. 

It  is  fortunate  for  our  country  that  the  Spaniards  (who  discovered  the  New 
World)  first  landed  at  the  south  —  leaving  the  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America  to 
bo  settled  chiefly  by  the  English.  The  Spaniards  were  cruel  and  avaricious:  they 
did  not  come  to  America  to  till  the  soil,  and  follow  honest  labor,  but  with  extrava- 
gant hopes  of  becoming  suddenly  rich  from  mines  of  gold  and  silver. 

The  people  of  the  Spanish  colonies,  therefore,  became  idle,  ignorant,  and  corrupt; 
and  their  descendants  retain  that  character  to  this  day.  But  the  English  were  an 
industrious  people,  who  loved  liberty  and  humanity,  and  earned  success  by  energetic 
toil  in  the  fields  and  on  the  sea. 

XX.  The  English  colonies  remained  firmly  attached  to  the 
mother  country,  until  its  tyranny  induced  them  to  rebel.  This  led 
to  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 

The  first  battle  was  fought  at  Lexington,  in  1775.  The  surrender  of  Lord 
Cornwallis,  in  1781,  put  an  end  to  hostilities,  which  had  lasted  six  years  and  a  half. 
On  the  4th  of  July,  1776,  the  colonies  declared  themselves  a  separate  nation.  In 
1783,  the  British  Government  acknowledged  their  independence. 

XXI.  At  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  "War,  the  area  of  the 
United  States  was  about  800,000  square  miles,  and  there  were  about 
3,000,000  of  inhabitants.  Now  (.1868),  the  area  of  the  country 
(including  Russian  America)  is  3,500,000  square  miles,  and  the 
population  exceeds  31,000,000. 

Nor  has  the  progress  of  the  country,  in  other  respects,  been  less  marked  than 
its  increase  in  extent  and  population ;  and  the  great  mass  of  the  people  of  the 
United  States  have  hitherto  been  more  prosperous  and  happy  than  those  of  any 
other  country  upon  the  globe. 

What  is  the  form  of  government? — Of  what  religion  are  most  of  the  inhabit- 
ants?—  Is  education  general?  —  By  whom  were  the  early  settlements  made  in  the 
New  World? — What  sections  were  settled  by  the  Spaniards? — French? — English? — 
What  difference  was  there  in  the  character  of  the  Spanish  and  English  settlers  ?  — 
When  did  the  English  colonies  become  independent?  —  What  progress  has  the 
country  made  since? 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAR 


Political  Divisions  of  the  United  States. 


EASTERN  STATES. 

WESTERN  STATES. 

Maine. 

Ohio. 

New  Hampshire. 

Indiana. 

Vermont. 

Illinois. 

Massachusetts. 

Kentucky. 

Rhode  Island. 

Tennessee. 

Connecticut. 

Arkansas. 

Missouri. 

Michigan. 

MIDDLE  STATES. 

Wisconsin. 

New  York. 

Iowa. 

Minnesota. 

Pennsylvania. 

California. 

Oregon. 

Kansas. 

Nevada. 

SOUTHERN  STATES. 

Nebraska. 

Maryland. 

Virginia. 

West  Virginia. 

TERRITORIES. 

North  Carolina. 

Washington.  * £*" 

South  Carolina. 

Idaho. 

Georgia. 

Montana^ 

Florida. 

Dakota.      -    * 

Alabama. 

Utah,  « 

Mississippi. 

Col  era  do. 

Louisiana. 

-Arizona. 

Texas. 

New  Mexico. 

District  of  Columbia. 

Indian. 

Wyoming 

Position  and  Abba. 
What  country  is  situated  upon  the  north  of 
the  United  States  ? — Upon  the  south-west  ?— 
What  ocean  upon  the  east? — On  the  west?— - 
What  gulf  on  the  south  ? — What  part  of  North 
America  does  the  United  States  occupy? 


Outline. 

In  what  general  direction  does  the  Atlantic 
coast  of  the  United  States  extend? — The  Pacific 
coast  1 — Where  is  Passamaquoddy  Bay  ? — Dela- 
ware Bay  ? — Chesapeake  Bay  ? — Albemarle 
Sound?— What  bay  upon  the  Pacific  coast? — 
Which  coast  has  the  most  numerous  inlets :  the 
Atlantic,  or  the  Pacific  ? 

Between  what  bodies  of  water  is  the  Penin- 
sula of  Florida  ? — Where  is  Cape  Cod  ? — Cape 
Hatteras?— Cape  Sable?— Cape  Flattery? 


SuKFACE. 

By  what  three  mountain-systems  is  the  United 
States  crossed  ? — Which  of  these  systems  com- 
mences near  the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law 
rence? 

What  mountain-system  skirts  the  Pacific 
coast? — Which  chain  of  this  system  is  nearest 
the  coast? — What  chain  in  California  lies  east 
of  the  Coast  Mountains? — In  what  direction 
does  the  Rocky  Mountain  System  extend? — 
What  part  of  this  system  is  called  the  Sierra 
Madre  ?— Where  are  the  Wasatch  Mountains  ? 


Into  what  three  sections  is  the  United  States 
divided  by  these  mountain-systems?— What 
part  of  the  Atlantic  Slope  is  generally  level  ? 

What  mountain-system  forms  the  eastern 
boundary  of  the  Pacific  Slope  ?— Describe  the 
country  between  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the 
Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascade  Ranges. — The 
country  west  of  the  two  latter  chains. — Between  what  mountains  is 
Fremont  Basin  situated  ? 

Between  what  mountains  does  the  Central  Plain  of  the  United  States 
lie  ?— What  are  the  different  divisions  of  this  plain  ?— What  can  you 
say  about  the.  site  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  ? — What  part  of  it  is  a 
barren  tract?— Describe  the  prairies. — What  part  of  the  Central  Plain 
is  occupied  by  the  St.  Lawrence  Basin  and  Valley  of  the  Red  River 
of  the  North  '—Where  is  the  Texas  Slope? 


Rivers  and  Lakes. 

In  what  mountains  do  most  of  the  rivers  of  the  Atlantic  Slope  rise'' 
— Into  what  ocean  and  gulf  do  they  flow  ? — In  what  direotion,  and 
into  what  gulf,  does  the  Mississippi  flow  ? — In  what  mountains  do 
many  of  the  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi  rise  ? 

In  what  direction,  and  into  what  lake,  does  the  Red  River  of  the 
North  flow  ? — By  what  river  are  the  Great  Lakes  drained  ? — Into  what 


gulf,  and  in  what  direction,  doi 
Lakes,  beginning  with  the  mm 
into  what  gulf,  do  the  rivers  of 
Mississippi  River  rise  ? — ThroO| 
What  river  of  the  United  Stt 
— In  what  mountains  does  thii 
into  what  body  of  water,  does! 
the  general  direction  of  the  ril 


iver  flow  '—Name  the  Great 
■ly. — In  what  direction,  and 
ow  ? — In  what  State  does  the 
State  does  it  flow  ? 
s  into  the  Golf  of  California  ? 
ise? — In  what  direction,  and 
imbia  River  flow '-What  is 
e  Pacific  Slope  ' 


Climate  ahd  Productiohs. 

In  what  zone  are  the  United  States  situated  ?—  Where  are  the  sum 
niers  hotter,  near  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  or  near  the  Great  Lakes  ? — Name 
die  principal  grains  raised  in  the  United  States. — Where  is  most  wheat 
produced  ? — Corn  ?— Rice  ? — Cotton  ? — Tobacco  ? — Sugar  ? 

Name  in  order,  beginning  with  the  most  northerly,  the  thirteen  States 
bordering  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean. — The  five  on  thegulf  of  Mexico.  —The 


two  States  and  Territory  on  the  Pacific. — Name  the  eight  States  border- 
ing on  the  Great  Lakes. — What  State  has  the  St.  Lawrence  River  for  a 
part  of  its  boundary  ? — Of  what  State  is  the  Rio  Grande  the  south- 
western boundary  ? — What  Territories  border  on  British  America ! 

What  two  on  Mexico  ? — Name  the  six  States  bordering  on  the  east 
em  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River. — The  five  on  the  western  bank. — 
Between  what  parallels  does  the  United  States  lie'  -Between  what 
meridians  ? — What  is  the  Capital  ' 


so 


COMMON-SCHOOL    GEOGRAPHY. 


CHAPTER    V. 
THE  EASTERN,  OR  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 

I.  New  England  is  composed  of  six  States :  —  Maine,  New 
Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut. 

II.  Coast. — North  of  Cape  Cod,  the  coast  is  bold  and  rocky; 
south  of  that  peninsula,  it  is  generally  low  and  sandy. 

III.  Surface. —  The  Green  Mountains,  by  which  the  western  part 
of  New  England  is  crossed,  belong  to  the  Alleghany  System.  The 
general  appearance  of  the  country  is  hilly  and  picturesque. 

The  White  Mountains,  in  New  Hampshire,  are  an  off-shoot  from  the  Green  Moun- 
tain chain.  Mount  Washington,  the  highest  of  the  group,  is  the  loftiest  peak,  but 
one,  in  the  Alleghany  System. 

Another  branch  of  this  system  crosses  Maine  in  a  north-easterly  direction.  It 
consists  of  a  ridge  of  highlands,  of  which  Mount  Katahdin  and  Mars  Hill  are  the 
principal  elevations. 

IV.  The  Lakes  and  Rivers  belong  to  two  systems  —  the  Atlantic, 
and  St.  Lawrence  —  which  are  separated  by  the  Green  Mountains. 

The  rivers  of  New  England,  like  most  of  those  which  belong  to  the  Atlantic  Slope, 
flow  through  a  hilly  country,  and  afford  great  water-power  for  manufactures.  The 
Penobscot,  Kennebec,  and  Connecticut,  are  the  only  ones  which  are  navigable  to 
any  considerable  distance. 

V.  New  England,  and  especially  Maine,  abounds  with  lakes  of 
clear,  bright  water,  which  lie  sheltered  among  the  hills,  giving  life 
and  beauty  to  the  landscape. 

The  largest  lake  entirely  within  the  limits  of  New  England  is  Moosehead  Lake, 
in  Maine.  It  is  navigable  for  steamboats.  Lake  Winnipiseogee,  in  New  Hampshire, 
is  the  most  picturesque  and  beautiful. 

VI.  Productions. — Manufactures,  commerce,  the  forests,  and  fish- 
eries, form  the  principal  sources  of  wealth  in  New  England. 

The  agricultural  products  are  not  important,  except  for  home  consumption:  they 
consist  chiefly  of  Indian  corn,  wheat;  rye,  oats,  and  tobacco.  The  only  mineral 
productions  of  much  value  are  various  kinds  of  building-stone. 

The  forests  are  most  extensive  in  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  Vermont.  The 
latter  State  is  the  only  one  which  is  not  much  engaged  in  manufactures. 

The  fisheries  employ  more  men  in  New  England  than  in  any  other  section  of  the 
Union.  Massachusetts  and  Maine  are  the  only  States  which  have  an  extensive 
foreign  commerce,  though  the  others,  except  Vermont,  have  a  coast  trade  with  our 
Atlantic  sea-ports. 

VII.  Inhabitants. — The  New  Englanders  are  mostly  of  English 
descent,  and  are  noted  for  their  enterprise  and  industry. 

They  arc  a  moral  and  religious  people ;  and,  from  the  earliest  settlement  of  the 
country,  have  given  great  attention  to  the  subject  of  education.  Many  of  them 
have  emigrated  to  the  Western  States  of  the  Union. 


MAINE. 

VIII.  The  coast  of  Maine  is  penetrated  by  numerous  inlets,  and 
is  lined  with  islands.  Maine  has  a  greater  number  of  good  harbors 
than  any  other  State  in  the  Union. 

IX.  Productions. —  The  forests  cover  the  interior  of  the  State, 
and  form  the  principal  source  of  its  wealth. 

Which  are  the  New  England  States? — What  is  the  character  of  the  coast  north  of 
Cape  Cod  ?  —  South  ?  —  Describe  the  surface. —  To  what  two  systems  do  the  lakes  and 
rivers  belong  ?  — Which  are  the  principal  navigable  rivers  ?  —  Of  what  value  are  those 
which  are  not  navigable? — Which  is  the  largest  lake? — What  form  theprincipal  sources 
of  wealth  in  New  England? — Which  of  these  are  most  important?  —  Of  what  descent 
are  most  of  the  inhabitants?  —  For  what  are  they  noted?  —  Describe  them. 


In  winter,  great  numbers  of  men  are  engaged  in  cutting  down  the  trees,  and 
dragging  them  over  the  hard  and  deep  snow  to  the  rivers.     In  the  spring,  the 
logs  are  floated  down  to  the  saw-mills, 
where  they  are  converted  into  timber, 
boards,  planks,  shingles,  and  other  kinds 
of  lumber. 

Maine  builds  more  ships,  and  exports 
more  lumber,  than  any  other  State  in 
the  Union.  The  other  exports  are  gran- 
ite, marble,  lime,  ice,  potatoes,  and 
fish. 

X.  The  Towns  are  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  State ;  the  north 
being  still  unsettled.  Augusta 
is  the  capital. 

Portland,  the  largest  city,  has  one  of 
the  best  harbors  in  the  Union.     Bangor 
is  the  principal  place  for  the  shipment 
of  lumber.     Bath,  and  many  other  towns  on  the  coast,  arc  engaged  in  ship-building. 
Great  quantities  of  lime  are  exported  from  Rockland. 

Lewiston,  Saco,  and  Biddeford  (on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  from  Saco), 
have  extensive  cotton  factories.    Waterville  and  Brunswick  each  contains  a  college. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

XL  New  Hampshire  is  often  called  the  Granite  State,  on  account 
of  the  abundance  of  that  mineral.  From  the  magnificent  scenery  of 
the  White  Mountains,  it  is  also  styled  the  Switzerland  of  America. 


SHIP-BUILDING. 


VIEW    OF    LAKE    WINNIPISEOGEE. 


XII.  Productions. — The  manufactures  of  cotton  and  wool  form 
the  chief  wealth  of  the  State.  Potatoes,  cattle,  wool,  and  the 
products  of  the  dairy  are  also  important. 

XIII.  Towns. — Concord  is  the  capital.  The  principal  manufac- 
turing towns  are  Manchester,  Nashua,  Dover,  and  Great  Falls. 

Portsmouth,  on  the  Piscataqua  River,  is  the  only  sea-port.  Opposite  the  city,  on 
an  island  in  the  river,  is  a  United  States  Navy  Yard.  Hanover  contains  Dartmouth 
College. 

VERMONT. 

XIV.  Vermont  ("green  mountain")  derives  its  name  from  the 
mountains  which  traverse  the  State,  and  which  are  clothed  with 
evergreen  pines,  firs,  and  hemlocks. 

XV.  Productions. —  The  people  are  principally  engaged  in  farming 
and  grazing.    The  valleys  have  a  rich  soil ;  and,  upon  the  mountain- 

What  advantage  does  Maine  derive  from  the  character  of  its  coast? — What  forms 
the  principal  sources  of  its  wealth  7  —  In  what  does  Maine  exceed  any  other  State 
in  the  Union? — What  are  the  principal  exports?  —  In  what  part  of  the  State  are 
the  towns? — Name  the  capital. —  The  other  principal  cities  and  towns. — What  is 
New  Hampshire  often  called?  —  Why?  —  What  are  the  principal  productions?  — 
Name  the  capital. —  The  other  important  towns.— Which  is  the  only  sea-port? 


THE    EASTERN,    OK   NEW    ENGLAND    STATES. 


81 


Bides   are  pastured  great  numbers   of  cattle,  torses,  and  sheep. 
Live-stock,  wool,  and  dairy  products,  are  largely  exported. 


V"l_  ...»    -..«"«* -V-A 


A    GRAZING    SCENE. 


The  lumber-trade  is  valuable,  and  great  quantities  of  maple-sugar  are  made 
Vast  bedj  of  the  most  beautiful  marble  are  found  in  various  parta  of  the  State 

XVI.  Towns.— Montpelier  is  the  capital.  Burlington  i3  the 
largest  town,  and  contains  the  University  of  Vermont. 

Rutland  and  Middlebury  have  an  extensive  trade  in  marble.  Middlebury  and 
Norwich  each  contains  a  college.  Brattleboro  is  a  noted  summer  resort.  At  Ben- 
nington, the  Green  Mountain  Boys  defeated  a  detachment  of  Hessians  from  Bur- 
goyne's  army,  in  1777. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

XVII.  Massachusetts  borders  on  Massachusetts  Bay :  whence  it 
i3  often  called  the  Bay  State.  It  is  one  of  the  wealthiest  and  most 
populous  of  the  United  States. 

XVIII.  Productions.— Massachusetts  surpasses  every  other  State 
in  the  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes,  cotton  and  woollen  goods, 
and  in  the  fisheries.  These,  with  commerce,  are  the  principal 
sources  of  her  wealth. 

The  commerce  of  the  State  is  second  only  to  that  of  New  York.  The  exports 
consist  principally  of  manufactured  goods,  whale-oil,  salt-fish,  granite,  and  ice. 

XIX.  Towns.— Boston  is  the  capital,  and  is  the  largest  city  in 

New  England.  It 
is  exceeded  only 
by  New  York  in 
the  extent  of  its 
foreign  commerce. 

Salem  is  also  a  com- 
mercial town.  New 
Bedford  and  Nantucket 
are  engaged  in  the 
whale-fishery;  Glouces- 
ter, Marblehead,  New- 
burypcrt,  and  Barn- 
stable, in  the  cod  and 
mackerel  fisheries. 

Lowell  and  Lawrence 
are  the  principal  seats 
of  the  cotton  and  wool- 
len manufactures. 
Lynn  13  well  known  for  tho  manufacture  of  ladies'  shoes.     At  Taunton,  loco- 
motives and  steam-engines  are  made.     Fall  River  has  extensive  iron-works. 

Quiucy  is  well  known  for  its  granite.  Worcester  is  growing  rapidly,  and  is  a 
great  railroad  centre.  It  contains  a  State  Lunatic  Asylum,  and  numerous  manu- 
factories. Cambridge  is  tho  seat  of  Harvard  University.  Springfield  contains  a 
United  States  Arsenal. 

From  what  docs  Vermont  derive  its  name?  —  In  what  are  most  of  the  people 
engaged  ?  — Name  the  capital. — The  other  principal  towns.  — Why  is  Massachusetts 
often  called  the  Bay  State?  —  In  what  does  it  surpass  every  other  Stato? — What  is 
the  commercial  rank  of  Massachusetts?  —  What  is  said  of  Boston  ? 


FANEUIL   HALL. 


XX.  Several  of  the  towns  in  this  State  are  celebrated  in  the 
early  history  of  our  country.  Plymouth  is  the  place  where  the 
Pilgrim  Fathers  landed  in  1620;  and  the  first  battles  of  the 
Revolution  were  fought  at  Concord,  Lexington,  and  Charlestown. 

BHODE   ISLAND. 

XXI.  Rhode  Island  is  the  smallest  of  the  United  States.  In 
proportion  to  its  size,  it  is  the  most  populous  State,  except 
Massachusetts. 

XXII.  Productions. — Cotton  and  woollen  manufactures  are  the 
most  valuable  productions. 

The  small  streams  are  lined  with 
manufacturing  villages,  which,  how- 
ever, are  not  so  large  as  those  on  the 
Merrimac  River. 

XXIII.  Towns. — Providence 
and  Newport  are  the  capitals  of 

tho  State. 

Providence  is  tho  largest  city,  and 
has  a  considerable  foreign  commerce 
and  coast-trade.  It  contains  Brown 
University. 

Newport  is  one  of  the  finest  watering- 
places  in  the  Union.     Bristol  is  a  com- 
mercial town.  Smithficld  contains  many 
manufacturing  villages.    Woonsocket,  a  part  of  which  is  in  this  town,  is  the  largest 
of  them. 

CONNECTICUT. 

XXIV.  Owing  to  the  sobriety  and  industry  of  the  inhabitants, 
this  Stato  is  known  as  the  "  Land  of  Steady  Habits."  Its  principal 
wealth  is  derived  from  manufactures. 

Connecticut  is  noted  for  the  great  variety  of  her  manufactures  —  such  as  cotton 
and  woollen  goods,  farmers'  and  mechanics'  tools,  saddlery,  coaches,  paper,  buttons, 
combs,  and  clocks. 

XXV.  Towns. — New  Haven  and  Hartford  are  the  capitals  of  the 
State. 


A  MANUFACTURING   VILLAGE. 


A  VIEW  OF  YALE  COLLEGE. 


New  Haven,  tho  "  City  of  Elms,"  is  a  beautiful  place,  and  tho  scat  of  Yale  College. 
Hartford  contains  Trinity  College,  a  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum,  and  a  Retreat  for 
tho  Insane.  Its  manufactures  are  extensive,  and  large  steamboats  ascend  the 
Connecticut  River  to  this  point. 

New  London  and  Stonington  send  a  considerable  number  of  vessels  to  tho  whale- 
fishery.  Norwich  is  beautifully  situated  at  the  head  of  the  Thames  River.  Mid- 
dletown  contains  tho  Wesleyan  University. 

Name  the  most  important  places  in  Massachusetts. — Which  of  them  are  celebrated  in 
history,  and  for  what  ? — How  does  Rhode  Island  compare  in  size  with  the  other  States  ? 
— What  are  the  most  important  productions  ? — Name  the  capitals. — What  are  the  prin- 
cipal productions  of  Connecticut  ? — Name  tho  capitals. — The  other  principal  plaoca. 


74 


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43 


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UUESTIONS   ON  THE   MAP   OF  THE   NEW  ENGLAND   OR  EASTERN   STATES. 


POSITION. 

What  British  Frovince  lies  north  of  New  England?  —  What  Province  east  of 
Maine?  —  What  ocean  washes  the  shores  of  these  States?  —  What  State  and  Prov- 
ince arc  upon  the  western  borders  ? 


AREA. 


[For  the  answers  to  the  following  questions,  refer  to  the  Statistical  Tables,  page 
108.]  —  Which  of  the  United  Slates  is  nearly  the  same  size  as  all  of  the  Eas;ern 
States?  —  Which  is  the  smallest  Slate  in  the  Union?  —  The  next  in  size?  —  Nome 
the  Eastern  States  in  the  order  of  their  size,  commencing  with  the  largest. — Which 
one  is  nearly  equal  in  extent  to  the 'other  five? — Which  is  the  larger:  Vermont  or 
New  Hampshire? 


OUTLINE. 

What  part  of  the  coast  of  the  Eastern  States  is  rocky?  —  What  part  is  low  and 
sandy?  —  Which  State  has  the  most  numerous  bays  and  inlets?  —  Which  of  these 
bays  lies  between  Maine  and  New  Brunswick  ? — What  large  bay  receives  the  waters 
of  Penobscot  River?  —  Upon  what  bay  is  Portland  situated? 

What  two  bays  are  cast  of  Massachusetts? — What  bay  is  south  of  the  eastern 
part  of  Massachusetts  ?— What  islands  south  of  the  peninsula  of  Cape  Cod? — What 
cape  on  the  norlh-eastcrn  shore  of  Massachusetts  ? 

What  bay  within  Rhode  Island  ? — What  island  south  of  the  State  ? — What  is  the 
general  character  of  the  coast  of  Connecticut  ? — What  sound  on  the  coast  ? — What 
island  is  south  of  Connecticut? — What  Point  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  Long 
Island  ? 


SURFACE. 

What  mountains  cross  the  western  part  of  the  Eastern  States  ?  —  To  what  system 
do  they  belong  ? — What  part  of  the  boundary  of  New  Hampshire  do  they  form?  — 
Of  Maine? 

Where  are  the  White  Mountains  ?  —  Name  the  highest  peak. — Where  is  Mt.  Katah- 
,lin  |  _  Mars  Hill  ?  —  Mt.  Monadnock  ?  — Wachusett  ?  —  Holyoke  ?  —  Tom  ?  —  Saddle 
Mountain  ?  —  To  what  system  do  all  these  belong  ? 

To  what  Slope  does  most  of  New  England  belong  ? — What  is  the  character  of  it : 
hilly,  or  level  ?  —  Is  the  flat  coast-district  an  important  feature  in  New  England,  as 
it  is  in  the  rest  of  the  Atlantic  Slope? — Why?  —  [See  description  of  the  Atlantic 
Slope,  in  the  chapter  on  the  United  States.] 


LAKES  AND  RIVERS. 

In  what  mountain-chain  do  most  of  the  rivers  of  the  New  England  States  rise?  — 
To  what  system  do  most  of  the  lakes  and  rivers  belong?  —  How  are  the  Atlantic 
rivers  separated  from  the  St.  Lawrence  System  ? 

To  what  system  does  Lake  Chaniplain  belong?  —  By  what  river  docs  it  flow  into 
the  St.  Lawrence?  — Name  the  four  rivers  in  Vermont  which  flow  into  Lake  Cham- 
plain. —  To  what  system  do  they  belong  ? 

To  which  system  do  all  those  lakes  and  rivers  of  the  Eastern  States  belong,  which 
flow  southward  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ? — What  river  partly  separates  Maine  from 
New  Brunswick  ?  —  Maine  from  Canada?  —  Through  what  lake  does  the  Penobscot 
first  flow?  —  Into  what  does  the  Aroostook  River  flow? 


What  river  receives  the  waters  of  Grand  Lake,  and  the  Schoodic  Lakes? — Into 
what  bay  does  the  river  flow  ? — What  lake  does  Kennebec  River  drain?  —  In  what 
State  does  the  Androscoggin  River  rise? — What  mountains  turn  its  course  eastward  ? 

In  what  mountains  does  the  Saco  River  rise  ? — What  tributary  does  the  Merrimac 
receive  from  Lake  Winnipiseogce?  —  Through  what  States  does  the  Merrimac  flow? 
—  For  what  is  it  chiefly  valuable? 

What  river  flows  into  the  head  of  Narragansett  Bay? — What  three  rivers  flow 
into  Long  Island  Sound? — What  lake  forms  the  source  of  the  Connecticut  River?  — 
What  States  does  that  river  separate,  and  through  what  ones  does  it  flow? 

Let  each  scholar  describe  some  river  in  the  Eastern  States :  stating  the  system  to 
which  it  belongs,  what  is  its  source,  what  lakes  it  receives,  what  States  it  separates 
or  crosses,  in  what  direction,  and  into  what  waters  it  flows. 
5 


CLIMATE  AND  PRODUCTIONS. 

[Refer  to  Climate  and  Vegetation,  in  the  chapter  on  the  United  States.]  —  Describe 
the  climate  of  the  Eastern  States.— How  does  it  differ  from  that  of  the  Southern 
States?  —  In  what  part  of  the  New  England  States  are  the  winters  most  severe:  on 
the  coast,  or  in  the  interior?  —  In  the  three  northern,  or  the  three  southern  States? 

Is  the  vegetation  of  New  England  of  a  temperate,  or  of  a  tropical  character?  — 
What  grains  are  raised  there?  —  Is  tobacco  extensively  grown?  —  Is  cotton  raised 
there  ?  —  Rice  ?  —  The  sugar-cane  ?  —  Wheat  ? 


What  form  the  principal  sources  of  wealth  in  the  Eastern  States  ? — Are  the  agri- 
cultural products  raised  in  sufficient  quantities  for  exportation? — What  kinds  of 
minerals  arc  found  there  ? 

Which  would  be  most  likely  to  be  engaged  in  the  fisheries :  Vermont,  or  the  States 
on  the  coast? — Why? — Which  States  have  a  foreign  commerce,  or  coast-trade? — 
Which  are  the  manufacturing  States? — Where  are  the  forests  most  extensive? 

Which  State  is  most  engaged  in  the  lumber-trade,  and  in  ship-building?  —  In 
which  State  are  farming  and  grazing  the  principal  sources  of  wealth? — Which  is 
most  engaged  in  manufacturing?  —  In  commerce?  —  In  the  fisheries? 

What  are  the  principal  sources  of  wealth  in  Maine? — New  Hampshire? — Ver- 
mont ?  —  Massachusetts  ?  —  Rhode  Island  ?  —  Connecticut  ? 


TOWNS. 


On  what  river  is  the  capital  of  Maine  ?  —  On  what  bay  is  the  largest  city?  —  On 
what  river  is  the  principal  place  for  the  shipment  of  lumber? — Where  is  Bath  ?  — 
Rockland  ?  —  In  what  are  the  people  of  these  places  engaged  ? — Where  is  Lewiston? 
—  Saco?  —  Biddeford? — What  important  business  is  done  in  these  towns?  —  In  what 
part  of  Maine  are  most  of  the  towns  situated? 

What  is  the  capital  of  New  Hampshire?  —  On  what  river  is  it  situated?  —  On  what 
river  is  Portsmouth?  —  Dover  and  Great  Falls? — What  is  the  principal  business  of 
the  two  latter  towns? — What  manufacturing  towns  in  New  Hampshire  upon  the 
Merrimac  River? — In  what  part  of  the  State  are  the  largest  towns? 

What  is  the  capital  of  Vermont?  —  On  what  river  is  it  situated?  —  What  town 
near  the  mouth  of  that  river?  —  On  what  river  are  Rutland  and  Middlebury  ? — What 
trade  is  carried  on  in  the  two  latter  towns?  —  On  what  river  are  Brattleboro  and 
Norwich  ? — What  can  you  tell  about  Bennington  ? — Where  is  it  situated  ? 


What  is  the  capital  and  largest  city  of  Massachusetts? — Where  is  it  situated?  — 
Which  are  the  principal  cities  engaged  in  the  whale-fishery  ?  — In  the  cod  and  mack- 
erel fisheries?  —  In  cotton  and  woollen  manufactures? — Where  is  Lynn?  —  Taun- 
ton?—  Fall  River?. — What  is  the  leading  business  in  each  of  these  places?  —  In 
what  direction  from  Boston  is  Quincy?  —  Salem?  —  Cambridge?  —  Springfield?  — 
Worcester  ?  —  Plymouth  ?  —  Concord  ?  —  Lexington  ? — Charlestown  ? — For  what  are 
these  places  noted  ? 

Name  the  capitals  of  Rhode  Island. — Which  of  them  is  at  the  head  of  Narragan- 
sett Bay? — Which  is  a  fashionable  watering-place  ?  —  Is  it  on  an  island,  or  on  the 
main-land  ? — Wherje  are  Bristol  and  Smithfield  ?  —  For  what  are  they  noted  ? 

Name  the  capitals  of  Connecticut  ?  —  On  what  river  is  Hartford  ? — Where  is  New 
Haven  situated  ?  — New  London  ?  —  Stonington ?  — Norwich  ?  —  Middletown  ?  — Which 
of  these  places  contain  colleges ? —Which  of  them  are  on  or  near  the  coast? 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

What  is  the  scale  of  the  map  of  New  England  ?  —  Of  what  use  is  the  scale  of  a  map  ? 
— What  is  the  distance  across  the  State  of  Vermont,  from  its  northern  to  its  southern 
boundary  ?  — What  is  the  distance,  in  a  direct  line,  from  Portland  to  Boston  ? 

On  what  waters  would  you  sail,  to  go  from  Hartford  to  New  York? — From  Provi- 
dence to  Boston?  —  From  Bangor  to  Portland?  —  From  Burlingtoiv-to  Plattsburg? 

If  a  boat  were  set  adrift  in  the  Connecticut  River,  in  what  direction,  and  into 
what  water  would  it  float? — What  two  important  rivers  would  you  cross  in  going 
from  Boston  to  Albany? 

Bound  each  of  the  New  England  States. — Name  three  important  towns  in  each. — 
Mention  the  principal  rivers  and  mountains  in  each  State. — Spell  the  name  of  each 
State. —  Spell  Passamaquoddy.  Nantucket.  Narragansett.  Montauk.  Katalnlin. 
Monadnock.  Wachusett.  Richelieu.  Missisque.  Lamoille.  Chesuncook.  Schoo- 
dic. Kennebec.  Androscoggin.  Saco.  Thames.  Housatonic.  Biddeford.  Mont- 
pclicr.   Gloucester.  Waterville.  Winnipiseogce. —  Give  the  meaning  of  the  last  name. 

33 


31 


COMMON-SCHOOL    GEOGRAPHY. 


CHAPTER    VI. 

THE  MIDDLE  STATES;   MARYLAND,  VIRGINIA, 
AND  THE  DISTRICT  OP  COLUMBIA. 

I.  The  Middle  States  are  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey, 
and  Delaware.  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  "West  Virginia,  are  South- 
ern States.  The  District  of  Columbia  was  formerly  a  part  of  Mary- 
land. 

II.  The  agricultural  and  grazing  products  of  this  section  are  very 
important,  and  it  possesses  great  advantages  for  manufactures  and 
commerce. 

The  mines  of  coal  and  iron  far  exceed  in  value  those  of  any  other  section.  Manu- 
facturing is  promoted  by  the  abundance  of  coal,  and  by  the  water-power  of  the  rivers. 

The  commerce  is  immense.  Numerous  railroads  and  canals  connect  the  Ohio 
River  and  the  Great  Lakes  with  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  bring  hither  the  products 
of  the  Western  States,  which  are  exported  through  the  great  commercial  cities  of 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Baltimore. 

Commerce  is  also  promoted  by  the  Atlantic  rivers,  nearly  all  of  which  are  navi- 
gable ;  and  by  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  bays,  which  penetrate  far  into  the  interior. 

.  III.  Surface. — This  region  is  crossed  by  the  Alleghany  Mountain 
System,  which  here  attains  its  greatest  breadth.  The  Catskill  and 
Adirondack  mountains  are  parts  of  the  system. 

The  name  of  Alleghany  Mountains  is  applied  not.  only  to  the  whole  system,  but 
separately  to  one  of  the  principal  chains.  The  eastern  chain  is  called  the  Blue 
Ridge.     Various  local  names  are  given  to  the  other  ranges. 

IV.  West  of  the  mountains  the  surface  is  hilly,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  some  level  tracts  in  New  York.  The  country  between  the 
mountains  and  the  sea  consists  of  two  regions :  a  low  and  generally 
sandy  tract  upon  the  coast,  and  a  hilly  district  in  the  interior. 

The  boundary  between  the  hilly  and  level  country  would  be  marked  by  a  line 
drawn  from  New  York  city,  through  Newark,  Trenton,  Baltimore,  Washington, 
Fredericksburg,  Richmond,  and  Petersburg,  to  Weldon,  in  North  Carolina ;  for 
these  places  are  near  the  rapids  or  falls  at  the  head  of  tide-water. 

V.  Lakes  and  Rivers. — These  belong  to  three  different  systems : 
the  Atlantic,  Mississippi,  and  St.  Lawrence. 

VI.  Owing  to  the  hilly  nature  of  the  country,  the  rivers  and 
lakes  present  many  striking  scenes  of  natural  beauty. 

The  Hudson,  Delaware,  and  Potomac  rivers,  force  their  way  through  narrow  gorges 
in  the  eastern  ridge  of  the  Alleghanies  —  the  mountains  sometimes  rising  perpen- 
dicularly to  the  height  of  1000  feet.  The  Highlands  on  the  Hudson,  the  Delaware 
Water-Gap,  and  the  passage  of  the  Potomac  at  Harper's  Ferry,  are  thus  produced. 

The  Great  Lakes  pour  their  immense  volume  of  water  over  a  precipice  165  feet 
high,  forming  the  unrivalled  Cataract  of  Niagara.  The  Genesee  River  flows  into 
Lake  Ontario,  over  a  series  of  magnificent  falls:  one  of  them,  at  Rochester,  having 
a  perpendicular  descent  of  97  feet.  The  Mohawk  River  and  its  tributaries  have 
several  beautiful  cascades,  of  which  Trenton  Falls  are  the  most  celebrated. 

IfEW  YORK. 

VII.  In  wealth,  population,  and  commercial  importance,  New 
York  holds  the  first  rank  in  the  Union,  and  is  therefore  called  the 
Empire  State. 

VIII.  Productions. — The  agricultural  and  grazing  products,  the 
minerals  and  manufactures,  of  New  York,  are  all  very  important ; 
but  commerce  is  the  leading  interest. 

Which  are  the  Middle  States?  —  Do  Maryland  and  Virginia  belong  to  the  Middle 
or  Southern  States? — What  are  the  chief  resources  of  this  section?  —  How  is  com- 
merce promoted  ?  — Describe  the  surface. —  To  what  systems  do  the  lakes  and  rivers 
belong?  —  Mention  somo  ef  the  scenes  of  natural  beauty  found  here. 


Salt  is  the  most  valuable  mineral,  and  is  found  in  greater  quantities  here  than  in 
any  other  State.     Iron  and  building-stone  are  abundant. 

The  manufactures  of  New 
York  now  exceed  in  value 
those  of  any  other  State.  The 
principal  articles  are  cotton 
and  woollen  gooils,  and  iron. 
Great  quantities  of  flour  are 
made. 

IX.  Towns. — Albany 
is  the  capital.  No  other 
State  contains  so  many 
large  towns  and  cities. 

The  city  of  New  York  is 
the  largest  on  the  Western 
Continent,  and  is  next  to  Lon- 
don and  Liverpool  in  commer- 
cial importance.  Brooklyn  is, 
next  to  New  York,  the  largest 
city  in  the  State. 

The  other  important  cities 
are  situated  on  the  lakes,  or 
on  the  great  routes  of  travel 
which  centre  towards  the  chief 

city.  Immense  quantities  of  produce  from  the  Western  States  and  Canada  are 
received  at  Buffalo,  Oswego,  and  Ogdcnsburg,  and  forwarded  thence  to  the  sea- 
coast. 

Rochester  has  the  most  extensive  flonr-mills,  and  Syracuse  the  greatest  salt- 
works, in  the  country.  West  Point  is  well-known  as  the  seat  of  the  U.  S.  Military 
Academy,  and  Saratoga  as  a  fashionable  watering-place. 

X.  There  are  many  places  in  Now  York  which  have  been  the 
scenes  of  famous  battles.  Most  of  these  are  upon  or  near  Laku 
Cbamplain  and  the  Hudson  River. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

XI.  Pennsylvania,  the  "  Keystone  State,"  is  one  of  the  wealthiest 
and  most  populous  States  in  the  Union. 


CASCADE  BRIDGE,  ERIE   RAILROAD. 


PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD  BRIDGE,  ACROSS  THE  SUSQUEHANNA  BIVEB. 

XII.  Productions.  —  Pennsylvania  is  principally  a  mining  and 
manufacturing  State ;  but  it  is  also  rich  in  grain  and  live-stock. 
Large  quantities  of  wheat,  rye,  and  Indian  corn  are  raised  here 
every  year. 

What  rank  does  New  York  hold  ? — What  is  the  leading  interest  of  this  State  ?  — 
Name  the  principal  cities  and  towns. — -Which  of  them  is  most  important  ?  —  Is  Penn- 
sylvania a  commercial  or  a  mining  and  manufacturing  State  ? — What  kinds  of  grain 
are  raised  in  this  State  ? 


THE    MIDDLE    STATES. 


35 


The  mines  of  iron  and  coal  far  surpass  those  of  any  other  State.  The  anthracite 
coal  is  found  between  the  Delaware  and  Susquehanna  rivers;  the  bituminous  coal, 
in  the  western  part  of  the  State.  Petroleum  or  coal-oil  abounds  in  the  north- 
western  portion  of  the  State. 

Pennsylvania  is  the  first  State  in  the  amount  of  iron  manufactures.  The  other 
loading  manufactures  arc  cotton  and  woollen  goods.  Great  quantities  of  flour  are 
cade. 

XIII.  Towns.— Ilarrisburg  is  the  capital.  Philadelphia  is  the 
principal  city. 

Philadelphia  is  the  greatest  manufacturing  city  in  the  Union.  It  has  an  extensive 
commerce,  and  is  the  principal  port  in  the  country  for  the  export  of  coal. 

Pittsburfh,  surrounded  by  rich  mines  of  coal  and  iron  ore,  is  a  great  manufactur- 
ing city;  and,  from  its  position  at  the  head  of  the  Ohio  River,  commands  an  exten- 
sive inland  commerce.  The  other  places  of  most  importance  are  Allegheny  City, 
Lancaster,  and  Reading. 


NEW   JERSEY. 
XIV.  Productions. — New  Jersey  is  principally  an  agricultural 
State,  and  supplies  New  York  and  Philadelphia  with  fruits  and 

garden  vegetables. 

The  manufactures  of  cotton,  wool, 
leather,  and  India-rubber  goods,  are  also 
important.  The  productions  of  New  Jer- 
sey are  principally  sent  to  New  York  and 
Philadelphia. 

XV.  Towns.— Trenton,  the 
capital,  is  celebrated  for  the  cap- 
ture of  the  Hessians,  by  Wash- 
ington, in  177G. 

Newark  (the  largest,  city),  Paterson, 
New  Brunswick,  and  Trenton,  arc  the 
principal  manufacturing  places.  Jersey 
City  is  opposite  to  New  York,  and  Cam- 
den to  Philadelphia.  Princeton,  the  scat 
of  Princeton  College,  was  the  scene  of  a 
victory  gained  by  the  Americans  over 
the  British,  during  the  Revolution. 
CajJfc  May,  Long  Branch,  and  Atlantic  City,  arc  well-known  resorts  for  sea- 
bathing. 

DELAWARE. 

XVI.  Delaware  is,  next  to  Ehode  Island,  the  smallest  State  in 

the   Union.      This   is   the    only 
,-fcx  State,    the   whole   of    which    is 

included  within  the  low  district 
of  the  Atlantic  Slope.  ^ 

XVII.  Productions.— Wheat 
and  corn  arc  the  principal  pro- 
ductions. 

XVIII.  Towns.— Dover  is  the 
capital.  Wilmington  is  the 
largest  city. 

Many  steamboats  and  ether  vessels 
are  built  at  Wilmington;  and  in  the 
vicinity  there  are  numerous  flour,  pow- 
der, and  paper  mills. 


STATE  NORMAL  SCHOOL,  TRENTON. 


DEEP  CUT,  CHESAPEAKE  AND  DELAWARE  CANAL. 


What  is  said  of  the  mines  of  iron  and  coal?  —  Where  is  the  anthracite  and  bitu- 
minous coal  found? — What  are  the  leading  manufactures? — Which  is  the  principal 
city?  —  What  advantages  of  position  has  Pittsburgh?  —  What  are  the  chief  produc- 
tions of  New  Jersey?  —  Name  the  large  towns.  —  What  is  said  of  Delaware?  — 
Name  the  productions.  —  The  towns. 


MARYLAND. 

XIX.  Maryland  is  divided  by  Chesa- 
peake Bay  into  two  sections ;  the  portion 
east  of  the  bay  is  called  the  Eastern  Shore. 

XX.  Productions. — Wheat,  corn,  and 

tobacco,  are  the  chief  productions. 

Iron  and  coal  are  abundant  in  the  western  dis- 
tricts. The  manufactures  of  iron,  cotton,  and 
wool,  arc  important. 

XXI.  Towns. — Annapolis  is  the  capi- 
tal, and  contains  a  Naval  School. 

Baltimore  is  a  great  commercial  and 

manufacturing    city.     Ship-building    is   :;31 

an  important  branch  of  industry. 

Cumberland  is  noted  for  its  coal-trade.  Fred- 
erick City  and  Hagerstown  are  flourishing  places.  battle  monskent,  Baltimore. 

DISTRICT    OP'  COLUMBIA. 

XXII.  The  District  of  Columbia  is  under  the  immediate  govern- 
ment of  Congress.  It  contains  the  cities  of  Washington  and 
Georgetown,  the  former  of  which  is  the  capital  of  the  United  States. 

VIRGINIA. 

XXIII.  Virginia  was  settled  in  1607,  and  being  the  earliest  of 
the  English  Colonies,  was  styled  the  "Ancient  Dominion." 

XXIV.  Productions.— Tobacco,  wheat,  and  corn,  are  the  most 
important  productions.     Iron  and  coal  are  the  principal  minerals. 

XXV.  Towns. — Eichmond  is  the  capital,  and  the  principal  commer- 
cial city.     It  has  numerous  flour-mills,  and  many  tobacco  factories. 

Norfolk  has  one  of  the  best  harbors  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  Yorktown  is  famous 
for  the  surrender  of  the  British  Army  to  Gen.  Washington,  in  the  year  1781.  This 
event  put  an  end  to  the  war.     Mount  Vernon  was  the  residence  of  Washington. 

WEST   VIRGINIA. 

XXVI.  West  Virginia  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  State, 
December  81st,  1862.  It  lies  between  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
on  the  East,  and  the  Ohio  and  Big  Sandy  rivers  on  the  West,  and 
comprises  about  a  third  part  of  the  old  State  of  Virginia. 


HARPER'S  FERRY. 


XXVII.  Productions. — In  climate,  soil,  and  productions,  it 
resembles  the  States  of  Ohio  and  Kentucky.  Coal,  iron,  and  salt 
abound.  Petroleum  exists  in  large  quantities  in  the  region 
adjacent  to  the  Ohio  River. 

XXVIII.  Towns. — Wheeling,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Ohio  Kiver,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a  handsome 
suspension  bridge.  Charleston,  on  the  Great  Kanawha  Kiver,  is 
noted  for  its  salt  works.  Parkersburg  and  Point  Pleasant  are 
smaller  towns.  Harper's  Ferry,  at  the  junction  of  the  Potomac 
and  Shenandoah  rivers,  is  a  well-known  place. 

By  what  Bay  is  Maryland  divided?  —  What  are  the  principal  productions?  — 
Name  the  important  towns. — What  is  said  of  the  District  of  Columbia? — Why  is 
Virginia  called  the  Ancient  Dominion?  —  What  are  the  most  important  productions? 
Name  the  capital,  and  the  largest  towns. —  Describe  the  situation  of  West  Virginia? — 
Name  the  large  towns. 


1 3 


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MAP  0¥  THE 

DD1E  STATES 

WITH 

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5         Longitude  West  4  from  Washington      3 


36 


0  Longitude  Kas1  1    from Washington     2 


QUESTIONS   ON   THE   MAP   OF   THE   MIDDLE   STATES. 


FOSITIOH. 

What  country  lies  north  of  this  section?  —  What  three  States  and  ocean  upon  the 
east?  —  What  State  upon  the  south?  —  What  two  States  on  the  west? 


AREA. 
Name  the  three  largest  of  these  States. — The  three  smallest.  —  Which   is   the 
largest  State   in   this  section?  —  The  smallest?  —  How  many  States  of  the  size  of 
Massachusetts  would  Virginia  make  ?  —  How  do  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  compare 
in  area? 

OUTLINE. 
What  ocean  washes  the  shores  of  this  section  ?  —  What  two  bays  indent  the  coast  ? 
—  What,  island  is  south  of  Long  Island  Sound  ?  —  Where  is  Staten  Island  ?  —  Wliijt 
two  capes  at   the  entrance  of  Delaware   Bay?  —  Of  Chesapeake  Hay  ?  —  What  two 
States  have  no  sea-coa3t?  —  What  States  border  upon  the  lakes? 


SURFACE. 

What  mountain-system  crosses  this  region?  —  In  what  direction  does  it  extend? 
— What  part  of  New  Jersey  docs  it  cross?  —  What  part  of  New  York  ?  —  In  what 
part  of  New  York  does  it  cross  the  Hudson  River,  and  thence  extend  into  New 
England  ? 

Is  the  name  of  Alleghany  Mountains  applied  to  the  whole  system,  or  to  a  separate 
range  ?  —  What  is  the  most  eastern  range  called  ?  —  Name  the  chains  in  Pennsylvania, 
beginning  at  the  cast.  —  In  Virginia.  —  Name  the  chains  in  New  Y'ork. 

Describe  the  surface  of  this  section,  west  of  the  mountains.  —  Between  the  moun- 
tains and  the  sea.  — Draw  the  boundary  line  between  the  hilly  and  the  low  country.  — 
Where  is  the  Valley  of  Virginia.  

LAKES  AND  RIVERS. 

To  what  three  systems  do  the  lakes  and  rivers  of  this  section  belong  ?  —  In  what 
mountains  do  most  of  the  rivers  rise  ?  —  Why  do  the  rivers  present  so  many  pictu- 
resque scenes? 

To  what  system  does  the  Ohio,  with  its  tributaries,  belong?  —  What  gulf  do  its 
waters  finally  reach?  —  What  two  rivers  unite  to  form  the  Ohio?  —  Describe  the 
course  of  the  Alleghany  River. — Of  the  Monongahela. — Name  the  tributaries  of 
the  Ohio  in  West  Virginia. 

Into  what  gulf  do  the  waters  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  its  tributaries  flow  ?  —  By 
what  river  does  Lake  Erie  flow  into  Lake  Ontario?  —  Over  what  Falls  ?  —  What  can 
you  tell  about  this  cataract? 

What  three  rivers  flow  into  Lake  Ontario?  —  What  is  there  interesting  connected 
with  the  Genesee  River?  —  The  Oswego  River  drains  a  chain  of  lakes:  name  the 
three  principal  ones.  —  By  what  river  does  Lake  Champlain  flow  into  the  St.  Law- 
rence?—Into  what  lake  does  Lake  George  flow?  —  What  river  flows  into  Lake 
Champlain? 

In  what  general  direction  do  most  of  the  rivers  of  the  Atlantic  System  flow  ?  — 
Through  what  mountains  do  many  of  them  pass?  —  In  what  mountains  does  the 
Hudson  River  rise?  —  In  what  direction  docs  it  flow  ?  —  What  tributary  docs  it  re- 
ceive?—  What  States  does  the  Hudson  separate,  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course? 

Where  are  the  Raritan  and  Passaic  rivers  ?  —  By  what  river  is  Pennsylvania  sepa- 
rated from  New  Jersey,  and  partially  from  New  Y'ork? —  In  what  State  does  it  rise  ? 
Into  what  bay  does  it  flow?  —  What  tributaries  does  it  receive  in  Pennsylvania? 

What  river  empties  into  the  head  of  Chesapeake  Bay?  —  In  what  State  does  its 
north  branch  rise?  —  The  west  branch?  — What  tributary  does  the  Susquehanna 
receive  ? 

Describe  the  Potomac  River.  —  In  what  direction  do  its  two  largest  branches 
flow?  —  On  which  side  of  the  Blue  Ridge  do  tJie  Y'ork  and  Rappahannock  rise  ?  — 
The  James  River?  —  What  two  rivers  of  Virginia  flow  through  North  Carolina  into 
Albemarle  Sound  ? 

Where  are  the  Falls  of  Niagara  ?  — At  what  city  is  one  of  the  Falls  of  the  Gen- 
esee?—  On  what  river  are  Trenton  Falls  ?  — Where  are  the  Highlands  of  the  Hud- 
son?— Where  is  the  Delaware  Water-Gap?  —  Harper's  Ferry?  —  The  Genesee  and 
Alleghany  rivers  rise  very  near  each  other :  if  a  log  were  thrown  into  the  Genesee, 
into  what  gulf  would  it  drift?  — If  into  the  Alleghany  River? 

What  rivers  of  this  section  does  Lake  Ontario  receive?  —  Delaware  Bay  1 — Chesa- 
peake Bay?  —  Let  each  scholar  describe  some  river,  in  the  manner  proposed  in  the 
questions  on  the  New  England  States — mentioning,  also,  whatever  scene  of  natural 
beauty  may  be  connected  with  it. 


CLIMATE  AND  PRODUCTIONS. 

Does  New  England,  or  this  section,  lie  farther  south?  —  Which,  then,  has  the 
warmer  climate?  —  Which  has  the  warmest  climate:  New  Y'ork,  or  Virginia?  —  Why? 

Where  arc  the  winters  colder:   on  the  mountains,  or  low-lands  ?  —  In  the  interior, 
or  near  the  coast?  —  Which  State  is  in  the  same  latitudes  as  New  England  ?  —  Which, ' 
then,  has  a  climate  most  nearly  resembling  that  of  New  England  ? 


Are  the  farming  and  grazing  products  more,  or  less,  important  in  this  section, 
than  in  New  England?  —  These  States  lie  in  the  northern  and  middle  parts  of  our 
country,  what,  then,  are  the  principal  agricultural  productions?  —  [Refer  to  Vege- 
tation, in  the  chapter  on  the  United  States.] 

How  do  these  States  compare  with  other  sections  in  the  amount  of  coal  and  iron 
obtained?  —  Between  what  rivers  is  the  anthracite  coal  region  of  Pennsylvania?  — 
In  what  part  of  the  State  is  the  bituminous  coal  region  ?  —  Iu  what  part  of  Maryland 
is  the  coal-field  of  that  State  ? 


What  are  the  principal  productions  of  New  Y'ork?  —  What  is  the  leading  interest? 
— -What  are  the  principal  productions  of  Pennsylvania  ?  —  Of  New  Jersey  ?  —  Dela- 
ware ?  —  Maryland  ?  —  Virginia? 

Which  is  the  first  commercial  State  in  the  Union  ?  —  Why  is  New  Y'ork  called  the 
Empire  State  ?  —  Which  is  the  first  State  in  the  Union  in  its  mines  of  coal  and  iron  ? 
—  In  the  amount  of  iron  manufactures?  —  What  State  supplies  New  Y'ork  and 
Philadelphia  with  garden  vegetables?  —  What  minerals  are  found  in  West  Virginia? 


TOWNS. 


What  State  contains  the  greatest  number  of  large  towns  ?  —  Where  is  the  capital 
of  New  Y'ork?  —  The  principal  city? — -The  next  in  size?  —  Where  are  the  other 
important  cities  of  this  State  situated?  —  What  can  you  say  of  the  city  of  New 
Y'ork?  —  To  what  do  Buffalo,  Oswego,  and  Ogdensburg  owe  their  prosperity  ?  — 
Where  are  tbey  situated?  —  Where  is  Rochester?  —  Syracuse?  —  West  Point?  — 
Saratoga  ? — -For  what  are  they  noted  ? 

Where  is  the  capital  of  Pennsylvania  ?—  The  principal  city  ?  —Pittsburgh  ?  — 
Allegheny  City?  —  Lancaster?  —  Reading?  —  What  can  you  say  of  Philadelphia? 
—  What  advantages  has  Pittsburgh  from  its  position  ? 


Where  is  Trenton?  —  Newark? — Paterson?  —  New  Brunswick? — Jersey  City  ? 
— Camden?  —  Princeton?  —  Cape  Island?  —  Atlantic  City?  —  Which  of  these  are 
noted  for  battles  in  the  Revolutionary  War  ? — Which  of  them  are  manufacturing 
towns  ? 

Where  is  Dover  ?  —  Wilmington  ?  —  Annapolis?  —  Baltimore?  —  Georgetown  ?  — 
Washington  ?  —  Richmond  ?  —  Norfolk  ?  —  Wheeling  ?  —  Charleston  ?  —  Y'orktown  1  — 
Mount  Vernon  ? — What  can  you  say  of  each  of  these  places? 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

From  what  city  would  you  ship  a  cargo  of  coal  to  Boston? — Of  tobacco?  —  At 
what  ports  may  a  New  England  merchant  purchase  a  cargo  of  grain?  —  Of  flour? 
Of  iron  manufactures  ?  —  Why  does  he  leave  his  own  section  to  obtain  these  articles  ? 

What  is  the  scale  of  this  map?  —  What  is  the  distance  in  a  direct  line  of  Rich- 
mond from  Philadelphia?  —  Of  Wheeling  from  New  York?  —  Of  Syracuse  from 
Washington  ?  — To  which  of  the  three  Atlantic  cities  of  New  Y'ork,  Philadelphia, 
and  Baltimore,  is  Buffalo  nearest,  measuring  the  distance  in  a  direct  line  1 


On  which  bank  of  the  Delaware  is  Philadelphia:  the  right  or  left?  —  Is  Wash- 
ington on  the  right  or  left  bank  of  the  Potomac?  —  If  you  wished  to  go  from 
Washington  to  Mfc.  Vernon,  would  you  cross  the  river?  —  On  which  bank  of  the 
river,  then,  is  Mt.  Vernon  ? 

On  what  waters  would  a  vessel  sail,  to  go  from  New  Y'ork  to  Philadelphia?  — 
From  Philadelphia  to  Richmond?  —  From  Baltimore  to  Washington?  —  On  what 
river  would  you  sail,  to  go  from  Pittsburgh  to  Wheeling?  —  What  lake  would  you 
cross,  in  going  from  Oswego  to  Toronto  ? 

Bound  each  State  of  this  section — Name  three  important  towns  in  each. — Give 
the  principal  rivers  and  mountains  in  each  State.  —  Spell  Philadelphia.  Pennsyl- 
vania. Chesapeake.  Catskill.  Adirondack.  Genesee.  Annapolis.  Monongahela. 
Alleghany.     Seneca.     Shenandoah.     Oneida.    Passaic.    Susquehanna.    Schuylkill- 

37 


38 


COMMON-SCHOOL    GEOGRAPHY. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

THE  SOUTHERN  STATES,  ARKANSAS  AND 

TENNESSEE. 

I.  The  section  described  in  this  chapter  includes  most  of  the 
Southern  States ;  together  with  Arkansas  and  Tennessee,  which  are 
Western  States. 

The  Southern  States  are  Maryland,  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  North  Carolina, 
South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  and  Texas. 
Maryland,  Virginia,  and  West  Virginia  are  described  in  connection  with  the  Middle 
States;    and  Texas,  with  the  Territories. 

II.  The  Coast  is  low,  and,  in  general,  is  either  sandy  or  marshy. 
It  is  lined  throughout  with  low  and  sandy  islands,  and  contains 
few  good  harbors. 

III.  Surface.  —  A  part  of  this  section  belongs  to  the  Atlantic 
Slope ;  the  remainder,  to  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

The  surface  of  the  Atlantic  Slope  in  these  States  resembles  that  of  the  Middle 
States.  The  boundary  between  the  hilly  and  level  country  would  be  marked  by  aline 
drawn  from  Weldon,  through  Fayetteville,  Augusta,  Columbus,  Wctumpka,  and  Tus- 
caloosa, to  Aberdeen. 

That  part  of  this-  section  included  within  the  Mississippi  Valley  is,  in  general, 
very  level.  The  only  hilly  regions  of  any  importance  are  in  Tennessee  and  Ala- 
bama, near  the  base  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 

IV.  Rivers  belong  to  two  systems:  the  Atlantic,  and  the  Mis- 
sissippi.    They  afford  extensive  navigation  for  steamboats. 

The  Valley  of  the  Mississippi  is,  next  to  that  of  the  Amazon,  the  largest  in  the 
world.  The  river  rises  in  Lake  Itasca,  in  Minnesota,  and,  after  a  course  of  2800 
miles,  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  several  mouths.  It  is  navigable  to  the  Falls 
of  St.  Anthony,  a  distance  of  2200  miles. 

In  Louisiana,  embankments,  called  levees,  are  built  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  to 
prevent  the  waters  from  overflowing  the  land.  Yet  the  river  sometimes  breaks 
through  these  defences,  causing  immense  damage  to  the  country. 

V.  Productions.  —  This  is  chiefly  an  agricultural  region.  Cotton 
is  the  great  staple  production,  and  forms  the  principal  article  of 
export. 

The  climate  and  soil  of  this  section  are  particularly  favorablo  to  the  cultivation 
of  cotton.  The  value  of  the  quantity  exported  in  the  year  ending  June  30th,  1860, 
exceeded  $190,000,000.  Corn  is  raised  in  all  the  States.  Rice  is  produced  in  the 
marshy  districts  of  the  coast,  especially  in  South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

Tobacco  is  an  important  product  in  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina  ;  and  sugar,  in 
Louisiana.  The  extensive  pine  forests,  in  the  sandy  parts  of  the  coast-district, 
furnish  lumber  and  naval  stores ;  the  latter  consist  of  turpentine,  resin,  tar,  and 
pitch,  made  from  the  sap  of  the  trees. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  this  region  is  also  very  great.  The  coal-fields  of  North 
Carolina  and  Alabama  arc  extensive,  though  as  yet  they  are  little  worked.  Copper 
is  abundant  in  North  Carolina,  iron  in  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina,  and  consider- 
able quantities  of  gold  are  found  in  North  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

VI.  The  Commerce  of  this  section  is  very  extensive,  and  is  carried 
on  mainly  through  New  Orleans,  Mobile,  Charleston,  and  Savannah. 

VII.  The  Inhabitants  are  chiefly  of  English  descent,  except  in 

Louisiana,  where  there  are  many  French,  and  in  portions  of  Texas 

which  have  been  settled  principally  by  Germans. 

The  negroes  are  much  more  numerous  in  this  portion  of  the  Union  than  in  any 
other,  and  perform  most  of  the  labor. 

Which  are  the  Southern  States?  —  What  States  form  the  section  described  in  this 
chapter?  —  Describe  the  coast  of  this  section. — The  surface  of  that  part  of  it  be- 
longing to  the  Atlantic  Slope.  —  The  Mississippi  Valley.  —  To  what  two  systems  do 
the  lakes  and  rivers  belong?  —  What  is  the  principal  production  of  this  region?  — 
Name  some  of  the  other  productions.  —  Through  what  cities  is  most  of  the  foreign 
commerce  carried  on?  —  Of  what  descent  are  the  inhabitants?  —  By  whom  is  tha 
labor  chiefly  performed  ? 


STATE  CAPITOL,  AT  RALEIGH. 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 

VIII.  Productions. —  North  Carolina  derives  her  chief  wealth  from 
her  pine  forests :  lumber 
and  naval  stores    being 
the  principal  exports. 

Cotton,  corn,  tobacco,  wheat, 
and  rice,  are  also  important 
productions. 

IX.  Towns.  —  Raleigh 
is  the  capital.  Wilming- 
ton is  the  principal  city. 
Beaufort  has  the  best 
harbor  in  the  State.  Fay- 
etteville, on  Cape  Fear  River,  is  a  flourishing  place. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

X.  South    Carolina  is,  next  to  Maryland,  the    smallest  of  the 
Southern  States;    but,    in    proportion   to    its 

size,    it   is   one   of   the  most    populous  and 
wealthy. 

On  account  of  the  abundance  of  Palmetto  trees  growing 
in  this  State,  it  is  often  called  the  Palmetto  State. 

XL  Productions.  —  More  rice  is  raised  in 
South  Carolina  than  in  any  other  State,  and 
the  celebrated  sea-island  cotton  is  extensively 
grown  on  the  islands  along  the  coast.  These 
articles,  with  lumber  and  naval  stores,  are  the 
principal  exports. 

XII.  Towns.  —  Columbia  is  the  capital; 
Charleston,  the  largest  city.  More  rice  is  ex- 
ported from  the  latter  city  than  from  any 
other  in  the  union.  Georgetown,  Camden, 
and  Cheraw,  are  the  other  most  important 
places. 

GEORGIA. 

XIII.  Georgia  is  second  in  population  among  the  Southern  States. 
It  was  the  last  settled  of 

the     thirteen      original 
States. 

XIV.  Productions.  — 
Georgia  produces  cotton 
and  corn  largely,  is  sec- 
ond in  the  amount  of 
rice,  and  first  in  sweet 
potatoes. 

The  principal  exports  consist 
of  cotton,  rice,  lumber,  and 
naval  stores. 

XV.  Towns.  —  Millcdgeville  is  the  capital ;  Savannah,  the  prin- 
cipal city.  Augusta,  Columbus,  and  Macon,  are  next  in  importance. 

From  what  does  North  Carolina  derive  her  chief  wealth  ?  —  What  are  the  princi- 
pal exports?  —  Name  the  capital. — The  other  important  places. — What  is  Soulh 
Carolina  often  called  ?  —  Why  ?  —  What  arc  the  principal  productions  ?  —  Name  the 
capital. — The  largest  city. — What  rank  does  Georgia  hold  among  the  Southern 
States  in  population?  —  What  rank'in  the  production  of  rice?  —  Sweet  potatoes? 
—  Name  other  productions.  —  What  arc  the  principal  exports?  —  Name  the  capital. 
The  other  principal  places. 


THE   PALMETTO  TREE. 


FACLS  OF  TOWALIGO. 


THE    SOUTHERN    STATES. 


FLORIDA. 

XVI.  Productions  —  Cotton,  rice,  sugar,  lumber,  and  naval  stores, 

are  the  principal  pro- 
ductions. The  live-oak 
is  of  great  value  for 
ship-building. 

XVII.  Towns— Tal- 
lahassee is  the  capital. 
Key  West  is  the  largest 
town. 

Key  West  is  situated  upon 
nn  island  of  coral  formation, 
south-west  of  the  main-land. 
It  is  the  most  southern  town 
in  the  United  States,  and  has  an  excellent  harbor. 

Pensacola  contains  a  United  States  Navy  Yard.     St.  Augustine  is  the  oldest  town 
in  the  Union. 


A  SCENE  IN   FLORIDA. 


XVIII.  Productions 


y^i-ijA 


ALABAMA. 

Alabama  is  one  of  the  leading  cotton-grow- 
ing States.  Indian  corn, 
sweet  potatoes,  rice,  and 
lumber,  are  the  other 
principal  productions. 

XIX.  Towns.— Mont- 
gomery is  the  capital ; 
Mobile  is  the  largest 
city.  Tuscaloosa  con- 
tains   the    State     Uni- 


ADING  WITH   COTTON. 


versity. 


A  COTTON  FIELD. 


Mobile  is  second  only  to  New  Orleans  in  the  shipment  of  cotton.     It  exports  not 
only  the  productions  of  Alabama,  but  a  large  portion  of  those  of  Mississippi. 


MISSISSIPPI. 

XX.    Productions.— Mississippi   ranks   first  in   cotton.     Indian 
corn,  rice,  and  sweet  potatoes,  are  the  other  principal  productions. 

The  productions  of  this  State  arc  chiefly  forwarded  for  export  to  New  Orleans 

and  Mobile. 


LOUISIANA. 

XXII.  Louisiana  was  settled  by  the  French,  and  purchased  of 
them  by  the  United  States  in  1803. 

The  chief  productions  are  sugar  and  cotton.     Nearly  all  the  sugar  made  from  t  le 
sugar-cane  in  the  United  States  is  produced  in  Louisiana 


A   SUGAR    PLANTATION. 


XXIII.  Towns. — Baton  Rouge  is  the  capital;  New  Orleans,  the 

largest  city. 

New  Orleans  is  the  greatest  cotton-mart  in  the  world,  and  exports  not  only  the 
productions  of  Louisiana,  but  of  a  considerable  part  of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 
The  city  is  built  upon  a  bend  in  the  Mississippi  River,  and  is  therefore  called  the 
Crescent  City. 

ARKANSAS. 

XXIV.  Productions.  —  The  staple  productions  are  Indian  corn, 
cotton,  and  live-stock. 

XXV.  Towns.— Little         ^AflMttfll 
Rock  is  the  capital,  and 
the  largest  town  in  the 
State. 

The  Hot  Springs  of  Arkan- 
sas are  regarded  as  a  great 
natural  curiosity.  They  are 
about  eighty  in  number,  situ- 
ated fifty  miles  southwest  of 
Little  Rock,  and  are  much 
resorted  to  by  invalids. 


ING   IN  WOOD. 


XXI.  Towns. — Jackson  is  the  capital.    The  other  principal  towns 
are  Natchez,  Vicksburg,  Aberdeen,  Columbus,  and  Holly  Springs. 


What  are  the  principal  productions  of  Florida?  —  Name  the  capital. —The  other 
important  towns. — What  rank  has  Alabama  as  a  cotton-growing  State?  —  Name 
the  capital.  —  The  largest  city.  —What  of  tho  productions  of  Mississippi  ?  —Through 
what  cities  are  its  productions  chiefly  exported?  —  Name  the  capital. — The  other 
important  places. 


TENNESSEE. 

XXVI.  The  Cumberland  Mountains  and  Tennessee  River  divide 
the  State  into'East,  Middle, 
and  West  Tennessee.   • 

XXVII.  Productions.— In- 
dian corn,  cotton,  and  to- 
bacco, are  tho  leading  pro- 
ductions. The  iron  mines 
arc  also  of  great  value. 

XXVIII.  Towns.— Nash- 
ville, the  largest  city  of  Mid- 
dle Tennessee,  is  the  capital. 

Memphis  is  on  tho  Mississippi  River 
St.  Louis  and  New  Orleans. 


STATE   CAPITOL,  AT  NASHVILLE. 


It  is  the  largest  city  on  that  river  between 
Knoxvillo  is  the  principal  town  in  East  Tennessee. 


By  whom  was  Louisiana  settled  ?  —  What  are  the  most  important  productions?  — 
Name  the  capital.  —  Why  is  New  Orleans  called  the  Crescent  City?  —  What  arc  tho 
Maple  productions  of  Arkansas?  —  Name  the  capital.  —  What  natural  curiosity  in 
this  State?  —  Name  the  three  divisions  of  Tennessee.  —  The  chief  productions. ~- 
The  capital,  and  other  towns. 


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42 


COMMON-SCHOOL    GEOGRAPHY 


CHAPTER    VIII. 
THE  WESTERN  STATES. 

I.  The  section  described .  in  this  chapter  includes  the  States  of 
Kentucky,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Missouri, 
Iowa,  and  Minnesota. 

The  nine  States  above  mentioned,  with  Arkansas,  Tennessee,  California,  Oregon, 
Kansas,  Nevada,  and  Nebraska,  comprise  the  Western  States. 

II.  Surface.  —  This  section  belongs  to  the  Central  Plain  of  the 
United  States,  and  is  generally  level.  The  only  mountains  are  a 
branch  of  the  Alleghany  System,  in  Kentucky. 

The  greater  part  of  Wisconsin  and  Illinois,  and  much  of  the  country  west  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  consists  of  prairie  land. 

III.  Lakes  and  Rivers.  —  The  principal  lakes  and  rivers  are  the 
Mississippi  River,  and  its  numerous  tributaries,  and  the  Lakes  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  Basin. 

The  Red  River  of  the  North,  between  Minnesota  and  Dakota,  flows  through  a 
chain  of  small  lakes  into  Lake  Winnipeg,  in  British  America. 

IV.  Productions.  —  This  is  generally  a  farming  and  grazing 
country.     The  mines  are  also  very  rich. 

It  is  the  great  grain-district  of  the  United  States,  and  the  larger  part  of  the  wheat 
and  corn  exported  from  the  country  is  raised  here.  Tobacco  and  hemp  are  impor- 
tant products  in  Kentucky  and  Missouri.  There  are  extensive  tracts  of  timber-land 
in  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota. 

Great  numbers  of  cattle  and  swine  are  reared  in  this  section,  and  beef  and  pork 
are  among  the  most  important  exports.  • 

The  beds  of  coal  are  of  immense  extent,  though  not  yet  fully  worked.  The  prin- 
cipal building-stone  is  limestone.  Iron  is  abundant  in  Missouri,  Michigan,  and 
Ohio.  The  copper-mines  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior  are  of  great  value,  and 
nearly  all  the  lead  found  in  the  United  States  comes  from  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Iowa, 
and   Missouri. 

V.  Inhabitants.  —  A  large  part  of  the  population  of  this  section  is 
composed  of  emigrants  from  the  older  States,  and  from  Europe. 
Of  the  latter,  the  Irish  and  Germans  are  the  most  numerous. 

KENTUCKY. 

VI.  Kentucky  was  formerly  a  part  of  Virginia.     It  Avas  the  first 

...  me.  ^sa48i,ij/.ritf«J.iii  i  Western  State  admitted  into  the 

Wk  Union- 

This  State  presents  a  great  variety  of 
objects  of  interest  to  tourists.  Among 
them  is  the  Mammoth  Cave,  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  caverns  in  the  world. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  explored  a  dis- 
tance of  ten  miles  from  its  mouth. 

VII.  Productions.—  Kentucky  is 
second  only  to  Virginia  in  the 
production  of  tobacco.  Large 
quantities  of  Indian  corn,  wheat, 
and  oats,  and  also  of  hemp  and 
the  mammoth  cave.  flax,  are  raised  here.     The  coal 

mines  and  salt  springs  are  very  valuable, 

VIII.  Towns. —  Frankfort  is  the  capital.  Louisville  is  the  largest 
city,  and  the  principal  seat  of  commerce  for  the  State. 

Name  the  Western  States. —Which  of  them  are  described  in  this  chapter?  —  De- 
scribe the  surface. —  To  what  systems  do  the  lakes  and  rivers  belong? — What  are 
the  most  important  productions? — Name  those  (mentioned  in  the  text)  which  are 
exported. — Whence  camo  the  inhabitants? — What  remarkable  curiosity  in  Ken- 
tucky?—  Name  the  productions. 


The  rapids  in  the  Ohio,  at  Louisville,  arc  avoided  by  a  canal  two  and  a  half  miles 
long,  cut  through  the  solid  rock. 

The  other  most  important  cities  are  Covington,  Lexington,  and  Newport. 

OHIO. 

IX.  Ohio  is  the  most  populous  of  the  Western  States,  and  ranks, 
in  this  respect,  as  the  third  State  in  the  Union. 

X.  Productions. — More  wine  is  made  in  Ohio  than  in  any  other 

State.     It  is  also  among  the  first  in  the  production  of  wheat,  corn, 

and  wool. 

The  grazing  products  are  very  important;  and  great  numbers  of  horses,  cattle, 
and  swine,  are  sent  to  the  Atlantic  States. 

XL  Towns. — Columbus  is  the  capital.     Cincinnati  is  the  largest 
city. 


STATE  CAPITOL,  AT  COLUMBUS. 

Cincinnati  (the  Queen  City)  is  the  largest  city  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 
It  is  very  extensively  engaged  in  commerce  and  manufactures.  The  quantity  of 
pork  packed  here  is  very  large. 

The  other  principal  cities  are  situated  on  the  great  lakes,  and  on  the  Ohio  River 
(which  forms  the  southern  boundary  of  the  State),  or  at  the  junction  of  the  various 
lines  of  railroads.  Among  these  are  Cleveland,  Toledo,  Sandusky,  Dayton,  Zanes- 
villo,  and  Steubenvilles 

INDIANA. 

XII.  Indiana  is  the  smallest  of  the  Western  States,  but  is  one 
of  the  most  fertile  and  enterprising. 

XIII.  Productions. — The  principal  of  these  are  the  various  grains 
and  live-stock.     In  the 

southern  part  of  the 
State  there  are  exten- 
sive beds  of  coal,  and 
considerable  deposits  of 
iron  ore.  These  mines, 
however,  are  not  yet  ex- 
tensively worked. 

XIV.  Towns. — Indian- 
apolis, in  the  central  part 
of  the  State,  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

The  other  principal  places  are  New  Albany,  Evansville,  and  Madison,  on  the  Ohio 
River.  Terre  Haute  and  Lafayette,  on  the  Wabash  River ;  Fort  Wayne,  on  the  Mau- 
mee;  and  Richmond,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State,  are  also  important  towns. 


DEAF  ANO  DUMB  ASYLUM,  AT  INDIANAPOLIS. 


What  is  the  capital?  —  The  most  important  commercial  city? — What  rank  does 
Ohio  hold  in  population  ?  — In  the  production  of  wine?  —  Of  wheat,  corn,  and  wool  ? 
—  Name  the  capital. —  Describe  Cincinnati. —  Name  some  of  the  other  important 
towns. — What  is  said  about  Indiana? — Name  the  most  important  productions. — 
The  capital,  and  other  towns. 


THE    WESTERN    STATES. 


43 


ILLINOIS   CENTRAL   RAILROAD   DEPOT,  CHICAGO. 


ILLINOIS. 

XV.  Illinois  is  noted  for  the  great  rapidity  of  its  growth.     It 

consists  mainly  of  prairie- 
land,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
fertile  States  in  the  Union. 

XYI.  Productions. — Illi- 
nois far  surpasses  every  other 
State  in  the  production  6f 
wheat  and  Indian  corn. 
Other  grains  are  also  exten- 
sively raised.  The  chief  min- 
erals are  lead  and  coaL 
XVII.  Towns. — Springfield  is  the  capital.  Chicago  is  the  prin- 
cipal city. 

Chicago  (the  Garden  City)  is  the  greatest  grain  port  in  the  world.  Galena  is 
situated  among  the  lead  mines.  Peoria,  Quincy,  and  Alton,  are  among  the  other 
most  important  places. 

MICHIGAN. 
XVII.  Michigan  consists  of  two  peninsulas :  a  northern,  and  a 

southern  one. 

XIX.  Productions. — Wheat 
and  other  grains,  and  lumber, 
are  the  leading  products  of  the 
lower,  or  southern  peninsula; 
copper  and  iron,  of  the  upper 
one. 

XX.  Towns. — Lansing  is  the 
capital.  Detroit  is  the  largest 
city. 

Detroit  (the  City  of  the  Straits)  is 
finely  situated  for  commerce,  and  is  one 
of  the  most  important  cities  in  the 
West.     Ann   Arbor   contains   the  State 


MONTREAL  RIVER  FALLS. 


University.     The  State  Normal  School  Is  located  at  Ypsilanti. 


XXI.  Wisconsin   was 


DALLES  OF  THE   RIVER   ST.  CROIX. 


WISCONSIN. 

admitted   into   the    Union,    as   a   State, 
in  1848. 

XXII.  Productions.— Wheat 
and  corn  are  the  most  valuable 
agricultural  products.  Lumber 
is  abundant  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  State.  Lead  is  the  chief 
mineral. 

XXIII.  Towns.— Madison, 
beautifully  situated  among  a 
group  of  small  lakes,  is  the  capi- 
tal. Milwaukee  is  the  most 
important  city. 

Racine,  Kenosha,  and  Janesville,  are 
also  thriving  towns. 


Of  what  does  Illinois  mainly  consist?  —  Name  the  chief  productions.  —  The  capi- 
tal, and  principal  towns. — Of  what  does  Michigan  consist?  —  What  are  the  pro- 
ductions of  the  southern  peninsula? — Of  the  northern  one?  —  Name  the  capital. — 
The  other  important  places.  — What  are  the  productions  of  Wisconsin?  — Name  the 
capital.  —  The  chief  towns. 


MISSOURI. 

XXIV.  Missouri  is  the  most  populous  State  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River. 

XXV.  Productions. — 
Wheat,  corn,  tobacco,  and 
hemp,  are  the  most  impor- 
tant productions.  The  mines 
of  iron,  lead,  and  coal,  are 
of  immense  value,  though 
not  yet  extensively  worked. 

XXVI.  Towns. --Jeffer- 
son City  is  the  capital ;  St. 
Louis,  the  largest  city. 

St.  Louis  is  the  great  centre  of 
trade  for  the  Upper  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries.   It  is  also  the  depot  for  the  fur- 
trade  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

St.  Joseph,  Lexington,  and  Booneville,  are  important  places. 

IOWA. 

XXVII.  Iowa  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1845. 

XXVIII.  Productions. — Wheat  and  corn  are  the  chief  agricul- 
tural productions.     Lead  and  coal  are  the  principal  minerals. 


PUBLIC   HIGH   SCHOOL,  ST.  LOUIS. 


BRIDGE  ACROSS  THE  MISSISSIPPI   RIVER,  AT   ROCK    ISLAND. 

XXIX.  Towns. — Des  Moines  is  the  capital.     Dubuque  is  the 
largest  city  in  the  mining  district. 

Burlington,  Keokuk,  Muscatine,  Davenport,  and  Iowa  City,  are  the  other  most 
important  places. 

MINNESOTA. 

XXX.  By  an  Act  of  Congress,  passed  in  1857,  Minnesota  was 
authorized  to  adopt  a  State  Constitution. 

XXXI.  Productions. — Wheat,  corn,  and 
potatoes,  are  the  most  important  produc- 
tions. Great  quantities  of  lumber  are  cut 
in  Minnesota. 

XXXII.  Towns.— St.  Paul  is  the  capital, 
and  the  largest  city.  It  is  nine  miles  be- 
low the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  the  head  of 
navigation  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

St.  Anthony,  Minneapolis,  Stillwater,  Winona,  St 
Peter's,  and  Hastings,  aro  the  other  most  important 

tOWnS.  FALLS  OF  MINNEHAHA. 

What  are  the  leading  productions  of  Missouri? — Name  the  capital.  — The  largest 
city.  —  The  other  important  towns.  —  When  was  Iowa  admitted  into  the  Union?  — 
What  are  ita  principal  productions  ?  —  Name  the  capital,  and  the  largest  towns.  — 
What  are  the  productions  of  Minnesota?  —  Name  the  capital,  and  other  towns  of 
considerable  size. 


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QUESTIONS   ON   THE  MAP   OF  NINE   OF  THE   WESTERN   STATES. 


POSITION. 

Name  the  three  northern  States  of  this  section. —  The  three  eastern. — The  two 
southern. —  The  three  western. — What  country  is  north  of  this  section? — What 
three  Slates  are  east  of  it! — What  two  States  south? 

Name  the  six  States  which  border  on  the  great  lakes. —  The  four  States  bordering 
on  the  Ohio  River  ? — What  States  border  on  the  Mississippi  ?  —  Of  what  two  States 
does  the  Missouri  River  form  a  part  of  the  western  boundary  ? 


AREA. 
Name  the  largest  State  of  this  section. —  The  smallest. — Which  States  are  larger 
than  New  York? — Which  are  smaller  than  Pennsylvania!  —  How  many  States,  of 
the  size  of  New  Jersey,  would  Missouri  make  ? 


SURFACE. 
What  is  the  general  character  of  the  surface  of  this  region !- 
mountain-range  ?  —  Of  what  system  is  t!4s  chain  a  part  ? 


-Where  is  the  only 


LAKES  AND  RIVERS. 

To  what  two  systems  do  the  principal  lakes  and  rivers  belong?  —  In  which  of 
these  river-basins  is  the  larger  part  of  this  section  situated  ?  —  Into  what  lakes  do 
the  rivers  of  Michigan  flow  ?  —  In  which  basin,  then,  is  Michigan  situated:  that  of 
the  Mississippi,  or  of  the  St.  Lawrence  ?  —  Into  what  do  all  the  rivers  of  Iowa  and 
Missouri  flow  ?  —  In  what  basin,  then,  are  these  States? 

By  what  river  does  Lake  Superior  flow  into  Lake  Huron  ?  —  In  what  direction  do 
the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan  flow? — Through  what  strait?  —  Does  Lake  Huron 
flow  in  the  same,  or  in  an  opposite  direction,  from  Lake  Michigan  ?  —  Through  what 
waters  would  a  vessel  sail,  in  going  from  Lake  Huron  to  Lake  Erie  ? 

Name  the  lakes  of  which  the  following  bays  are  a  part:  Green  Bay. —  Saginaw 
Bay. —  Keweenaw  Bay. — Georgian  Bay. — Grand  Traverse  Bay. —  Thunder  Bay. — 
Through  what  river  do  the  waters  of  the  great  lakes  flow  into  the  ocean  ? — Name 
three  rivers  of  this  section  flowing  into  the  great  lakes,  and  the  State  in  which  each 
is  situated. 


What  is  the  general  course  of  the  Ohio  River  ?  —  Into  what  does  it  flow  ?  —  Name 
its  four  tributaries  from  the  north. — Which  of  these  forms  a  part  of  the  boundary 
between  Indiana  and  Illinois?  —  Name  the  seven  tributaries  of  the  Ohio  flowing 
into  it  from  the  south. — Which  of  these  forms  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  Vir- 
ginia and  Kentucky  ? 

The  Mississippi  River  has  its  source  in  Lake  Itasca:  where  is  this  lake? — Which 
is  the  principal  tributary  of  the  Mississippi  in  Minnesota  ?  — What  tributary  of  the 
Mississippi  forms  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  Minnesota  and  Wisconsin  ?  —  Name 
the  rivers  of  Wisconsin  flowing  into  the  Mississippi. — Those  of  Iowa. —  Of  Illinois. 

What  is  the  general  course  of  the  Missouri  River?  —  Across  what  State  does  it 
.flow?  —  Into  what  river?  —  Name  its  principal  branches  in  Missouri. — What  river 
on  the  western  border  of  Minnesota  flows  into  Lake  Winnipeg? 


CLIMATE  AND  PRODUCTIONS. 

Does  the  climate  of  this  section  most  nearly  resemble  that  of  the  Eastern  and 
Middle  States,  or  that  of  the  Southern  States  ? — Which  is  the  colder  country :  the 
northern,  or  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan?  —  Minnesotaor  Missouri? — Wisconsin 
or  Kentucky! 

What  are  the  most  important  grains  raised  in  this  section?  —  In  what  States  are 
tobacco  and  hemp  produced? — Where  are  the  timber-lands?  —  For  what  purpose 
arc  the  cattle  and  swine  chiefly  reared  ? 


What  mines  are  found  in  this  region? — Where  is  iron  obtained?  —  Copper?  — 
Lead? — What  can  you  say  about  the  coal-beds? — What  is  the  principal  building- 
stone? — Which  State  in  this  section  raises  the  most  tobacco! — Which  holds  the 
first  rank  in  the  Union  in  the  production  of  wine?  —  Of  wheat  and  Indian  corn? 

What  rank  among  the  United  States  has  Kentucky  as  a  tobacco-growing  State  ?  — 
What  do  you  understand  by  live-stock?  —  To  what  part  of  the  Union  are  many 
horses,  cattle,  and  swine,  sent  from  this  section  ? 


TOWNS. 

On  what  river  is  the  capital  of  Kentucky  !  —  The  largest  city  ! — What  important 
places  are  opposite  Cincinuati  ! — Where  is  Lexington  t 

On  what  river  is  the  capital  of  Ohio  ?  —  The  largest  city  ?  — What  important  places 
are  situated  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Erie  ?  —  On  what  river  is  Dayton  ?  —  Steubcn- 
ville?  — Zanesville? 

Name  the  capital  of  Indiana. —  The  principal  places  situated  on  the  Ohio  River. — 
Those  on  the  Wabash. —  The  one  on  the  Maumec. — Where  is  Richmond  ? 

Name  the  capital  of  Illinois. — On  what  lake  is  the  largest  city  ?  —  Name  the  river 
on  which  Peoria  is  situated. —  Quincy. —  Alton. —  In  what  part  of  the  State  is  Galena? 

Name  the  capital  of  Michigan. — On  what  river  is  the  largest  city? — What  can 
you  say  about  Ann  Arbor  !  — Ypsilanti  ? 

Where  is  the  capital  of  Wisconsin  ?  —  The  largest  city  ?  —  On  what  lake  are  Racine 
and  Kenosha  ?  —  On  what  river  is  Janesville  ? 

On  what  river  is  the  capital  of  Missouri?  —  The  largest  city  ? — The  other  prin- 
cipal places  mentioned  in  the  text  ? 

What  is  the  capital  of  Iowa?  —  Name  the  river  on  which  each  of  the  following 
places  is  situated:  Burlington. —  Keokuk. —  Muscatine. —  Davenport. —  Iowa  City. 

What  is  the  capital  of  Minnesota?  —  On  what  rivir  is  it  situated  ?  —  Describe  the 
position  of  the  other  principal  places  mentioned  in  the  text. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

The  following  are  the  most  important  cities  of  this  section;  describe  their  situa- 
tion, and  tell  what  you  know  about  them  :  Cincinnati.  St.  Louis.  Chicago.  Louis- 
ville. Milwaukee.  Cleveland.  Detroit. — Let  each  scholar  describe  the  position  of 
some  town,  and  tell  what  he  can  about  it. 

A  party  in  Cleveland  chartered  a  steamboat  to  visit  the  Pictured  Rocks  of  Lake 
Superior:  name  the  bodies  of  water  through  which  they  passed. —  What  is  the  route 
of  a  person  who  goes  by  water  from  Chicago  to  the  copper-region  of  Lake  Superior? 
—  On  what  rivers  will  you  sail,  to  go  from  Cincinnati  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony? 


A  party  in  St.  Louis  wish  to  visit  the  Mammoth  Cave  :  what  route  shall  they  take? 
— What  rivers  will  you  ascend,  to  go  from  St.  Louis  to  Council  Bluffs  ! — What  lake 
is  very  near  Lake  Travels  ?  —  After  a  heavy  rain,  the  country  between  these  lakes 
is  often  overflowed,  so  that  boats  can  pass  from  one  to  the  other ;  thin  an  Indian 
with  his  canoe  might  make  the  passage  from  Hudson  Bay  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico: 
name  all  the  lakes  and  rivers  he  must  navigate  in  the  journey. 

Which  of  the  States  in  this  section  consists  of  two  peninsulas  ? — What  bodies  of 
water  enclose  the  lower  one  ?  —  The  upper  ?  —  In  what  part  of  this  region  are  there 
numerous  small  lakes  ? — What  part  of  this  section  is  best  adapted  to  the  growth  of 
grain:  the  northern,  or  southern? — Where  are  the  products  of  the  forests  most 
valuable  ? 


Is  this  section  principally  an  agricultural  and  grazing  country,  or  a  manufacturing 
region  ?  — Is  it  probable,  then,  that  most  of  the  wool  produced  in  Ohio  is  manufac- 
tured into  cloth  there,  or  exported  ?  —  Is  it  likely  that  cotton  is  largely  imported 
from  the  Southern  States? — Where  do  the  people  of  this  section  procure  their 
manufactured  goods? 

The  water-shed  between  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Mississippi  Basins  is,  in  general,  a 
very  slight  elevation  of  ground,  and  there  are  houses  so  situated  that  the  rain  which 
falls  on  one  side  of  the  roof  is  drained  into  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  that  which  fails 
on  the  other  is  drained  into  the  Mississippi :  suppose  a  house  to  be  so  located 
between  the  Fox  River  of  Wisconsin,  and  Rock  River,  and  follow  the  course  of  the 
drops  of  rain  which  fall  on  each  side  of  the  roof,  to  the  ocean. 


What  is  the  scale  of  this  map  ?  —  In  what  direction,  and  across  what  States,  would 
you  travel,  to  go  from  Columbus  to  St.  Louis  ! — What  is  the  distance,  in  a  direct 
line,  between  these  places? — What  is  the  distance  from  Cleveland  to  Chicago?  — 
From  Chicago  to  Iowa  City  ?  —  From  Iowa  City  to  Council  Bluffs  ! 

Bound  each  of  these  States. — Name  three  important  towns  in  each. — Mention  the 
principal  rivers. —  Spell  the  following  words:  —  Kentucky  Michigan.  Milwaukee 
Illinois.  Keweenaw.  Minnesota.  Iowa.  Keokuk.  Chicago.  Chippewa.  Onton- 
agon. Marquette.  Dubuque.  Galena.  Kaskaskia.  Wabash.  Mackinaw.  Wis- 
consin.—  Give  the  meaning  of  the  following  names:  —  Mississippi.  Terre  Haute. 
Ohio.     Fond  du  Lac.    Missouri. 

45 


46 


COMMON-SCHOOL   GEOGEAPHY. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

TEXAS,  CALIFORNIA,  OREGON,  KANSAS,  AND  THE 
ADJACENT  STATES  AND   TERRITORIES. 

I.  The  section  described  in  this  chapter  includes  the  States  of 
Texas,   California,   Oregon,    Kansas,  Nevada,  Nebraska,  and  the 

Territories. 

These  States  arc  all  'Western  States  except  Texas,  which  is  a  Southern  State. 

II.  The  Coast  of  this  region  lies  partly  upon  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
and  partly  upon  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

The  shores  of  the  Pacific  are  bold  and  rocky,  being  skirted  by  the  Coast  Range 
of  the  California  Mountain  System.  The  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  and  the  Strait  of 
Juan  de  Fuca,  are  the  only  large  inlets  upon  thiB  part  of  the  Pacific  coast. 

The  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  low  and  sandy,  like  that  of  the  other  Southern 
States. 

III.  Surface. — This  section  belongs  to  two  divisions:  the  Pacific 
Slope,  and  the  Central  Plain. 

[For  a  full  description  of  the  mountains  and  general  surface,  sec  the  article  on 
the  United  States.  CI""-*--  IV.,  paragraphs  IV.,  V.,  VIII.,  and  IX.] 

11  will  be  perceived  by  an  examination  of  this  chapter,  that  this  section  embraces 
an  extensive  desert-plateau,  from  2000  to  0000  feet  high,  which  extends  from  the 
Cnaeuue  and  Sierra  Nevada  Ranges,  a  distance  of  200  to  400  miles  cast  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.     This  is  the  only  barren  tract  of  great  extent  in  the  United  States. 

IV.  Lakes  and  Rivers. — These  belong  to  four  systems :  the  Pacific, 
the  Mississippi,  the  Texas,  and  the  Utah  Systems.  Great  Salt  Lake, 
in  Utah,  is  the  only  lake  of  considerable  size. 

The  rivers  of  the  desert-plateau,  owing  to  the  small  quantity  of  rain  which  falls 
there,  are  generally  very  shallow. 

V.  Climate. — The  Pacific  coast,  and  the  highlands  of  the  interior, 
have  a  different  climate  from  that  of  any  other  part  of  the  Union. 

On  the  Pacific  coast,  the  year  is  divided  into  a  wet  and  a  dry  season,  somewhat 
lilce  those  of  the  Tropics.  The  wet  season  occurs  during  winter  and  spring,  the  dry 
during  summer  and  autumn.  It  is  no  uncommon  occurrence,  at  places  upon  this 
coast,  for  entire  months  to  pass,  in  the  dry  season,  without  the  fall  of  a  drop  of  rain. 
The  summers  are  much  cooler,  and  the  winters  warmer,  upon  the  Pacific  coast  than 
on  the  Atlantic. 

The  year  is  also  divided  into  a  wet  and  dry  season  on  the  desert-plateau.  Very 
little  rain  falls  there  during  the  entire  year,  but  that  which  does  fall  is  almost 
wholly  during  the  winter  and  spring. 

VI.  Productions. — This  section,  as  yet,  is  thinly  settled,  and  the 
agricultural  resources  are  but  partially  developed.  They  are,  how- 
ever, like  those  of  the  same  latitudes  in  the  other  parts  of  the  country. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  this  region  is  very  great.  The  gold  mines  of  California 
arc  immensely  rich.  Quicksilver  and  many  other  valuable  minerals  abound.  Gold 
is  also  found  throughout  the  central  portion  of  Colorado  and  Idaho.  There  are 
valuable  silver  mines  in  Arizona  and  Nevada. 

VII.  Inhabitants. — The  population  is  composed  chiefly  of  emi- 
grants from  the  other  States,  and  from  Europe. 

There  are  many  Mexicans  in  California  and  New  Mexico,  and  a  considerable 
number  of  Chinese  in  California. 

Most  of  the  Indians  within  the  United  States  inhabit  this  section.  Some  of  them 
are  civilized,  while  others  are  still  in  a  savage  state.  Several  tribes  maintain 
blmost  constant  hostilities  against  the  whites. 

TEXAS. 

VIII.  Texas  is  the  largest  State  in  the  Union.  Only  about  one- 
half  of  it  is  settled.  The  western  part  is  occupied  by  Indians,  and 
supports  large  herds  of  wild  horses  and  buffaloes. 

Name  the  States  described  in  this  chapter.  —  Which  of  the  States  is  a  Southern 
State?  —  Which  are  Western  States?  —  Describe  the  coast  of  this  section. — The 
surface.  —  To  what  systems  do  the  lakes  and  rivers  belong?  —  How  does  the  climate 
differ  from  that  of  the  Atlantic  States?  —  Whnt  can  you  say  of  the  agricultural 
resources?  —  Of  the  minerals  ?  —  The  inhabitants?  — The  Indians?  — What  part  of 
Texas  is  settled? 


IX.  Productions.  — -  Cotton,  corn,  sugar,  tobacco,  and  rice,  are  th* 
chief  products.  ^  Oranges,  lemons,  and  other  tropical  fruits,  succeei 
well. 


CAMELS    IN    TEXAS. 

Camels  were  at  one  time  introduced  into  Texas  for  the  purpose  of  traversing  the 
desert-plateau  between  this  State  and  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

X.  Towns.  —  Austin  is  the  capital.  Galveston  and  Houston  are 
the  most  important  towns. 

Galveston  is  situated  upon  Galveston  Island,  and  has  the  best  harbor  in  the  State. 
Houston  is  the  principal  shipping-port  for  an  extensive  and  very  fertile  section  of 
country. 

San  Antonio  is  the  oldest  town.  It  contains  the  Alamo  fortress,  so  renowned  in 
the  history  of  the  State,  where  150  Tcxans  defended  themselves  for  two  weeks 
against  4000  Mexicans. 

CALIFORNIA. 

XI.  California  is  the  largest  State  in  the  Union  except  Texas. 
This  State  has  great  commercial  advantages.  It  has  nearly  eight 
hundred  miles  of  coast,  and  many  excellent  harbors. 

San  Francisco  Bay  is  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  the  world.  Except  the  outlet 
to  the  sea  through  the  Golden  Gate,  a  mile  wide,  it  is  entirely  surrounded  by  land, 
and  is  securely  sheltered  from  storms.  Its  waters  are  deep  enough  for  the  largest 
vessels,  and  its  anchorage  very  firm.  The  climate  in  the  vicinity  of  this  bay  and 
that  of  the  valleys  west  of  the  Coast  Range,  being  tempered  by  the  ocean  breezos, 
is  remarkably  uniform.  At  San  Francisco  the  difference  of  temperature  between 
the  average  of  the  coldest  month  of  the  year  and  that  of  the  warmest  is  only  nine 
degrees.  The  mountains  and  streams  of  California  are  rich  in  gold  and  silver  ;  and 
emigrants  in  search  of  these  precious  metals  hnve  crowded  to  its  shores  from  all 
parts  of  the  world.  The  wealth  of  the  gold  mines  has  contributed  in  a  remarkable 
degree  to  the  prosperity  of  the  United  States.  The  quicksilver  mines  of  New 
Almaden,  in  Santa  Clara  county,  are  the  richest  in  the  world. 

XII.  Surface.  —  The  surface  of  California  consists  of  mountains 
and  valleys.  The  great  valley  of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin, 
500  miles  long  and  from  50  to  100  miles  wide,  lies  between  the 
Sierra  Nevada  and  Coast  Mountains.  Most  of  the  gold  mines  of 
the  State  are  in  this  valley,  along  the  western  base  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada. 

This  valley  is  very  fertile,  as  are  also  many  little  valleys  west  of  the  Coast 
Mountains  formed  by  spurs  extending   from  this  range  towards  the  ocean.     The 

What  are  the  principal  productions  of  Texas?  —  For  what  purpose  are  camels 
used  in  this  State?  —  Name  the  capital.  —  Describe  the  most  important  towns. — 
How  does  California  compare  in  size  with  other  States?  —  What  is  said  of  its  com- 
mercial advantages?  —  What  of  San  Francisco  Bay? — Of  the  climate?  —  What  can 
you  s:iy  of  the  gold  and  silver?  —  Of  the  quicksilver  mines?  —  Describe  the  surface 
of  California.  —  Where  are  most  of  the  gold  mines  in  the  State? 


THE    WES  TEEN    TEEEITOEIES. 


47 


remaining  surface  of  the  State,  with  few  exceptions,  ia  either  rugged  or  sterile; 
and  that  part  comprised  in  the  great  interior  basin  and  the  Colorado  Desert  ia 
almost  destitute  of  vegetation.  The  Colorado  Desert  is  below  the  level  of  the  Gulf 
of  California,  the  waters  of  which  probably  once  covered  it. 

XIII.  The  scenery  of  California  is  scarcely  surpassed,  for  gran- 
deur and  variety,  by  that  of  any  other  part  of  the  United  States. 

Yosemite  Valley,  a  narrow  gorge  or  rift  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  in  Mari- 
posa county,  surrounded  by  precipitous  rocks  from  two  thousand  to  four  thousand 
feet  high,  contains  Yosemite  Falls,  one  of  the  most  magnificent  cataracts  in  the 
world,  besides  several  smaller  cascades  of  romantic  beauty. 

XIV.  Productions. — The  soil  in  the  valleys  west  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  yields  great  crops  of  wheat  and  barley.  The  vine  and 
olive  flourish  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  Large  quantities 
of  wine  are  made  in  Los  Angeles  and  other  counties. 


V^^^I 


VIEW  OF  THE  QUICKSILVER   MINES  OF  NEW  ALMADEN. 

Many  of  the  forest  trees  are  of  gigantic  size.  The  celebrated  Grove  in  Calaveras 
county  contains  trees  one  hundred  feet  in  circumference  and  more  than  three  hun- 
dred feet  high,  and  even  larger  trees  have  been  found  in  Tulare  county. 

XV.  Towns.  —  Sacramento,  on  the  Sacramento  Eiver,  is  the  capi- 
tal. It  is  finely  situated  for  commerce,  the  river  being  navigable 
to  this  point  for  vessels  and  steamers  of  large  size  at  all  seasons  of 
the  year.  » 

San  Francisco,  on  San  Francisco  Bay,  is  the  great  commercial  mart  of  California, 
and  the  most  important  city  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  America.  Its  growth  has  been 
most  extraordinary;  and  its  commercial  position  is  ao  favorable,  that  it  can  hardly 
fail  to  become  one  of  the  great  cities  of  the  globe. 

Marysville,  Nevada,  and  Stockton,  are  the  other  large  towns  in  the  interior  of  the 
State;  and  Benicia,  San  Jos<5,  Monterey,  and  San  Diego,  are  smaller  places  upon  or 
near  the  coast.     Los  Angeles  is  noted  for  grapes. 

XVI.  The  great  lines  of  railroad  now  being  constructed  across 
the  country,  connecting  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic  with  those  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean  will  doubtless  add  greatly  to  the  prosperity  of  Cali- 

What  portions  of  the  State  are  aterile?  — What  ia  said  of*  the  scenery  ?— De- 
scribe Yosemite  Valley.  — Where  are  wheat  and  barley  produced?  — Name  some 
other  productions. —  What  is  said  of  the  great  trees?  — Name  the  capital  of  Cali- 
fornia.—What  is  said  of  it?  — What  is  said  of  San  Francisco?  — Name  some  of 
the  large  towns  in  the  interior  of  the  State.— Some  of  those  upon  or  near  the 
sea-coast.  — For  what  ia  Los  Angeles  noted?  — How  will  the  new  Pacific  Railroads 
affect  California? 


fornia,  as  well  as  of  the  other  States  and  Territories  through  which 

they  pass. 

OREGON. 

XVII. — Oregon  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1859. 

The  aection  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  contains  many  fertile  valleys.     Most 
of  the  white  inhabitants  live  in  this  part  of  the  State. 

XVIII.  Towns. — Salem  is  the  capital.     Portland  is  the  largest 

town. 

KANSAS. 

XIX.  Kansas  became  the  thirty-fourth  State  of  the  Union  in 
1861. 

The  soil  in  the  eastern  part  of  Kansas  is  exceedingly  fertile,  and  this  portion  is 
being  populated  rapidly  by  emigration  from  the  other  Statea. 


■Topeka   is   the   capital,   and   Leavenworth  the 


XX.  Towns. 

largest  city. 

NEVADA. 

XXI.  Nevada  was  formed  from  a  portion  of  Utah  i.n  1861.  In 
1864  it  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  the  thirty-sixth  State. 

A  large  portion  of  Nevada  ia  a  barren  deaert,  and  its  lakes  are  nearly  all  salt.  It 
is  more  abundant  in  silver  than  any  other  part  of  the  Union.  The  mines  extend 
nearly  to  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  State. 

XXII.  Towns.  —  Carson  City  is  the  capital.  Virginia  City  and 
Genoa  are  next  in  importance. 

NEBRASKA. 

XXIII.  Nebraska  became  the  thirty-seventh  State  in  1867. 

In  climate,  soil,  and  productions,  it  resembles  the  adjoining  State  of  Iowa. 

XXIV.  Towns.  —  Lincoln  is  the  capital.  Omaha,  Plattesmouth 
and  Nebraska  City  are  the  principal  towns. 

THE   "WESTERN   TERRITORIES. 

XXV.  The  Territories  of  the  United  States  are  ten  in  number, 
viz. :  Washington,  Idaho,  Montana,  Dakota,  Utah,  Colorado,  Ari- 
zona, New  Mexico,  Wyoming,  and  Indian  Territory. 

XXVI.  Washington. — This  territory  borders  on  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Nearly  all  the  white  inhabitants  live  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  The  eastern 
and  central  parts  are  inhabited  by  various  tribes  of  Indiana. 

XXVII.  Towns.  —  Olympia  is  the  capital.  Steilacoom  is  one  of 
the  most  important  places. 

XXVIII.  Idaho.  —  This  territory,  organized  in  1863,  extends 
east  of  Oregon  and  Washington. 

It  is  inhabited  chiefly  by  Indians ;  but  the  rich  gold  mines,  recently  discovered, 
are  attracting  many  white  emigrants  thither.     Boise  City  is  the  capital. 

XXIX.  Montana.  — ■  Montana  was  organized  in  1864.  It  lies  on 
both  sides  of  the  Eocky  Mountains,  and  abounds  in  gold. 

XXX.  Towns.  —  Virginia  City  is  the  capital. 

XXXI.  Dakota.  —  Dakota  was  organized  in  1861,  and  is  the 
largest  territory.     It  contains  but  few  white  inhabitants. 

XXXII.  Towns. — Yankton  is  the  capital.  Pembina  is  the  oldest 
town. 

In  what  section  of  Oregon  do  most  of  the  inhabitants  live? — When  did  Kansas 
become  a  State? — What  can  you  say  of  the  eastern  part  of  Kansas?  —  Name  the  capi- 
tal. — The  largest  city.  —  From  a  part  of  what  territory  was  Nevada  formed  ?  —  Name 
the  capital. — What  State  does  Nebraska  resemble?  —  Give  the  number  and  names  of 
the  Western  Territories. — On  what  ocean  does  Washington  Territory  border? — By 
what  are  many  emigrants  attracted  to  Idaho  ? — What  abounds  in  Montana? — Which 
is  the  largest  Territory? 


SmiE/OF  CALIFORNIA, 

ENGRAVED  TO  ILLUSTRATE 

STERMEDIAX E  GEOGRAPH 


Statutr-  Miles  fi9.2.to  a  Degree. 


Scale  75  Miles  to  an  inru. 


State  Capital 
County  Towns  .  _  9 

Common  do.  .  o 

Tin'  Overland  Mail  Route  from 
S)  Loulfl  to  Sun  Francisco  2,765 
1 1 1 1 1 1  ■>    Mm-  . 


120  Longitude  "West    11»  from  Greenwich     118 


bmwn  hvJETcuna 


Entered  -tu ivrdinp  to  Act  of  Conpress.in  the  year  1858,  by  U.  (awpfrtttwati  •*  ''".in  the  Clerk's  office  ofthe.S)\smrt  Court  »t  tin  eastern  district  of  !'•  mtsybtama 


&«kl^sM  *x,nt£h  <?"  :<,./*>■>-     Ac 


THE    WESTERN    TERRITORIES. 


*47 


XXXIII.  Utah. — Utah  contains  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  the 
principal  portion  of  the  Fremont  or  Great  Basin,  the  most  desolate 
region  in  the  United  States. 

This  basin  is  about  four  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  :ind  its  rivers 
have  no  outlet  to  the  ocean.  They  either  empty  into  inland  lakes  or  are  swallowed 
up  in  the  sand. 

The  white  inhabitants  of  Utah  are  mostly  Mormons,  a  peculiar  religious  sect.  The 
Great  Basin  is  inhabited  by  a  degraded  tribe  of  Indians,  called  "Diggers,"  who 
subsist  chiefly  upon  roots. 


*  SANTA  FE  TRAIN  FORDINfi  THE  ARKANSAS  RIVER. 


Most  of  the  manufactured  articles  used  in  New  Mexico  and  Utah  are  brought 
hither  across  the  plains  from  the  towns  of  Western  Missouri.  For  protection 
against  the  Indians,  and  to  aid  each  other  on  the  way,  the  traders  usually  travel 
in  companies,  and  form  their  wagons  into  what  is  called  trains. 


What  does  Utah  contain  ?  — What  can  you  say  of  the  Great  Basin  ?  — Who  are  the 
white  inhabitants?  —  By  whom  is  the  Great  Basin  inhabited?  —  Describe  the  method 
of  conveying  manufactured  articles  to  Utah  and  New  Mexico. — Name  the  capital  of 
Utah. — The  principal  towns. — When  was  Colorado  organized?  —  For  what  is  it 
famous  ?  —  Name  the  capital  and  largest  town.  — When  was  Arizona  made  a  separate 


XXXIV.  Towns.  — Salt  Lake  City  is  the  capital.  Fillmore  City 
and  Paragoona  are  smaller  towns. 

XXXV.  Colorado.  —  This  territory  was  organized  in  1861,  and 

extends  from  Kansas  to  Utah. 

It  is  famous  for  its  gold,  which  was  first  discovered  near  Pike's  Peak,  and  the 
mining  of  which  gives  employment  to  most  of  the  white  inhabitants. 

XXXVI.  Towns.  —  Denver  is  the  capital  and  largest  town. 

XXXVII.  Arizona.  —  Arizona  was  formerly  a  part  of  New  Mex- 
ico, but  was  made  a  separate  territory  in  1863. 

Valuable  gold  and  silver  mines  abound  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  territory. 

XXXVIII.  Towns.  —  Prescott  is  the  capital.  Tucson  and  Tubac 
are  the  chief  towns. 

XXXIX.  New  Mexico.  —  This  territory  is  occupied  chiefly  by 
Indians.     The  white  inhabitants  are  Mexicans  and  Americans. 

XL.  Towns.  —  Santa  Fe  is  the  capital.  Albuquerque  and  Socorro 
are  the  places  of  next  importance. 

XLI.  Wyoming  was  formed  from  a  part  of  Dakota  in  1868. 

XLII.  Towns.  —  Cheyenne  is  the  principal  town. 

XLIII.  Indian  Territory.  —  This  tract  of  country  has  been  set 

apart  as  a  permanent  home  for  various  tribes  of  Indians,  who  were 

either  natives  of  the  soil,  or  have  been  removed  from  the  States 

east  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

Some  of  these  tribes  have  made  considerable  advance  in  agriculture  and  the 
useful  arts,  and  have  churches,  school-houses,  and  mills. 

XLIV.  Towns.  —  Tahlequah,  a  Cherokee  town,  is  the  most  im- 
portant place  in  the  territory. 


territory?  —  What  is  said  of  its  gold  and  silver  mines?— Name  the  capital?  —  The 
chief  towns.  —  By  whom  is  New  Mexico  chiefly  inhabited? — What  is  the  capital?  — 
When  was  Wyoming  formed?  —  Name  the  principal  town.  —  For  whom  has  the 
Indian  Territory  been  set  apart? — What  is  said  of  .some  of  these  tribes?  —  Name 
the  most  important  town. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


By  what  State  is  California  bounded  on  the  north  ?  — By  what  State  and  Territory 
on  the  east?  —  By  what  country  on  the  south? — What  ocean  on  the  west? — Where 
is  Humboldt  Bay?  —  San  Diego  Bay? — Where  are  the  Santa  Barbara  Islands?  — 
Where  is  Cape  Mendocino  ?  — Where  are  the  Farallone  Islands  ? 

What  is  the  area  of  California  ?  —  How  many  States  of  the  size  of  Virginia  would 
it  make?  —  How  many  of  the  size  of  Massachusetts? 

Name  the  two  principal  mountain-chains  in  California.  — Which  cf  them  is  nearest 
the  coast  ?  — What  great  valley  lies  between  these  mountain-ranges  ?  — Where  is  Mount 
Shasta?  —  Mount  San  Bernardino?  —  Mount  San  Gorgonio? — What  is  the  character 
of  the  surface  west  of  the  Coast  Range  ? 

What  river  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  California  and  Arizona  ?  — What 
river  flows  into  the  Colorado  at  the  extreme  southern  boundary  of  California  ? — 
What  two  rivers  empty  into  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco? — In  what  general  direction 
does  the  Sacramento  River  flow?  —  The  San  Joaquin  ?  —  Name  some  of  the  principal 
tributaries  of  each  of  these  rivers.  —  Into  what  bay  does  the  river  Salinas  flow?  — 
Where  is  the  Klamath  River? — Where  is  Tulare  Lake? — What  rivers  flow  into 
it  ?  —  Name  two  lakes  that  arc  situated  partly  in  California  and  partly  in  Nevada.  — 
Where  are  the  Yosemite  Falls  ? 

Through  how  many  degrees  of  latitude  does  California  extend?  —  Is  the  cli- 
mate more  uniform  upon  the  coast  or  in  the  interior? — Why? — What  is  the  differ- 
enca  between  the  average  temperature  of  the  warmest  and  coldest  months  of  the 
year  at  San  Francisco  ? 

What  portions  of  California  are  the  most  fertile? — Where  are  gold  and  silver 
principally  found? — In  what  part  of  the  State  are  large  quantities  of  wine  made? 


Where  is  San  Francisco? — On  what  river  is  Sacramento? — Marysville?  — 
Stockton?  —  On  what  bay  is  San  Diego?  —  Monterey? — Where  is  Nevada?  —  Beui 
cia?  —  San  Jos<5?  —  Name  all  the  waters  on  which  you  would  sail  to  go  from  Sacra- 
mento to  San  Diego.  —  From  Stockton  to  Crescent  City. 

.  Sketch  a  map  of  California,  locating  the  principal  mountain-ranges,  the  rivers 
and  towns.  If  you  wished  to  forward  a  quantity  of  gold  dust  from  California  to 
the  Mint  at  Philadelphia,  how  would  you  send  it;  across  the  country  by  land,  or 
by  sea  ? — What  are  the  principal  obstacles  to  the  transportation  of  merchandise 
from  New  York  to  San  Francisco  by  a  direct  land  route?  —  By  what  triumph  of 
human  skill  and  ingenuity  are  these  obstacles  about  to  be  overcome  ? 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  ENVIRONS  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO  AND 

SACRAMENTO. 

What  is  the  direction  of  Sacramento  from  San  Francisco? — What-is  the  distance 
between  these  places  by  a  direct  line? — In  what  direction  from  San  Francisco  is 
Stockton?  —  On  what  rivers  would  you  sail,  to  go  from  Stockton  to  Sacramento? 

Through  what  strait  must  vessels  sail  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  to  enter  the  Bay  of 
San  Francisco? — What  reason  do  you  perceive  for  the  name  given  to  this  strait?  — 
What  is  the  distance  from  the  Golden  Gate  to  the  southern  extremity  of  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay?  —  Name  all  the  bodies  of  water  through  which  you  would  pass,  sailing 
from  San  Francisco  to  Sacramento. — What  mountain  about  midway  between  San 
Francisco  and  Stockton? 

Spell  the  following  names: — California.  —  San  Francisco. — Sacramento.  —  San 
Joaquin.  —  Benicia.  —  Monterey.  —  San  Diego.  —  Calaveras.  —  Yreka.  —  Klamath  — 
What  is  the  meaning  of  Sierra  Nevada? 


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50 


QUESTIONS  FOR  REVIEW. 


4 


Which  cf  the  United  States  is  most  extensively  engaged  in  manufactures? — 
Which  in  commerce? — Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  and  longitude  is  the 
United  States  situated? — Which  State  produces  the  most  cotton? — Which  one 
has  the  greatest  number  of  square  miles? — Which  one  has  the  largest  popula- 
tion?— Which  State  produces  the  most  sugar? — What  States  and  Territories  are 
intersected  by  the  40th  parallel? — What  is  the  length  of  a  degree  of  longitude? 

WThat  lands  and  waters  on  the  map  of  the  Western  Hemisphere  are  intersected 
by  the  meridian  of  Boston  ? — Name  the  principal  mountain-ranges  of  North 
America,  and  the  general  direction  of  each. — Give  the  proofs  that  the  earth  is 
round. — Name  the  great  circles  of  the  earth. — Give  the  latitude  and  longitude 
of  Boston. — Of  London.— Where  are  the  principal  coal  and  iron  mines  in  the 
United  States  ?  

Name  some  of  the  principal  exports  of  the  United  States. — Some  of  the  prin- 
cipal imports. — What  is  the  horizon  ? — Name  the  circles  which  bound  the  zones. 
— Can  you  go  farther  north  than  the  North  Pole  ? — Why  is  the  length  of  a  degree 
of  longitude  on  the  40th  parallel  less  than  the  length  of  a  degree  on  the  equator? 
— What  is  the  width  of  the  North  Temperate  Zone  in  degrees? — In  miles? — On 
what  circumstances  does  the  climate  of  a  place  depend  ? 


Name  some  of  the  principal  islands  that  lie  near  the  Atlantic  coast  of  North 
America. — On  what  does  the  change  of  seasons  depend  ? — What  proportion  of 
the  earth's  surface  is  covered  with  water  t — Of  how  many  States  and  Territories 
docs  the  United  States  consist  ?— What  is  the  latitude  of  the  North  Pole  ?— Of 
the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  ? — Of  the  Equator  ? — What  rivers  unite  to  form  the  Ohio, 
and  what  city  is  at  their  junction  ?      

Where  is  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  for  .vhat  is  it  remaiAmblc  ':■ — What  is  the  right 
bank  of  a  river  ? — What  is  the  distance  in  degrees  between  the  Tropics  and 
Polar  Circles? — In  miles? — Of  what  States  docs  the  Mississippi  River  form  the 
boundary? — What  building-stones  are  exported  from  Massachusetts? — From 
Connecticut? — Bound  the  Great  Central  Plain  of  North  America. — Has  the 
northwest  passage  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  ever  been  made  ? 


To  what  race  do  the  Esquimaux  belong? — How  wide  is  Behring  Strait? — 
What  were  the  area  and  population  of  the  United  States  at  the  time  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary War  ? — What  are  they  now  ? — Where  in  the  United  States  is  salt  found  ? 
— Name  some  of  the  fashionable  watering-places  in  the  United  States. — AVhat 
State  lies  wholly  between  the  upland  country  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ? — What 
is  the  latitude  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina  ? 


What  islands  in  the  Atlantic  in  about  the  same  latitude  as  Charleston  ? — Which 
of  the  Western  States  has  the  largest  population? — What  parallel  bounds  the 
United  States  on  the  north,  from  the  Lake  of  the  Woods  to  the  Pacific  Ocean? — 
What  is  the  largest  grain  port  in  the  world? — What  lake  in  Central  America? — 
What  lake  in  California? — Are  despotic  governments  found  among  savage  or 
civilized  people? — How  many  seasons  arc  there  in  California? 


Name  four  branches  of  the  Ohio. — AVhat  are  the  latitude  and  longitude  of  New 
Orleans? — What  is  the  largest  city  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains? — Name  four 
rivers  which  flow  into  Hudson  Bay. — What  is  the  largest  lake  that  lies  wholly 
within  the  United  States? — How  many  miles  is  it  from  the  centre  of  the  earth 
to  the  surface  ? — Name  three  branches  of  the  Missouri  River. — Two  ships  are, 
at  the  equator,  20°  apart,  and  sailing  directly  north  at  the  same  rate :  on  reach- 
ing 10°  north  latitude,  will  i  hey  be  more  or  fewer  degrees  apart? — More  or  fewer 
miles?  '  

Into  how  many  departments  is  Geography  divided  ? — Define  each. — In  what 

direction  docs  the  earth  revolve  on  its  axis? — Which  is  longer,  the  polar  or  the 

equatorial  diameter  of  the  earth? — How  many  miles  longer? — Where  is  British 

Columbia? — What  point  on  the  earth  has  neither  latitude  nor  longitude  ? — What 

is  a  plateau? — An  oasis? — A  watershed? — How  do  the  animals  of  the  Torrid 

differ  from  those  of  the  Temperate  Zone  ? 
S2 


What  are  the  three  departments  of  the  government  of  the  United  States? 

Name  the  principal  rivers  in  Virginia. — Name  the  principal  rivers  of  North 
America  flowing  into  the  Pacific  Ocean.— What  are  the  four  chief  branches  of 
industry? — What  is  the  second  commercial  city  in  the  United  States? — What  is 
the  character  of  the  harbors  of  the  Southern  States? — In  travelling  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Mississippi  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mackenzie  River,  would  you  meet 
any  high  elevations  of  land  1  

In  what  direction  is  Quito,  in  South  America,  from  Charleston,  South  Caro- 
lina?— In  what  direction,  then,  is  South  America  from  North  America? — Name 
the  principal  commercial  cities  in  the  United  States. — What  is  the  difference 
between  domestic  and  foreign  commerce? —  Into  what  sections  is  North  Amer- 
ica divided  by  its  mountain  systems? — What  is  the  latitude  of  Cape  Sable 
(Florida)  ? — Does  Iceland  belong  to  the  Eastern  or  the  Western  Hemisphere  t 

In  what  zone  is  it  ? — Name  the  principal  branches  of  Hudson  Bay. — Of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico. — Caribbean  Sea.  — Go  by  water  from  the  largest  city  in  Michigan 
to  the  largest  city  in  Illinois. — What  point  of  North  America  approaches  nearest 
to  Asia? — What  point  approaches  nearest  to  Europe  ? — What  is  the  largest  city 
in  the  State  of  Missouri? — Which  is  farther  west,  Havana  or  Buffalo? 


Where  arc  the  settlements  in  Greenland  ? — What  rivers  drain  Texas  on  the 
east  ? — What  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  ? — Name  the  three 
largest  cities  in  the  Middle  States.— In  the  Southern  States.— In  the  Western 
States. — What  group  of  islands  on  the  coast  of  California? — AVhere  are  the 
Wind  River  Mountains? — What  celebrated  pass  near  these  mountains? — What 
points  of  resemblance  do  the  outlines  of  the  two  continents  present? 

What  active  volcano  near  the  South  Pole? — What  is  an  active  volcano: — 
Name  the  two  largest  cities  on  the  Mississippi  River. — On  what  river  is  the 
capital  of  Kansas? — AVhat  countries  of  the  AVestern  Continent  does  the  Arctic 
Circle  cross? — AVhat  group  of  islands  connect  the  continent  of  America  with 
Asia? — AVhat  is  the  largest  city  on  the  AA'cstern  Continent? — How  many  meri- 
dians are  there  ? — What  is  a  first  meridian  i 


What  is  the  distance  in  a  straight  line  from  Lake  of  the  AVoods  to  Galveston? 
— From  Cape  Mendocino  to  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson  River? — AVhat  climate  is 
the  most  favorable  for  agriculture  ? — Name  the  rivers  flowing  into  Long  Island 
Sound. — AVhere  is  Southampton  Island? — AA'hat  peninsulas  on  the  cast  coast  of 
North  America? — AVhat  ones  on  the  west  coast  ? — Tell  where  you  find  the  follow- 
ing mountain-peaks:  Mitchell's  Peak;  Mount  Baker  ;  Mount  San  Bernardino; 
Mars  Hill;  Mount  Brown. — Are  icebergs  formed  on  the  land,  or  on  the  sea? 


.  Name  five  rivers  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  cast  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi. — What  parts  of  the  earth  move  at  the  rate  of  a  thousand  miles  an 
hour  ? — AVhat  parts  at  the  rate  of  a  thousand  miles  a  minute  ? — Name  the  riven 
flowing  into  Hudson  Bay  on  the  cast. — AVhat  mountains  on  the  east  and  west 
bound  the  Great  Interior  Basin  of  the  United  States? — Name  the  rivers  of  the 
United  States  flowing  into  Lake  Erie. — Into  Lake  Ontario. 


AVhat  mineral  is  chiefly  used  for  making  glass? — What  bodies  of  land  do  you 
find  near  the  South  Pole  ? — In  what  direction  docs  the  great  mountain  system 
of  the  Western  Continent  extend? — In  what  direction  does  that  of  the  Eastern 
Continent  extend? — -AVhat  town  at  the  head  of  AVinncbago  Lake? — At  the  head 
of  Lake>Superior ? — What  are  Geysers? — AVhat  is  the  principal  settlement  of 
the  Russian  Fur  Company  '  

What  separates  A7ancouver  Island  from  the  mainland  ? — AVhere  are  the  Tor- 
tugas  Island? — Where  is  Gettysburg? — Chattanooga? — Fortress  Monroe? — 
Harper's  Ferry? — Vicksburg? — Fort  Sumter? — For  what  are  these  places 
noted? — What  is  the  chief  staple  of  the  States  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico? — What  strait  separates  Florida  from  the  West  Indies? — How  wide  is 
the  equator? — AVhat  are  the  most  necessary  manufactures? — On  what  waters 
will  you  sail  in  going  from  the  capital  of  Kansas  to  the  capital  of  Nebraska? 


THE  BRITISH  PROVINCES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


53 


CHAPTER  XI. 

THE   BRITISH  PROVINCES  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 

I.  The  British  Provinces  are :  —  The  Dominion  of  Canada  (which 
includes  the  Provinces  of  Quebec,  Ontario,  New  Brunswick,  and 
Nova  Scotia),  Prince  Edward  Island,  Newfoundland,  and  British 
Columbia.  All  of  these,  with  the  exception  of  British  Columbia, 
which  lies  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  are  situated  within  or  near  the 
Basin  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

II.  Surface.  —  In  surface,  climate,  and  productions,  these  prov- 
inces resemble  the  adjacent  parts  of  our  own  country. 

Thus,  the  south-western  districts  of  Canada  arc  like  the  States  on  the  opposite 
shores  of  the  lakes ;  and  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  resemble  Maine. 

III.  The  Alleghany  Mountain-System  extends  into  Canada,  and 
terminates  in  low  hills  on  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  A  chain  of 
hills,  called  the  Wotchish  Mountains,  separates  the  Basin  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  from  that  of  Hudson  Bay. 

IV.  Lakes  and  Rivers.  —  The  River  St.  Lawrence  drains  the 
waters  of  the  five  great  lakes — Superior,  Michigan,  Huron,  Erie, 
and  Ontario.  They  are  said  to  contain  more  than  half  the  fresh 
water  upon  the  globe. 


'~'-"';'S*l 


.      A  VIEW  AMONG  THE   THOUSAND    ISLES 


The  Basin  of  the  St.  Lawrence  is  famous  for  the  grandeur  and  beauty  of  its 
natural  scenery.  Niagara  Falls,  the  Thousand  Isles  and  Rapids  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
the  Falls  of  Montmorenci  (near  Quebec),  and  the  grand  scenery  of  the  Saguenay 
River,  are  the  admiration  of  thousands  of  tourists. 

The  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Lakes  form  the  great  natural  highway  of  the  country. 
By  means  of  canals,  they  have  been  made  navigable  throughout  their  entire  length. 
In  winter  the  water-communication  is  frozen  up. 

What  are  the  names  of  the  British  Provinces? — Where  are  they  situated  ?  —  De- 
scribe the  surface  of  the  country. — The  mountain  systems. — What  lakes  arc  drained 
by  the  St.  Lawrence?  —  For  what  is  the  Basin  of  the  St.  Lawrence  famous?  —  How 
far  is  the  river  navigable  for  ships? — What  are  the  obstacles  to  navigation  above 
Montreal?  —  How  are  they  overcome  ? — What  obstacle  is  there  to  the  winter  navi- 
gation of  the  St.  Lawrence? 


The  river  admits  ships  from  the  Gulf  to  Montreal.  Between  that  point  and  Lake 
Ontario  there  arc  rapids.  These  are  avoided,  in  ascending  the  river,  by  canals  on 
the  left  bank;  but  the  downward  passage,  though  perilous,  is  made  by  the  river 
itself.     Lake  Ontario  is  also  connected  with  the  Ottawa  River  by  the  Rideau  Canal. 

The  Falls  of  Niagara  are  avoided  by  the  Welland  Canal,  which  connects  Lakes 
Erie  and  Ontario.  The  Falls  in  the  River  St.  Mary  (which  flows  from  Lake  Supe- 
rior to  Lake  Huron)  are  the  only  other  natural  obstruction,  and  are  passed  in  a 
ship  canal. 

V.  Climate.  —  The  climate  of  the  Provinces,  though  it  has  a. gen- 
eral resemblance  to  that  of  the  adjoining  parts  of  the  United  States, 
is  subject  to  great  extremes. 

The  summers  are  very  hot,  while  the  winters  are  long  and  exceedingly  cold. 
The  interior  has  a  dry  and  clear  atmosphere,  but  the  coast  is  often  visited  by  thick 
fogs.  In  those  districts  which  border  upon  the  sea  or  the  great  lakes,  the  winters 
are  much  milder,  and  the  heat  of  summer  is  less  intense. 

VI.  Government,  —  The  British  Government  appoints  a  Governor 
for  each  of  the  provinces.  Every  province,  however,  elects  its  own 
legislature,  and  is  wisely  permitted  to  be  in  a  great  measure  inde- 
pendent. The  Governor  of  Canada  is  Governor-General  of  the 
whole  of  British  America. 

THE  DOMINION  OP  CANADA. 

VII.  The  Dominion  of  Canada  was  formed  in  1867  by  the  con- 
federation of  the  provinces  of  Quebec  (Canada  East),  Ontario  (Can- 
ada West),  New  Brunswick,  and  Nova  Scotia. 

VIII.  Quebec  contains  many  descendants  of  the  early  French 
settlers.  They  speak  a  corruption  of  the  French  language,  and 
maintain  the  politeness  and  gayety  of  their  race ;  but  are  averse  to 
improvement,  and  jealous  of  English  rule. 

Canada  was  once  in  possession  of  the  French,  who  built  Quebec,  Montreal,  and 
other  towns  in  the  lower  part  of  the  province.  In  the  years  1759  and  1760,  it  was 
conquered  by  the  British. 

IX.  Ontario  has  been  settled  chiefly  since  the  American  Revo- 
lution. The  inhabitants  are  principally  of  British  origin,  and 
profess  the  Protestant  religion ;  while  in  Lower  Canada,  the  ma- 
jority of  the  people  are  Catholics. 

X.  Productions.  —  Besides  immense-wealth  in  forests,  Canada  has 
the  same  vegetable  productions  that  belong  to  the  neighboring 
States  of  our  own  country:  grain,  hemp,  flax,  and  potatoes. 

Towards  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence  the  climate  is  too  severe,  and  the  land 
too  poor  to  admit  of  much  cultivation ;  but  in  the  south-western  districts  the  soil  is 
very  rich,  and  produces  great  crops  of  wheat  and  other  grains. 

XL  Towns.  The  principal  towns  of  Quebec  are  Quebec  and 
Montreal;  of  Ontario,  Toronto,  Hamilton,  Kingston,  Ottawa, 
and  London. 

Ottawa  was  selected  as  the  capital  of  Canada  some  years  ago,  but  the  necessary 
public  buildings  were  not  completed  until  1867  It  is  now  the  residence  of  the 
Governor-General,  and  the  Canadian  Parliament  meets  there. 

Quebec  consists  of  an  upper  and  a  lower  town.  The  upper  town  is  built  upon  a 
bold  promontory  which  rises  abruptly  from  the  river.  It  is.the  only  walled  town 
in  America,  and  is  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  in  the  world.  The  lower  town 
lies  at  the  foot  of  this  steep  rock,  and  is  the  seat  of  commerce. 

Montreal,  the  chief  city  of  British  America,  is  built  upon  the  island  of  that  name 
in  the  River  St.  Lawrence.     Toronto  is  the  largest  city  in  Ontario. 

What  is  the  climate  of  the  Provinces?  —  Describe  the  Government. —  Of  what 
docs  the  Dominion  of  Canada  consist? — What  is  the  character  of  the  descendants 
of  the  French  settlers? — Where  arc  they  found  :  in  Quebec,  or  Ontario? — Who 
settled  Ontario?  —  Name  some  of  the  productions  of  Canada. — Which  are  (ha 
principal  towns?  —  Name  the  newly-selected  capital. —  Describe  Quebec. — Where  is 
Montreal  ? 


54 


COMMON-SCHOOL  GEOGRAPHY. 


XII.  New  Brunswick. —  The  people  of  New  Brunswick,  Nova 
Scotia,  and  the  other  provinces  bordering  upon  the  Gulf,  are  exten- 
sively engaged  in  the  fisheries,  which  form  one  of  their  principal 
sources  of  wealth. 

XIII.  New  Brunswick  is  north-east  of  the  United  States.  Its 
shores  are  washed  by  the  Gulf  of  St  Lawrence  and  the  Bay  of 
Fundy. 

The  Bay  of  Fundy  is  remarkable  for  having  the  highest  tides  in  the  world. 

XIV.  Towns. — Fredericton,  the  capital,  is  at  the  head  of  sloop 
navigation  on  the  River  St.  John,  80  miles  from  its  mouth.  The 
city  of  St.  John,  however,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  is  the  largest 
in  the  province,  and  is  the  principal  seat  of  commerce. 

XV.  Nova  Scotia  and  Cape  Breton  Island  form  together  a  single 
province.  The  coast  contains  a  great  number  of  fine  harbors,  pro- 
moting the  extensive  commerce  and  fisheries,  which  form  the  chief 
business  of  the  people. 

XIV.  Towns.  —  Halifax,  the  capital,  has  a  magnificent  harbor, 
and  is  the  principal  British  naval  station  in  this  part  of  the  world. 

The  chief  exports  of  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  are  lumber,  fish,  coal, 
grindstones,  gypsum  (or  plaster),  grain,  potatoes,  and  hay. 

XVII.  Prince  Edward  Island.  —  Like  all  the  other  regions  in  or 
upon  the  Gulf,  this  province  has  valuable  fisheries.  Farming  and 
grazing,  however,  form  the  chief  occupation  of  the  people.  Char- 
lottetown  is  the  capital. 

XVIII.  Newfoundland.  —  The  Surface  is  generally  rocky  and 
barren.  The  coast  is  bold,  and  indented  by  deep  inlets,  which 
form  many  excellent  harbors.  St.  John's  is  the  capital,  and  the 
only  town  of  any  note  upon  the  island. 

XIX.  Climate. —  The  winters  are  very  cold,  but  the  summers  are 
hot.    Dense  fogs  hang  over  the  coast  during  a  large  part  of  the  year. 

XX.  Productions.  —  The  fisheries  form  almost  the  sole  wealth  of 
Newfoundland.     The  exports  are  fish,  oil,  and  seal-skin. 

The  fish  are  taken  along  the  shores  of  the  island,  and  upon  shallow  places  in  the 
sea,  called  the  Banks  of  Newfoundland.  The  Grand  Bank,  which  lies  farthest  to 
the  eastward,  is  more  than  600  miles  long,  and  250  broad. 

XXI.  The  authority  of  the  Governor  of  Newfoundland  extends 
over  the  adjoining  coast  of  Labrador. 

XXII.  British  Columbia.  (See  Map  of  North  America.)  —  This  is  a 

new  province  which  lies  between  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the  Rocky 

Mountains.     It   is  a  rugged,   uncultivated   region,  covered   with 

thick  forests. 

Fraser  River  is  the  principal  stream,  upon  whose  banks,  and  those  of  its  tributa- 
ries, gold  abounds. 

XXIII.  Vancouver  and  Washington  Islands  are  situated  on  the 
coast,  westward  of  this  province. 

XXIV.  Towns. —  New  Westminster  is  the  capital  of  British 
Columbia.     Victoria  is  the  principal  town  on  Vancouver  Island. 

FRENCH   ISLANDS. 

XXV.  The  small  islands  of  St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon,  south  of 
Newfoundland,  belong  to  Franca,  and  serve  for  fishing-stations. 

These  isjands,  a  part  of  Guiana  (in  South  America),  and  a  few  small  islands 
among  the  West  Indies,  are  all  that  remain  to  France  of  the  immense  territory 
which  she  once  possessed  in  America. 


In  what  are  many  of  the  people  of  the  Gulf  provinces  engaged? — Where  is  New 
Brunswick?  —  For  what  is  the  Bay  of  Fundy  remarkable? — What  is  the  capital  of 
New  Brunswick  ? — Nova  Scotia?  —  Newfoundland? — What  are  the  chief  exports 
of  these  provinces? — What  is  the  climate  of  Newfoundland? — What  can  you  say 
of  British  Columbia? — Where  are  Vancouver  and  Washington  Islands? — Which  are 
the  French  Islands  ?  — Arc  the  present  possessions  of  the  French  in  America  greater 
or  less  than  formerly  ? 


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56 


COMMON-SCHOOL    GEOGEAPHY. 


CHAPTER    XII. 

MEXICO,  CENTRAL  AMERICA,  AND  THE  WEST 

INDIES. 

I.  These  countries  are  included  within  Spanish  America,  or 
that  part  of  the  American  Continent  which  was  first  settled  by  the 
Spaniards,  and  is  still  occupied  by  their  descendants. 

'[Note. The  extent  of  Spanish  America,  and  the  character  of  the  people,  are 

described  in  the  History  of  the  United  States,  page  27.] 

II.  The  greater  part  of  Spanish  America  lies  within  or  near  the 
Torrid  Zone.  All  that  portion  which  borders  upon  the  Pacific 
contains  mountains  and  table-lands,  and  therefore  exhibits  an  ex- 
traordinary variety  of  vegetable  products.  The  mineral  wealth, 
particularly  in  gold  and  silver,  is  also  very  great. 

Yet  such  is  the  indolence  of  the  people,  that  agriculture  is  almost  wholly 
neglected,  and  the  mines  are  imperfectly  worked.  The  rearing  of  live-stock  better 
suits  the  idle  habits  of  the  people,  and  many  horned  cattle,  horses,  and  mules,  are 
raised.     The  cattle  are  slaughtered  principally  for  their  hides,  horns,  and  tallow. 

III.  The  only  portions  of  Spanish  America  now  in  possession  of 
the  mother  country  are  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico.  The  other  colonies 
threw  off  the  yoke  in  the  first  quarter  of  the  present  century,  and 
established  themselves  as  independent  republics. 

Most  of  them,  however,  are  wretchedly  governed;  one  revolution  following 
another,  in  endless  succession. 

IV.  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  oc- 
cupy the  narrowest  portion  of  the  Western  Continent,  and  afford 
the  most  convenient  route  between  our  Atlantic  coast  and  that  of 
the  Pacific. 

A  new  interest  was  awakened  in  these  routes  by  the  vast  emigration  to  California, 
caused  by  the  discovery  of  gold. 

There  were  three  routes  projected:  one  by  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuantcpec,  in 
Mexico ;  another  by  the  way  of  the  river  San  Juan  and  Lake  Nicaragua,  in  Central 
America;  the  third  and  most  important  across  the  Isthmus  of  Fanama. 

The  latter  has  become  the  great  channel  of  communication  between  the  oceans 
by  means  of  the  Panama  Railroad,  which  was  completed  in  1855.  (For  Panama, 
gee  Map  of  South  America.) 

V.  Inhabitants. —  The  inhabitants  of  Spanish  America  are  whites, 
blacks,  Indians,  and  the  mixed  races.     By  far  the  greater  part  of 
the  population  of  Mexico  and  Central  America  belong  to  the  In-  ; 
dian  and  mixed  races. 

MEXICO. 

VI.  Coast. — Upon  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  (as  we  have  seen  in  the 
United  States),  the  coast  is  flat  and  sandy,  and  therefore  deficient  in 
good  harbors.  The  shores  of  the  Pacific,  however,  are  more  bold, 
and  abound  with  fine  harbors,  which  admit  ships  of  the  largest 
size. 

VII.  Surface. — The  interior  consists  of  table-lands,  from  4000 
to  9000  feet  high.  They  rise  abruptly  from  the  Pacific  coast,  but 
there  is  a  considerable  interval  of  low  land  between  them  and  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

From  the  Gulf,  the  table-lands  are  only  accessible  by  two  carriage-roads:  ono  by 
Jalapa,  from  Vera  Cruz;  the  other  by  Saltillo,  from  Matamoras  and  Monterey. 
Both  these  routes  were  made  the  points  of  attack  by  the  United  States  Army,  in  the 
recent  war  between  the  two  countries. 


What  do  you  understand  by  Spanish  America?  —  Within  what  zone  does  it  prin- 
cipally lie?  —  What,  then,  is  its  climate?  —  What  are  some  of  the  productions? 
What  part  of  Spanish  America  is  still  in  possession  of  Spain?  —  What  three  routes 
were  projected  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific? — Which  has  become  the  great 
channel  of  communication?  —  Who  inhabit  this  country?  —  What  is  the  character  of 


The  Sierra  Madre  crosses  the  table-land  from  north  to  south,  and  forms  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  highest  mountains  in  Mexico  are  a  line 
of  single  peaks  (many  of  them  volcanoes),  which  cross  the  southern  part  of  the 
plateau  from  east  to  west. 

VIII.  Climate. —  The  rainy  season  continues  from  May  till  Octo- 
ber; the  dry  season  from  October  to  May.  Like  all  tropical  coun- 
tries which  contain  high  and  low  lands,  Mexico  exhibits  a  great 
variety  of  climate. 

In  ascending  from  the  coast  to  the  surface  of  the  plateau,  we  find  three  regions 
in  succession:  — the  hot,  swampy,  and  pestilential  lowlands;  the  temperate  regions, 
which  enjoy  a  healthful  and  delightful  climate;  and  the  cold,  desolate  plains  above. 

IX.  Productions. —  The  vegetable  productions  vary  with  the  cli- 
mate—  passing  through  gradual  changes,  from  the  lowlands  to  the 
surface  of  the  plateau. 

Thus,  Mexico  possesses,  in  the  same  latitude,  the  vegetation  of  nil  the  zones. 
The  oak  and  pine  are  found  here,  as  well  as  the  mahogany,  ebony,  and  palm. 
Wheat  and  barley  are  produced  in  the  cooler  regions;  and  cotton,  tobacco,  the 
sugar-cane,  and  many  fruits  and  spices,  in  the  plains  and  valleys  below.  Indian 
corn  grows  both  on  the  high  -and  low-lands. 

Jhe  Maguey  plant  furnishes  an  intoxicating  drink,  called  pulque,  of  which  the 
Mexicans  consume  a  great  quantity.     One  plant  often  yields  1C0  gallons. 

The  mines  of  Mexico  once  yielded  immense  quantities  of  gold  and  silver,  but 
they  are  now  less  productive.  Iron,  copper,  and  other  useful  metals  have  since 
been  discovered,  and  are  worked  to  a  limited  extent. 

X.  Towns. —  Mexico,  the  capital,  is  situated  upon  a  table-land, 
7000  feet  above  the  sea.  The  capture  of  this  city  by  General  Scott, 
in  1847,  was  the  closing  event  of  the  war  with  the  United  States. 


VIEW   OF  THE  CITY  OF    MEXICO. 


[This  view  represents,  in  the  foreground,  one  of  the  magnificent  aqueducts  which 
supply  the  city  with  water.  On  the  left  of  the  centre  is  the  Cathedral,  and  on  the 
right  the  two  convents  of  San  Augustine  and  San  Francisco.  In  the  distance  are 
represented  the  volcanoes  of  Popocatapetl  ("Smoking-mountaia")  and  Iztaccihuatl 
("White  Lady")  ] 

Most  of  the  towns  in  the  interior  are  situated  on  the  table-lands,  where  the 
climate  ia  much  moro  healthful  than  on  the  swampy  regions  of  the  co^st.  Gua- 
naxuato  and  Zacatecas,  on  the  highlands,  are  rich  in  mines  of  gold  and  silver. 

Vera  Cruz  and  Tampico  arc  the  principal  ports  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  Acapulco, 
San  Bias,  Mazatlan,  and  Guaymas,  are  the  principal  ones  on  the  Pacific  coast. 


the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico?  —  Which  is  the  principal  mountain-chain  of  Mexico? 
—  Describe  the  climate  of  the  country. —  What  are  gome  of  the  productions?  —  Are 
they  of  moro  than  one  climate?  —  What  is  pulque?  —  How  does  the  present  pro- 
ductiveness of  the  mines  compare  with  that  of  the  past?  —  Describe  the  city  of 
Mexico. —  Which  are  the  principal  mining  towns?  —  Name  the  principal  ports. 


MEXICO,   CENTKAL   AMEEICA,  AND  THE   WEST  INDIES. 


57 


XI.  Commerce.  —  Though  Mexico  is  so  rich  in  natu- 
ral productions,  every  branch  of  industry  is  neglected. 
Commerce  is,  therefore,  very  limited,  and  the  exports 
consist  of  the  simplest  productions :  gold,  silver,  cattle, 
hides,  and  cochineal. 

The  cochineal  is  an  insect  which  feeds  on  a  species  of  cactus. 
When  killed,  and  dried  in  the  sun,  it  yields  a  brilliant  crimson  dye. 

XII.  History.  —  Fernando  Cortcz,  a  Spanish  adven- 
turer, conquered  the  country  in  1521. 

He  found  there  an  extensive  kingdom,  with  regular  laws,  and 
with  cities,  temples,  public  roads,  and  many  of  the  arts  of  civilized 
life.  After  the  conquest,  the  cruelty  of  the  Spaniards  drove  the 
Indians  back  into  a  state  of  barbarism. 

In  1821,  Mexico  became  independent  of  Spain,  and  established 
first  an  empire,  then  a  republican  form  of  government.  By  the 
war  with  the  United  States,  which  ceased  in  1848,  she  lost  Upper 
California  and  New  Mexico. 

XIII.  The  Peninsulas  of  Yucatan  and  Old  Califor- 
nia are  parts  of  Mexico  but  little  known.  The  former 
is  noted  for  its  ruins  of  ancient  temples  and  cities. 
Belize,  or  Balize,  (a  part  of  Yucatan,)  belongs  to  the 
British. 


CENTRAL  AMERICA. 

XIV.  Central  America  comprises  the  five  States  of  Guatemala, 
Honduras,  San  Salvador,  Nicaragua,  and  Costa  Eica.  In  surface, 
climate,  and  productions,  the  country  bears  a  general  resemblance 
to  Mexico. 

The  height  of  the  table-lands  gradually  decreases  towards  the  Isthmus  of  Pana- 
ma, where  the  surface  is  varied  by  a  chain  of  low  hills.  Along  the  south-western 
edge  of  the  plateau  is  a  line  of  volcanoes,  which  form  a  part  of  the  great  volcanic 
chain  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  America. 

XV.  Towns.  —  The  largest  city  in  Central  America  is  New  Gua- 
temala, the  capital  of  the  State  of  Guatemala. 

Comayagua  is  the  capital  of  Honduras ;  San  Salvador,  of  San  Salvador  ;  Leon, 
of  Nicaragua  ;  and  San  Jose1,  of  Costa  Rica. 

WEST  INDIES. 

XVI.  The  "West India  Islands  form  three  divisions:  the  Greater 
Antilles,  the  Lesser  Antilles,  and  the  Bahamas. 

The  Greater  Antilles  consist  of  Cuba,  Hayti,  Jamaica,  and  Porto  Rico.  The 
Lesser  Antilles  include  the  chain  of  islands  which  extend  from  Porto  Rico  to 
South  America.  The  Antilles  are  mountainous,  and  are  supposed  to  be  the  remains 
of  a  mountain-chain,  which,  at  some  remote  period,  connected  North  and  South 
America. 

The  Bahamas  are  low  islands,  of  coral  formation.  Guanahani,  one  of  the  Ba- 
hama Islands,  was  the  first  land,  of  the  New  World,  discovered  by  Columbus. 

XVII.  The  climate  and  productions  of  the  "West  Indies  are 
tropical. 

The  climate  is  generally  healthful,  except  in  the  rainy  season.  The  islands  are 
subject  to  terrific  hurricanes.  Sugar,  molasses,  rum,  coffee,  tobacco,  mahogany, 
spices,  and  tropical  fruits,  form  the  chief  exports. 

XVIII.  Inhabitants. — The  population  of  the  West  Indies  con- 
sists principally  of  whites,  free  negroes,  and  slaves. 

What  are  the  exports  of  Mexico? — What  is  cochineal?  —  Who  first  conquered 
Mexico  ?  —  When  did  it  become  independent?  —  For  what  is  Yucatan  noted?  —  Where 
is  Balize  ?  —  To  what  country  docs  it  belong?  —  Name  the  Political  Divisions  of 
Central  America. — Which  is  the  largest  city  of  Central  America  ? — Name  the  capital 
of  each  of  the  States  of  Central  America. —  What  divisions  do  the  West  Indies  form? 


RUINS  OF  CHICHEN,  YUCATAN. 

About  one  sixth  of  the  inhabitants  are  white.  The  negroes  were  once  all  slaves, 
but,  except  in  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico,  they  are  now  free.  A  considerable  number 
of  Chinese,  called  Coolies,  have  been  taken  to  some  of  the  islands,  to  labor  upon 
the  plantations. 

XIX.  Most  of  the  West  India  Islands  are  in  possession  of  Eu- 
ropean nations. 

Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  belong  to  Spain  ;  Jamaica,  the  Bahamas,  and  most  of  the 
Lesser  Antilles,  to  Great  Britain;  Hayti  is  independent;  and  the  remaining  islands 
are  owned  by  France,  Denmark,  Holland,  Sweden,  and  Venezuela. 

Cuba,  the  "Queen  of  the  Antilles,"  is  the  richest  of  Spain's  possessions.  It  is 
about  as  large  as  the  State  of  Kentucky,  and  nearly  equal  in  area  to  all  the  rest 
of  the  West  Indies.  The  extensive  foreign  commerce  of  the  island  is  chiefly 
carried  on  through  Havana  and  Matanzas. 

Jamaica  is  a  very  beautiful  and  fertile  island ;  but,  like  the  rest  of  the  British 
West  Indies,  the  amount  of  her  productions  and  commerce  has  of  late  years  greatly 
decreased.     Kingston  is  the  largest  town. 

XX.  Hayti  embraces  two  distinct  States :  the  Eepublic  of  Dominica 
and  the  Eepublic  of  Hayti. 

The  island  once  belonged  to  France  and  Spain.  In  1791,  the  slaves  in  the 
western,  or  French  division,  rose  against  their  masters,  and,  after  a  bloody  and 
cruel  war,  succeeded  in  establishing  themselves,  first  as  an  empire,  then  as  an 
independent  republic. 

In  1849,  Soulouque  (who  was  then  President)  proclaimed  himself  Emperor,  with 
the  title  of  Faustin  I.  After  a  reign  of  ten  years,  Soulouque  was  deposed,  and, 
in  1859,  a  republican  form  of  government  was  again  adopted.  In  1821,  the  eastern 
division  revolted  from  Spain,  and  formed  a  republican  government. 

Hayti  is  noted  for  its  beautiful  scenery  and  for  the  fertility  of  its  soil,  which  is 
capable  of  producing  every  variety  of  tropical  vegetation. 

XXI.  The  Bermuda  Islands  are  situated  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
north  of  the  West  Indies.     They  belong  to  Great  Britain. 

There  are  about  400  of  these  islands.  Most  of  them  are  so  small  and  barren  that 
they  have  neither  name  nor  inhabitants.     [For  location,  see  map  of  N.  America.] 

Which  are  the  Greater  Antilles  ?  —  The  Lesser  Antilles  ?  —  Are  they  level  or  moun- 
tainous ? —  Are  the  Bahama  Islands  high  or  low  lands?  —  Name  some  of  the  pro- 
ductions of  the  West  Indies.  — In  which  of  the  islands  are  there  slaves  ?  —  In  whose 
possession  are  most  of  the  islands?  —  Which  belong  to  Spain?  —  Great  Britain?  — 
Which  is  independent  ?  —  Where  are  the  Bermuda  Islands  ? — To  whom  do  they  belong  ? 


I.<Mi;riliidr\W*l   ,",  l'roniW; 


UUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  MEXICO,  CENTRAL  AMERICA,  AND  THE  WEST  INDIES. 


STATISTICAL. 

Which  of  these  divisions  are  parts  of  the  mainland  of  North  America? — Which 
one  consists  entirely  of  islands?  —  How  many  States  of  the  size  of  Missouri  would 
Mexico  make? — What  Southern  State  has  about  the  same  area  as  Hayti  ? — Which 
is  the  larger:  Cuba,  or  Kentucky  ?  —  Jamaica,  or  Connecticut? 


MEXICO  AND   CENTRAL  AMERICA. 
OUTLINE. 

Between  what  gulf  and  ocean  is  Mexico  ?  — What  country  bounds  it  on  the  north  ? 
What  gulf  indents  its  western  coast?  —  Name  the  peninsula  between  this  gulf  and 
the  Pacific  Ocean.— Between  what  two  bays  is  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan? 

Between  what  sea  and  ocean  is  Central  America? — What  channel  separates  Yu- 
catan from  Cuba? — Where  is  the  Mosquito  Coast?  —  Between  what  two  bodies  of 
water  is  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepcc  ?  —  Is  it  in  Mexico  or  Central  America  ? 

What  cape  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  peninsula  of  California? — What  one 
on  the  eastern  coast? — Where  is  Cape  Gracios  a  Dios  ?  —  Cape  Roxo? — Cape  Tetas? 
—  Cape  Corrientes? — Which  coast  of  these  countries  has  the  best  harbors:  the 
Pacific,  or  that  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Caribbean  Sea  ? 


SURFACE. 

Of  what  does  the  interior  of  Mexico  and  Central  America  consist? — What  is  the 
general  height  of  these  table-lands?  —  Does  the  elevation  increase,  or  diminish, 
towards  the  Isthmus  of  Panama?  —  On  which  coast  do  the  table-lands  rise  most 
abruptly  from  the  sea? 

Near  which  coast  is  there  most  low  land  ?  —  By  what  carriage-roads  is  the  Mexican 
plateau  accessible  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ? — What  use  was  made  of  these  roads  by 
the  United  States  army  during  the  late  war  between  the  two  countries? 

What  mountain-chain  crosses  the  Mexican  Plateau  from  north  to  south? Where  is 

the  volcano  of  Popocatapctl  ?  —  Jorullo  ?  — Where  are  the  volcanoes  of  Central  America  ? 


LAKES  AND  EIVEES. 

What  river  partly  separates  Mexico  from  the  United  States  ? — What  large  river 
of  the  United  States  flows  into  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  California  ? —What  large 

lake  in  Central  America  ? — What  river  flows  from  it  into  the  Caribbean  Sea? 

Name  four  rivers  which  flow  down  the  western  declivity  of  the  Sierra  Madre  Moun- 
tains.—  Two  that  flow  down  the  eastern  dcclivitv. — What  lake  in  Mexico  near  the 
parallel  of  20°  ? 

CLIMATE  AND  PRODUCTIONS. 

In  what  zones  is  Mexico?  —  In  what  zone  is  Central  America  ? — Why  do  these 
countries  exhibit  such  a  variety  of  climate  and  vegetation  ? 

In  what  part  of  these  countries  is  the  climate  hot  and  unhealthful  ? — What  arc 
the  productions  of  the  low  lands?  —  Describe  the  climate  of  the  more  elevated 
regions — Name  the  productions  raised  there. 

Does  Indian  corn  grow  on  the  higli  or  low  lands  ?  — Where  do  the  fruits  and  spices 
grow  ?  — Wheat  and  barley  ?  —  The  sugar-cane  ? — What  intoxicating  drink  is  made 
in  Mexico? — What  dye  from  the  cochineal  insect? 

What  precious  metals  are  found  in  Mexico  and  Central  America  ?  — How  does  the 
present  productiveness  of  the  mines  compare  with  that  of  the  past? — What  useful 
minerals  are  found  in  Mexico  ? 


POLITICAL  DIVISIONS  AND  TOWNS. 

To  what  division  do  the  peninsulas  of  California  and  Vucatan  belong?  —  Name 

the  five  States  of  Central  America. — Which  is  the  most  northern  of  these  States? 

The  most  southern  ?  — The  most  eastern  ?— Where  is  the  Balize  ?  — To  what  country 
does  it  belong  ? 

Why  are  the  towns  of  the  interior  of  Mexico  more  healthful  than  those  upon  the 
coast?— What  is  the  capital  of  Mexico?  — Name  the  principal  seaports  upon  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico. — Why  did  the  American  army  march  through  Jalapa  on  its  way 
from  Vera  Cruz  to  Mexico  ?  

Near  the  mouth  of  what  river  is  Matamoras?—  What  town  in  the  United  States  is 
on  the  opposite  bank  of  liic  river?  — Name  some  of  the  largest  towns  of  the  mining 
districts. —  Where  is  Tampico?  — Which  is  farther  north:  Tampico,  or  Vera  Cruz? 


Name  the  principal  ports  on  the  Pacific  coast. — Which  two  of  them  are  situated 

on  the  Gulf  of  California? — Where  is  the  town  of  Balize? — Where  is  Greytown? 

On  what  State  of  Central  America  is  San  Jose'  the  capital?  —  Comayagua? Leon? 

—  New  Guatemala? 


THE  WEST   INDIES. 

Name  the  three  divisions  of  the  West  India  Islands. — Which  are  the  Greater  An- 
tilles?— Where  are  the  Lesser  Antilles?  —  How  do  the  Bahama  Islands  differ  in 
surface  from  the  Antilles? 

Name  the  bodies  of  water  by  which  the  West  Indies  arc  surrounded. — Which  group 
extends  farthest  to  the  north?  —  To  the  east  and  south? — What  island  is  farthest 
west  ?  —  Name  the  largest  one  of  the  West  India  Islands. — Which  is  next  in  size? 

Which  of  the  West  India  Islands  is  independent?— Which  of  them  belong  to 
Spain?  —  To  Great  Britain?  — To  what  European  and  South  American  countries  do 
the  others  belong  ?  

In  what  zone  are  most  of  these  islands? — What,  then,  is  the  climate?  —  Is  it 
generally  healthful? — What  are  the  principal  exports? — What  proportion  of  the 
inhabitants  are  whites?  —  In  which  of  the  islands  are  there  slaves? 

Which  of  the  West  Indies  was  first  discovered  by  Columbus?  —  In  what  direction 
is  this  island  from  Cuba? — Where  is  Havana?  —  Kingston?  —  Matanzas?  —  St.  Do- 
mingo?—  St.  John?  —  Port-au-Prince  ? — Where  are  the  Bermuda  Islands?  —  To 
what  country  do  they  belong?— What  are  the  two  divisions  of  the  island  of  Hayti? 

What  passage  between  Cuba  and  Hayti? — What  one  between  Hayti  and  Porto 
Rico?  —  Name  three  of  the  Leeward  Islands. —  Name  three  of  the  Windward 
Islands. — What  does  Florida  Strait  connect? — What  docs  it  separate?  —  In  what 
direction  from  South  America  are  the  Greater  Antilles  ?  — From  the  United  States? 
— What  cape  at  the  western  extremity  of  Cuba? — What  cape  at  its  eastern  ex- 
tremity?— What  large  island  south  of  the  western  part  of  Cuba? — What  cape  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  Hayti? — What  large  town  in  eastern  central  Cuba?— Where  is 
Cienfuegos?  —  AuxCayes?  —  Cape  Haytien  ? —  In  what  part  of  Cuba  are  the  Copper 
Mountains? 

Cuba  imports  from  the  United  States  fish,  butter,  cheese,  pork,  lard,  lumber, 
machinery,  Indian  corn,  ice,  flour,  &c. —  Mention  some  of  the  articles  the  United 
States  receives  in  return.  

MISCELLANEOUS. 

What  do  you  understand  by  Spanish  America? — What  parts  of  Spanish  America 

are  now  ittjjijjijjcssion  of  Spain? — When  did  their  other  colonies  become  free? ■ 

What  is  the  preseittr.jcondition  of  those  republics? — Which  do  you  think  the  more 
prosperous  countries:  those  settled  by  the  Spaniards,  or  by  the  English? — What 
reasons  can  you  assign  for  (his  difference? 

Name  the  islands,  two  peninsulas,  and  divisions  of  the  mainland,  which  form  the 
principal  boundaries  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.— What  bay  forms  the  southern  part 
of  this  gulf?— Which  division  of  the  West  Indies  is  north  of  the  Caribbean  Sea?  — 
Which  is  east? — What  land  bounds  this  sea  on  the  south?  —  On  the  west? 


Name  some  articles  with  which  you  would  freight  a  vessel  at  Havana  for  New 
York. — What  would  you  ship  from  New  York  in  return?  —  Between  what  islands 
would  you  sail,  to  go  by  the  windward  passage  from  the  Caribbean  Sea  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean?  

Give  the  history  of  Mexico. — What  can  you  say  of  Yucatan  and  California? 

To  which  division  of  the  West  Indies  does  the  first  land  discovered  by  Columbus 
belong? — Is  it  a  mountainous  or  a  low  island? 

What  two  important  cities  of  tho  West  Indies  are  very  nearly  on  the  Tropic  of 
Cancer  ?  

What  three  regions  do  you  find  in  Mexico,  in  ascending  from  the  coast  to  the  sur- 
face of  the  plateau? — Why  are  there  so  many  varieties  of  vegetation  in  the  same 
latitude  ?  — What  vegetable  products  grow  in  the  cooler  or  upland  region  ? — What 
in  the  valleys?  


Which  do  you  think  is  the  healthier  city,  Vera  Cruz,  or  Mexico? — Why  ?- 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  or  the  Pacific  coast  present  the  best  harbors? — Why? 


-Does 


Bound  Mexico;  Central  America. —  Name  the  principal  mountain-chains,  rivers, 
and  towns. —  Sketch  a  map  of  the  West  Indies. 

59 


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COMMON-SCHOOL    GEOGKAPTIY. 


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SILLERO    AND   TRAVELLER. 


CHURCH    OF   THE    JE8UIT8,    AT   CUZCO. 


DESCENDING    THE    ANDES. 


CHAPTER    XIII. 
SOUTH    AMERICA. 

PHYSICAL  FEATURES. 

I.  Outline. —  South  America  is  a  great  peninsula,  connected  with 
North  America  by  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  Unlike' North  America, 
the  coast  is  indented  by  no  large  bays  and  gulfs. 

This  is  one  of  the  principal  reasons  why  the  interior  is  not  better  known  to 
Europeans,  and  more  thickly  settled  by  them. 

II.  Surface. —  South  America  contains  three  principal  mountain- 
systems:  the  Andes,  Parime,  and  Brazilian  Mountains. 

III.  The  Andes  are  a  part  of  the  great  mountain-system  of  the 
"Western  Continent.  They  form  one  'of  the  grandest  mountain- 
ranges  in  the  world. 

They  commence  in  low  hills  on  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  and  terminate  in  the  island 
of  Cape  Horn,  which  is  a  black  and  naked  rock,  rising  3500  feet  from  the  sea.  In 
Patagonia,  they  rise  abruptly  from  the  shore ;  but  further  north,  they  retreat  to 
the  distance  of  60  or  100  miles  from  the  coast. 

The  Andes  consist  generally  of  parallel  ranges  of  lofty  mountains,  with  high 
valleys  and  table-lands  between  them  —  the  whole  mass  being  from  30  to  400  miles 
wide. 

The  region  of  the  Andes  is  subject  to  earthquakes  and  volcanic  eruptions.  The 
towns  among  the  highlands  and  along  the  coast  are,  therefore,  liable  to  be  destroyed 
by  these  convulsions  of  nature;  and,  indeed,  many  splendid  cities  have  been  laid 
in  ruins.     This  is  true,  also,  of  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  the  West  Indies. 

The  table-lands  of  the  Andes  are  great  plains  far  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  sur- 
rounded by  ramparts  of  snow-capped  heights  and  smoking  volcanoes.     The  Great 

How  does  the  coast  of  South  America  differ  from  that  of  North  America?  —  What 
effect  has  this  had  upon  the  settlement  of  the  country  by  Europeans?  —  What  are 
the  three  mountain-systems?  —  Describe  the  Andes, —  The  Great  Plateau  of  the 
Andes, 


Tlateau,  in  the  centre  of  the  system,  is  about  a  thousand  miles  long.  It  contains 
Lake  Titicaca,  12,800  feet  above  the  sea,  and  supports  some  of  the  loftiest  moun- 
tains of  the  Andes. 

The  southern  part  of  the  Great  Plateau  is  called  Dexpoblado  ("  uninhabited  "). 
This  is  a  desert  plain,  a  large  portion  of  which  is  covered  with  salt.  The  Plateaus 
of  Bogota,  Quito,  and  Popayan,  are  from  7000  to  10,000  feet  high. 

IV.  The  Parime  system  comprises  several  parallel  ranges,  ex- 
tending from  east  to  west,  between  the  Orinoco  and  Amazon 
rivers.     They  have  an  average  elevation  of  3000  or  4000  feet. 

V.  The  Brazilian  Mountains  (or  Brazilian  Andes)  extend  along 
the  south-east  coast  of  Brazil  for  more  than  2000  miles.  Their 
average  elevation  is  about  3500  feet. 

VI.  The  whole  country  east  of  the  Andes,  with  the  exception 
of  the  Parime  and  Brazilian  Mountains,  is  a  vast  plain.  It  is 
generally  so  level,  that  in  the  rainy  season,  when  the  rivers  over- 
flow their  banks,  vast  tracts  of  country  are  laid  under  water,  pre- 
senting the  appearance  of  large  inland  seas. 

VII.  This  great  plain  comprises  the  basins  of  the  Orinoco,  the 
Amazon,  and  the  La  Plata. 

The  Llanos  (Plains)  of  the  Orinoco,  at  the  close  of  the  wet  season,  are  covered 
with  rich  grass ;  but  in  the  dry  months,  the  lakes  and  pools  are  dried  up,  the 
vegetation  is  withered,  and  the  hot  winds  sweep  clouds  of  dust  over  the  parched 
and  desolate  plain. 

The  Silvas,  or  "forest  plains,"  cover  the  lower  part  of  the  valley  of  the  Amazon, 
and  extend  along  the  banks  of  that  river  for  1500  miles  from  its  mouth.  They  are 
copiously  watered  throughout  the  year. 

The  Pampas,  or  "treeless  plains  "  of  the  La  Plata,  are  covered  with  thistles  and 
coarse  grass.  South  of  the  Pampas  is  the  stony  desert  of  Patagonia.  This  in- 
cludes all  the  country  east  of  the  Andes,  and  south  of  the  River  Negro. 


What  does  Dcspoblado  mean ?  — Describe  the  Parime  system?  — The  Brazilian 
Mountains?  — What  part  of  South  America  is  a  great  plain?  —  Where  are  the 
Llanos?  — Silvas?  — Pampas?  —  How  do  these  plains  differ?— What  kind  of  coun- 
try is  south  of  the  Pampas? 


SOUTH     AMERICA. 


CI 


VIII.  Rivers  and  Lakes. — The  three  principal  rivers  of  South 
America  are  the  Orinoco,  the  Amazon,  and  the  La  Plata. 

Owing  to  the  flatness  of  the  country,  the  water-shed  between  these  great  rivers  is 
sometimes  only  a  gentle  rise  in  the  ground,  so  slight  as  to  be  imperceptible  to  the 
eye ;  and,  in  the  rainy  season,  the  head-waters  of  the  Amazon  mingle  with  those  of 
the  Orinoco  and  La  Plata.  . 

The  River  Cassiquiare  connects  the  Orinoco  with  the  River  Negro,  a  tributary  of 
the  Amazon.  It  sometimes  flows  from  the  Orinoco  into  the  River  Negro,  and  some- 
times in  the  opposite  direction — as  the  water  is  high  or  low  in  the  rivers  which  it 
connects, 

The  Valley  of  the  Amazon  is  the  largest  river-basin  in  the  world ;  it  is  two- 
thirds  as  large  as  the  United  States.  Some  of  the  tributaries  of  this  mighty  stream 
are  longer  than  the  largest  rivers  of  Europe.  The  mouth  of  the  Amazon  is  so  wide, 
that  in  crossing  it  you  would  be  as  oompletely  out  of  sight  of  land,  as  if  you  were 
sailing  on  the  ocean. 

The  Rio  de  la  Plata,  next  to  the  Amazon  and  Mississippi,  drains  the  largest 
extent  of  country  of  any  river  in  America.  Only  one  river  of  the  Eastern  Conti- 
nent (the  Obe)  has  a  larger  basin  than  the  La  Plata. 

A  recent  exploration  of  several  of  its  tributaries,  by  Lieutenant  Page,  of  the  U. 
S.  Navy,  shows  many  of  them  to  be  navigable  nearly  to  their  sources,  and  the 
country  which  they  drain  to  be  one  of  extraordinary  productiveness. 

Many  other  rivers  of  South  America  are  of  great  importance,  and  admit  an  exten- 
sive navigation :  such  as  the  Magdalena,  the  rivers  of  Guiana,  and  of  Brazil. 

IX.  There  are  but  few  permanent  lakes  of  large  size  in  South 
America.  With  the  exception  of  Lake  Titicaca  and  Lake  Mara- 
caybo,  they  are  more  like  vast  morasses  than  lakes. 

Lake  Titicaca  is  a  saltish  lake,  about  half  as  large  as  Lake  Erie.  Its  waters  do 
not  flow  into  the  ocean.  Lake  Maracaybo  is,  more  properly  speaking,  a  bay,  being 
connected  by  a  strait  with  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

X.  Climate. — South  America  lying  principally  within  the  Torrid 
Zone,  has,  for  the  most  part,  a  tropical  climate. 

In  the  low  lands,  within  the  Tropics,  the  heat  is  intense;  but  as  we  go  southward, 
or  ascend  the  mountains,  the  climate  gradually  changes  to  that  of  the  Temperate 
Zone.  In  Patagonia,  the  cold  becomes  severe;  and,  in  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  snow 
falls  almost  every  day. 

XL  Productions.  —  In  no  other  country  do  we  find  more  luxu- 
riance, and  a  greater  variety  of  vegetation,  than  in  South 
America. 

The  forests  yield  many  kinds  of  rare  and  valuable  wood  :  as  the  rosewood,  mahog- 
any, logwood,  and  caoutchouc  tree  (from  the  sap  of  which  India-rubber  is  made). 
Medicinal  plants  of  great  value  are  also  found  here:  as  sarsaparilla,  ipecacuanha, 
and  the  cinchona  tree  (from  which  Peruvian  bark  is  obtained). 

The  forests  cover  a  large  portion  of  the  country  ;  and  are  frequently  so  dense, 
and  so  entangled  by  shrubs,  twining-plants,  and  sharp-edged  grasses,  that  an  axe 
is  necessary  to  clear  the  way. 

The  immense  herds  of  horses  and  cattle  that  roam  over  the  great  plains  are  among 
the  chief  sources  of  wealth  to  the  inhabitants.  The  slaughter  of  oxen,  for  their 
hides,  is  the  principal  business  in  many  parts  of  the  country.  Gold,  silver,  copper, 
and  diamonds,  are  found  in  abundance. 

XII.  Animals.  —  The  beasts  of  prey,  though  numerous  and  for- 
midable, are  much  inferior,  in  size,  strength,  and  ferocity,  to  those 
of  Asia  and  Africa. 

The  jaguar-,  or  South  American  tiger,  and  the  condor  of  the  Andes,  are  among 
the  largest  animals  of  South  America.  The  vampire-bat  is  a  singular  creature, 
which  lives  by  sucking  the  blood  of  animals.  The  Llama  is  much  used  in  the  moun- 
tain regions  as  a  beast  of  burden. 

No  part  of  the  world  contains  a  greater  number  and  variety  of  reptiles  and  insects 
than  are  found  in  the  low  lands  of  South  America.     Huge  alligators  and  water- 

Which  are  the  three  principal  rivers  of  South  America?  —  Is  the  water-shed 
between  them  high  or  low  land  ?  —  Into  what  does  the  Cassiquiare  flow,  when  the 
Orinoco  is  high  and  the  Rio  Negro  low?  —  What  is  said  of  the  Basin  of  the  Ama- 
zon?—  The  La  Plata?  —  Are  there  any  other  rivers  of  importance  in  South 
America?  —  Describe  the  lakes.  —  Is  it,  in  general,  a  hot  or  cold  country?  —  What 
are  some  of  the  productions? 


snakes  swarm  in  the  rivers  and  marshes  of  the  tropical  regions ;  the  boa-con- 
strictor attains  a  monstrous  size ;  and  many  venomous  snakes  lie  coiled  under  the 
leaves. 

Scorpions,  centipedes,  and  spiders,  in  some  sections,  keep  the  traveller  in  con- 
stant alarm;  while  the  incessant  stinging  of  flies,  mosquitoes,  and  other  insects, 
renders  life  miserable, —  indeed,  some  places  are  so  infested  with  these  plagues  as 
to  be  quite  uninhabitable  even  by  the  Indians. 


SOUTH   AMERICAN    SCENERY. 


XIII.  Inhabitants.  —  The  population  of  South  America  consists 
of  whites,  Indians,  negroes,  and  mixed  races. 

The  whites,  who  form  but  a  small  proportion  of  the  population,  are  chiefly  the 
descendants  of  Spanish  and  Portuguese.  They  are,  in  general,  an  idle  people,  fond 
of  swinging  in  their  hammocks,  and  smoking  cigars.  The  negroes  were  brought 
into  the  country  for  slaves :  but  most  of  them  have  been  freed,  except  in  Brazil. 

The  Indians  of  the  settled  States  are  an  inoffensive  people,  and  in  some  places 
perform  most  of  the  labor  of  the  country.  In  the  interior,  however,  there  are  many 
fierce  and  savage  tribes. 

XIV.  History.  —  Columbus  landed  at  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco 
Eiver,  in  1498.  The  European  nations  soon  took  possession  of  the 
country.  Brazil  was  settled  by  the  Portuguese ;  Guiana,  by  the 
Dutch  and  French ;  and  Spain  claimed  the  rest. 

In  the  first  quarter  of  the  present  century,  the  Spanish  colonies,  after  a  long  and 
severe  struggle,  threw  off  the  yoke  of  Spain,  and  established  themselves  as  inde- 
pendent republics.     Brazil,  in  1822,  effected  a  peaceable  separation  from  Portugal. 

XV.  Religion. — The  people  of  South  America  are  chiefly  Roman 
Catholics ;  except  in  British  and  Dutch  Guiana,  where  the  Prot- 
estant religion  prevails. 

POLITICAL  DIVISION'S. 

XVI.  The  countries  embraced  within  the  limits  of  South  America 
are  nine  Republics,  namely :  Venezuela,  United  States  of  Colombia, 
Ecuador,  Peru,  Bolivia,  Chili,  the  Argentine  Confederation,  Uru- 
guay, and  Paraguay ;  the  Empire  of  Brazil ;  the  colonies  of  British, 
Dutch,  and  French  Guiana ;  and  the  unsettled  country  of  Patagonia. 

Name  some  of  the  animals. —  How  do  they  compare  with  those  of  the  tropical 
regions  of  the  Old  World?  — What  is  said  of  the  reptiles  and  insects  ?  — What 
classes  does  the  population  comprise?  —  What  is  the  character  of  the  whites?  — 
By  whom  was  South  America  first  settled  ?  — To  what  religion  are  the  principal 
part  of  the  inhabitants  attached  ?  — Name  the  Political  Divisions  of  South 
America. 


62 


COMMON-SCHOOL    GEOGRAPHY. 


VENEZUELA,  UNITED  STATES  OF  COLOMBIA,  ECUADOR, 

PERU,  BOLIVIA. 

XVII.  These  States  are  much  alike  in  the  character  of  their  sur- 
face, climate,  and  productions.  Each  of  them  is  divided  into  three 
distinct  regions :  the  narrow  plain  on  the  coast ;  the  mountains  and 
plateaus  in  the  centre ;  and  the  great  plains  which  stretch  from  the 
Andes  into  the  interior. 

The  coast  of  Venezuela,  Ecuador,  and  the  United  States  of  Colombia,  is  very  wet ; 
which  fact,  combined  with  the  intense  heat,  makes  the  climate  exceedingly  unhealthy. 

The  coast  of  Bolivia  and  Peru  is  dry  and  barren,  for  the  lofty  mountains  in  these 
States  intercept  the  rain-clouds  in  their  passage  to  the  Pacific.  The  Bolivian  coast, 
indeed,  is  an  absolute  desert. 

XVIII.  The  largest  towns  in  this  region  are  in  the  interior,  and 
are  generally  situated  on  the  table-lands,  where  the  climate  is  cool 
and  healthy. 

Owing  to  the  mountainous  character  of  the  country,  communication  between  the 
towns  of  the  coast  and  of  the  interior  is  difficult,  and  commerce  very  limited.  Travel- 
ling among  the  mountains  is  often  extremely  difficult  and  dangerous. 


There  are  scarcely  any  carriage-roads  ;  travellers  and  goods  are  carried  by  mules, 
or  on  the  backs  of  men.  The  traveller  sits  in  a  chair  which  is  slung  upon  the  back 
of  the  Indian  porter ;  and  in  this  manner  they  cross  the  most  frightful  chasms,  upon 
the  slippery  trunk  of  a  tree,  where  a  single  false  step  would  be  fatal. 

XIX.  Venezuela.  —  The  greater  part  of  this  State  is  included 
within  the  Llanos,  or  plains  of  the  Orinoco. 

No  white  man  has  ever  reached  the  source  of  this  great  river,  which  flows  through 
a  wilderness  of  forests  and  plains.  Upon  the  banks  dwell  a  tribe  of  savages,  who 
partially  subsist  upon  balls  of  clay.    They  are  called  the  "  dirt-eaters  of  the  Orinoco." 

La  Guayra  is  the  principal  sea-port.  Caraccas,  the  capital,  is  among  the  moun- 
tains. Margarita,  a  small  island  of  the  West  Indies,  near  the  coast,  belongs  to  Ven- 
ezuela.    Margarita  (which  means  "a  pearl")  was  once  famous  for  its  pearl-fisheries. 

Which  of  the  States  resemble  each  other  in  surface,  climate,  and  productions?  — 
Into  what  regions  is  each  divided?  — What  is  the  character  of  the  coast  of  Vene- 
zuela, Ecuador,  and  the  United  States  of  Colombia  ?  —Bolivia  and  Peru  ?  —  Where 
are  the  principal  towns  situated  ?  — Where  is  Venezuela? — What  kind  of  people 
live  on  the  banks  of  the  Orinoco?  —  Name  the  principal  sea-port  of  Venezuela?  — 
What  is  the  capital? 


XX.  United  States  of  Colombia— The  Andes  are  divided,  in  this 
Republic,  into  three  chains.  Down  the  valleys  between  them  flow 
the  Magdalena  and  Cauca,  the  principal  rivers  of  the  country. 

Cartagena  is  the  principal  sea-port.  Aspinwall  and  Panama,  on  opposite  shores 
of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  arc  connected  by  a  railroad.  Bogota  (the  capital)  and 
Popayan  are  on  lofty  table-lands  in  the  interior,  several  thousand  feet  above  the 
sea. 

XXI.  Ecuador  is  crossed  by  the  Equator,  and  derives  its  name 
from  that  circumstance.  It  contains  Chimborazo,  Cotopaxi,  and 
several  more  of  the  most  famous  volcanoes  of  the  Andes. 

Quito,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  an  elevated  plain,  almost  directly  under  the 
Equator.     Guayaquil,  on  the  gulf  of  that  name,  is  the  principal  Bea-port. 

XXII.  Pern,  though  now  of  little  importance  among  nations,  is 
remarkable  for  its  history. 

At  the  time  of  the  discovery  of  the  New  World,  Peru,  like  Mexico,  was  inhabited 
by  Indians,  who  were  considerably  advanced  in  civilization.  They  were  governed 
by  a  race  of  princes,  called  Incas,  whose  empire  extended  along  the  Andes,  from 
the  United  States  of  Colombia  to  the  southern  boundary  of  Chili. 

Pizarro,  a  bold  Spanish  adventurer,  had  heard  of  the  wealth  of  Peru,  and  the 
great  abundanoe  of  its  gold  and  silver.  With  a  small  band  of  fierce  and  brave  fol- 
lowers, he  entered  the  country,  took  possession  of  the  empire  and  treasure  of  the 
Incas,  and  Peru  thus  became  a  part  of  the  Spanish  possessions. 

The  Chincha  and  Lobos  Islands,  which  lie  on  the  coast,  belong  to  Peru.  They 
arc  of  great  value  for  the  immense  quantity  of  guano  found  upon  them.  It  is 
exported  to  Europe  and  the  United  States,  for  manure. 

Lima,  the  capital  of  Peru,  is  a  large  city,  six  miles  from  the  coast,  and  is  situated 
in  a  fine  river  valley.  Callao  is  the  principal  sea-port.  Among  the  mountain  towns 
arc  Cerro  Pasco,  famous  for  its  silver  mines;  Cuzco,  the  capital  of  the  ancient  Peru- 
vian monarchy ;  Arequipa,  and  Huamanga. 

XXIII.  Bolivia  was  named  in  honor  of  General  Bolivar,  under 
whose  guidance  the  people  threw  off  the  yoke  of  Spain. 

The  Bolivian  coast  is  a  narrow  strip  of  barren  country,  and  contains  no  sea-port 
of  any  importance.  The  foreign  trade  is  carried  on  through  Peru  and  La  Plata ; 
but  communication  is  so  difficult,  that  few  of  the  products  will  pay  the  cost  of  trans- 
portation to  the  coast. 

Potosi  stands  on  the  side  of  a  mountain  of  the  same  name,  at  the  height  of  13,350 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  is  said  to  be  the  highest  city  in  the  world.  The 
silver-mines  of  Potosi  are  estimated  to  have  yielded  the  value  of  sixteen  hundred 
millions  of  dollars  since  their  discovery  ;  but  though  they  arc  nearly  as  rich  as  ever, 
they  are  not  now  worked,  for  want  of  proper  enterprise. 

Sucre,  the  capital,  and  La  Paz,  the  largest  town,  are  on  the  high  table-lands  of 
the  interior. 

XXIV.  The  exports  of  this  section  of  South  America  are  made 
principally  from  La  Guayra  and  Cartagena  on  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
and  Guayaquil  and  Callao  on  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

From  La  Guayra  are  shipped  coffee,  cotton,  sugar,  cacao,  indigo,  and  hides;  from 
the  other  ports,  gold  and  silver,  hides,  some  tobacco,  cotton,  and  Peruvian  bark. 


CHILI. 

XXV.  Chili  lies  wholly  upon  the  western  side  of  the  Andes. 
The  greater  part  of  the  country  is  covered  with  hills,  which  branch 
off  from  that  great  chain,  and  diminish  in  height  as  they  approach 
the  coast. 

The  most  fertile  districts  of  Chili  are  in  the  southern  half  of  the  country. 
Towards  the  north,  the  hills  become  more  naked  and  barren,  and  finally  merge 
into  the  Desert  of  Atacama  on  the  Bolivian  coast. 


Describe  the  United  States  of  Colombia.— What  is  the  capital  ?  — From  what  does 
Ecuador  derive  its  name?— What  is  the  capital?  — For  what  is  Peru  remarkable? 
—  Name  the  capital.  —  In  honor  of  whom  was  Bolivia  named?  —  Through  what 
countries  does  it  carry  on  its  foreign  trade?  —  For  what  is  Potosi  noted  ?  —  What 
is  the  capital  of  Bolivia?  — The  largest  town?  — Where  is  Chili  ?  — What  is  the 
character  of  the  surface. 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


63 


XXVI.  One  of  the  Juan  Fernandez  Islands,  400  miles  from  Chili, 
is  famous  for  having  been  the  solitary  residence  of  Alexander 
Selkirk,  a  Scotch  sailor.  His  life  and  adventures  in  this  lonely  spot 
are  supposed  to  have  given  rise  to  the  story  of  Robinson  Crusoe. 

XXVII.  The  climate  of  Chili  is  temperate,  and  remarkably 
healthy.  The  rains  fall  in  the  winter  months,  from  June  to  Septem- 
ber, and  the  country  is  soon  covered  with  wild  flowers  and  verdure. 

XXVIII.  The  Chilians  are  more  active  and  intelligent  than  the 
other  inhabitants  of  Spanish  America,  and  are  making  considerable 
advancement  in  their  state  of  society. 

The  Araucanians  are  a  bold  and  warlike  tribe  of  savages,  inhabiting  a  distinct 
territory  in  the  southern  part  of  Chili.  They  are  a  noble  race;  and,  by  their 
singular  valor,  have  always  maintained  their  independence  of  Spanish  rule. 

Santiago  is  the  capital  of  Chili.  Valparaiso  is  the  principal  sea-port,  and  the 
most  important  city  on  the  western  coast  of  South  America.  Copper  and  other 
metals  are  exported  in  considerable  quantities  from  Copiapo  and  Tongoy.  Wheat  is 
also  an  important  article  of  export. 

THE  ARGENTINE  CONFEDERATION. 

XXIX.  The  Argentine  Confederation  consists  of  a  number  of 
States  united  under  a  government  modelled  after  that  of  the  United 
States. 

XXX.  Buenos  Ayres,  the  most  important  State  of  the  Republic, 

for  a  long  time  maintained  an  independent  government,  and  was 

frequently  at  war  with  the  other  States.     It  is  now,  however  (1867), 

again  a  member  of  the  Confederation. 

Buenos  Ayres,  the  capital,  is  the  largest  city  in  the  Basin  of  the  La  Plata,  and 
one  of  the  most  important  commercial  cities  in  South  America.  Parana  is  rapidly 
increasing  in  population.  Rosario,  on  the  Parana  River,  has  of  late  years  become 
a  commercial  mart  of  much  importance.  Mendoza  is  the  oentre  of  trade  between 
Buenos  Ayres  and  Chili. 

URUGUAY. 

XXXI.  This  republic  has,  from  its  position,  and  the  fertility  of 
its  soil,  many  natural  advantages ;  but  the  wars,  which  it  has 
been  forced  to  carry  on  with  Buenos  Ayres,  have  checked  the 
commerce  and  industry  of  the  country. 

Since  the  navigation  of  the  La  Plata  has  been  made  free,  however,  it  is  probable 
that  commerce  will  increase.  Montevideo  is  the  capital,  and  the  only  town  of 
importance. 

PARAGUAY. 

XXXII.  This  country,  situated  far  in  the  interior,  has  hitherto 

had  but  little  communication  with  foreigners.     Assumption  is  the 

capital. 

Mai(,  or  Paraguay  tea,  is  the  dried  leaf  of  an  evergreen  tree  which  grows  in 
great  abundance  in  Paraguay.  A  beverage  made  from  this  tea  is  a  favorite  drink 
in  South  American  countries. 

XXXIII.  Uruguay  and  Paraguay  were  formerly  members  of  the 
Argentine  Confederation.  Paraguay  was  for  many  years  governed 
by  the  dictator,  Dr.  Francia,  who  obliged  the  people  to  be  educated, 
and  to  engage  in  some  useful  employment.  It  is  only  since  his 
death,  in  1840,  that  the  country  has  been  opened  to  strangers. 

The  exports  of  the  countries  occupying  the  basin  of  the  Bio  de  la  Plata  are 
principally  made  from  the  cities  of  Buenos  Ayres  and  Montevideo.  They  consist 
mainly  of  hides,  horns,  bones,  tallow,  and  wool. 

For  what  is  one  of  the  Juan  Fernandez  Islands  famous  ?  — What  is  the  climate  of 

Chili?  —  Who  are  the  Araucanians  ?  —  Name  the  most  important  towns  of  Chili. 

What  can  you  say  of  the  Argentine  Confederation  and  Buenos  Ayres?  —  What  has 

prevented  the  advancement  of  Uruguay? — Where  is  Paraguay?  —  What  is  Mate"? 

Through  what  citios  are  tho  products  of  the  La  Plata  countries  exported  ? 


BRAZIL. 

XXXIV.  The  central  and  eastern  regions  of  this  immense  empire 
form  a  table-land  of  moderate  elevation,  crossed  by  hills,  which  in 
general  rise  to  only  a  trifling  height  above  its  level. 

The  low  lands  of  the  interior  and  on  the  coast  are  excessively  moist  and  hot. 
The  table-lands  and  the  provinces  of  the  south  have  a  milder  and  drier  climate. 


FAMILY  CONVEYANCE  IN   BRAZIL. 

Brazil  is  one  of  the  richest  countries  in  the  world,  in  its  natural  productions. 
Its  commerce  is  very  extensive.  The  gold  mines  are  productive,  and  most  of  the 
diamonds  now  in  use  come  from  Brazil. 

Bio  Janeiro,  the  capital,  has  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  the  world,  and  is  a  place 
of  great  trade.  Bahia,  Pcrnambuco,  Maranham,  and  Par&,  are  also  large  and  im- 
portant commercial  cities.    The  towns  in  the  interior  are  small,  and  of  but  little  note. 

The  exports  of  Brazil  are  coffee,  hides,  sugar,  rice,  cotton,  rosewood,  caoutchouc 
(or  India-rubber),  Peruvian  bark,  and  many  other  articles.  Caoutchouc  and  Peru- 
vian bark  are  brought  down  the  Amazon,  and  are  principally  shipped  from  Para. 
The  greatest  quantity  of  cofFeo  is  sent  from  Rio  Janeiro. 

GUIANA. 

XXXV.  Guiana  is  a  low  and  fertile  region,  with  a  climate  and 
productions  wholly  tropical.     The  heat  is  very  great. 

It  is  divided  into  British,  Dutch,  and  French  Guiana.  Georgetown  is  the  capital 
of  the  British;  Paramaribo,  of  the  Dutch;  and  Cayenne,  of  the  French  portion. 
The  exports  are  sugar,  rum,  coffee,  cocoa,  indigo,  and  tropical  fruits. 

PATAGONIA. 

XXXVI.  Patagonia  is  a  sterile  country,  inhabited  only  by  native 
tribes  of  Indians.  The  Patagonians  are  a  tall  and  muscular  people, 
many  of  whom  are  more  than  six  feet  in  height.  They  subsist 
upon  their  herds  of  cattle,  and  by  hunting. 

Terra  del  Fuego  is  the  most  southern  part  of  the  inhabited  world,  and  is  peopled 
by  a  race  of  miserable  savages,  who  live  chiefly  by  fishing. 

The  Falkland  Islands,  off  Patagonia,  belong  to  Great  Britain.  Great  numbers  of 
wild  cattle  find  pasturage  there,  and  seals  are  hunted  for  their  fur.  A  British 
colony  has  been  established,  but  the  population  is  very  small. 

Describe  the  surface  of  Brazil.  — Its  climate.  —  Name  some  of  its  productions. — 
What  is  the  capital  ?  —  What  are  the  principal  sea-ports  ?  —  What  are  some  of  the 
exports?  —  What  kind  of  country  is  Guiana?  —  To  what  European  nations  does  it 
belong?  —  What  are  the  exports?  —  Who  inhabit  Patagonia? — Where  is  Terra  del 
Fuego?  —  To  what  country  do  the  Falkland  Islands  belong  ?  — Where  are  they  ? 


QUESTIONS   ON  THE   MAP   OF   SOUTH   AMERICA. 


OUTLINE. 

How  does  the  outline  of  South  America  differ  from  that  of  North  America? — Which 
has  the  greatest  number  of  large  islands  near  the  coast? — What  ocean  is  east  of  South 
America  ? What  ocean  is  west  ?  — What  sea  is  north  ?  — Are  the  West  India  Islands  in- 
cluded in  North  or  South  America  ?  —  By  what  country  in  South  America  is  the  island 
of  Margarita  owned  ?  —  By  what  strait  is  Terre  del  Fuego  separated  from  Patagonia? 

Where  are  the  Falkland  Islands  ?  —  To  what  country  do  they  belong  ?  — Where  are 
the  islands  of  Juan  Fernandez?  —  For  what  are  they  famous?  —  To  what  country 
does  the  island  of  Chiloc  belong? — Where  are  the  Lobos  and  Chincha  Islands?  — 
To  what  country  do  they  belong  ?  —  For  what  arc  they  valuable  ? 

What  is  the  most  northern  cape  of  South  America  ? — Where  is  Cape  Parina  ?  — 
Cape  St.  Roquc?  —  Cape  Horn?— What  is  Cape  Horn?— What  bay  south  of  the 
Isthmus  of  Panama? — What  gulf  on  the  coast  of  Ecuador? 


SURFACE. 

What  three  mountain-systems  in  South  America? — Which  of  these  skirts  the 
western  coast  ?  —  Through  how  many  degrees  of  latitude  does  it  extend? — What  is 
the  character  of  this  system  on  the  Isthmus  of  Panama? 

How  far  are  the  Andes  from  the  Pacific  coast  ?  —  Do  they  generally  consist  of  one 
or  of  several  chains? — What  is  the  breadth  of  the  system?  —  To  what  convulsions 
of  nature  is  the  region  of  the  Andes  liable  ? — What  effect  have  these  upon  the  towns  ? 
— What  other  parts  of  Spanish  America  are  subject  to  the  same  disasters  ? 


How  high  is  the  loftiest  summit  of  the  Andes  ?  —  In  what  country  is  it  situated  ? — 
Where  is  Chimborazo  ?  —  Sorata  ?  —  Cotopaxi  ? —  Potosi  ? — Which  of  these  are  vol- 
canoes?—  Is  any  mountain  of  North  America  as  high  as  Aconcagua? 

Where  are  the  Brazilian  Mountains  ?  —  Between  what  rivers  do  the  Parime  Moun- 
tains lie  ?  — What  is  the  character  of  the  surface  of  South  America,  cast  of  the  Andes, 
with  the  exception  of  these  two  systems  ?  —  In  what  general  direction  does  the  land 
slope  ?  

RIVERS  AND  LAKES. 

Into  what  ocean  do  the  principal  rivers  of  South  America  flow  ? — Why  arc  those 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Andes  the  largest  ?  —  Name  the  three  principal  rivers. — Why 
do  their  head-waters  sometimes  mingle  ?  —  In  what  season  does  this  occur  ? 

Which  is  the  largest  river  in  South  America  ? — What  is  the  area  of  its  basin  1^- 
Ilas  any  other  river  a  larger  basin  ?  —  In  what  three  mountain-systems  do  the  waters 
of  this  basin  rise  ?  — Which  of  these  systems  is  on  the  west  ?  —  On  the  north  ?  —  The 
south-east  ?  

The  Amazon  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Tunguragua  and  Ucayale:  in  what 
mountains  do  they  rise?  —  In  what  country  ? — Over  what  kind  of  surface  do  they 
flow? — What  is  the  length  of  the  Amazon  '.' — What  kind  of  surface  is  drained  by 
the  Amazon,  east  of  the  Andes? — What  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  ? 

What  is  the  largest  tributary  of  the  River  Amazon  on  the  north  '!  —  How  is  it  con- 
nected with  the  Orinoco  ?  —  Name  the  largest  tributary  on  the  south. — Which  of  the 
southern  tributaries  discharges  itself  near  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon?  —  Name  the 
two  tributaries  between  the  Tocantins  and  the  Madeira. 

Between  what  two  mountain-chains  is  the  Basin  of  the  Orinoco  situated  ? — What 
are  the  plains  of  the  Orinoco  called?  —  In  what  general  direction  does  this  river 
flow?  —  Between  what  two  mountain-systems  is  the  La  Plata  Basin  situated?  — 
Which  of  these  partly  separates  it  from  the  Basin  of  the  Amazon  ? 


Which  has  the  most  numerous  lakes:  North  or  South  America? — What  is. the 
general  character  of  the  South  American  lakes  ?  —  In  what  countries  is  Lake  Titicaca 
situated?  —  How  high  is  it  located  ?  —  Do  its  waters  flow  into  the  sea? — Where  is 
Lake  Maracaybo  ? 

In  what  country  is  the  Magdalena  River? — What  is  its  principal  tributary?  — 
Name  the  bodies  of  water  through  which  you  would  pass,  sailing  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Cauca  to  that  of  the  Madeira. —  In  what  country  is  the  Essequibo  River? — 
Into  what  does  it  flow  ? 

Down  what  rivers  would  you  float  from  Lake  Xarayes  to  reach  the  Ocean  ?  —  In 
what  mountain-system  do  the  Parana,  Paraguay,  Uruguay,  and  San  Francisco  rivers 
rise  ? — Why  does  the  San  Francisco  flow  in  an  opposite  direction  from  the  others?  — 
What  river  separates  Patagonia  from  the  Argentine  Confederation  ? 
9 


CLIMATE. 

On  which  side  of  the  Equator  is  the  greater  part  of  South  America  situated?  — 
Would  you  find  the  climate  growing  warmer  or  colder,  in  going  southward  from  the 
Equator?  —  In  what  zones  is  South  America? 

Which  zone  contains  the  greatest  extent  of  South  America? — What,  then,  is  the 
prevailing  character  of  the  climate:  temperate  or  tropical? — Where  will  you  find 
(in  the  tropical  portion  of  the  country)  a  mild  and  temperate  climate? 


How  many  seasons  are  there  in  the  tropioal  region  ?  —  In  what  months  is  the  wet 
season,  in  the  northern  half  of  the  Torrid  Zone?  —  In  the  southern  half?  —  If  you 
should  cross  the  Llanos  of  the  Orinoco  in  July,  would  you  find  them  clothed  with 
verdure,  or  parched  with  heat  ? 

What  is  the  season,  in  Rio  Janeiro,  in  July?  —  Is  December  one  of  the  rainy  or 
dry  months  at  that  place  ?  —  Do  the  seasons  in  the  South  Temperate  Zone  occur  in 
the  same  months  as  in  the  North  Temperate  ?  (See  lesson  on  Zones,  page  8.)  —  What 
is  the  season  in  Chili,  then,  in  July  and  August?  —  In  December  and  January? 


POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Name  the  countries  bordering  on  the  Pacific,  beginning  at  the  north. — Which  of 
these  are  in  the  Torrid  Zone?  —  In  the  Temperate? — What  unsettled  territory  at 
the  south  ?  —  Name  the  four  divisions  on  the  northern  coast. — Name  all  those  on 
the  Atlantic  coast  between  Guiana  and  Patagonia. 

Which  is  the  largest  of  the  South  American  countries  ? — Which  has  the  smallest 
extent  of  sea-coast  ?—  What  is  the  character  of  that  coast  ?  —  Describe  the  climate 
of  the  Peruvian  coast. — Of  the  coast  of  Ecuador,  United  States  of  Colombia,  and 
Venezuela. 


What  is  the  government  of  Brazil?  —  To  what  country  docs  Guiana  belong?  — 
What  is  the  government  of  the  other  countries  ?  —  From  what  European  nation  is  the 
white  population  of  Brazil  descended?  —  The  whites  of  the  Spanish  republics?  — 
By  whom  is  the  interior  of  South  America  chiefly  inhabited  ? 

What  countries  are  partly  included  within  the  Basin  of  the  La  Plata?  —  In  what 
confederation  were  Uruguay  and  Paraguay  once  included?  —  Between  what  two 
rivers  is  Paraguay  situated  ? 

What  was  the  extent  of  the  empire  of  the  Incas  ? — Where  is  Araucania  ? — Why 
is  it  independent  ? — Where  is  the  Desert  of  Atacama  ? — What  kind  of  a  country  is 
Patagonia?  —  Describe  the  Patagonians. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

Why  are  many  of  the  towns  in  South  America  situated  among  the  mountains  ?  — 
Why  are  the  towns  on  the  coast  of  Venezuela,  United  States  of  Colombia,  and 
Ecuador,  unhealthy? — Why  are  the  coasts  of  Peru  and  Bolivia  so  dry  ? 

Are  the  following  towns  on  the  coast,  or  among  the  mountains:  La  Guayra, 
Bogota,  Cayenne,  Caraccas,  Aspinwall,  Panama,  Popayan,  Quito,  Guayaquil,  Cuzco, 
Potosi,  Callao,  Lima,  Valparaiso,  Sucre,  Arcquipa,  Huamanga,  Tongoy?  —  Let  each 
scholar  describe  the  situation  of  one  of  these  towns. 


Ship  a  cargo  of  goods  from  Para  to  New  York  :  what  articles  would  be  sent,  and 
across  what  ocean?  —  From  Rio  Janeiro  to  Baltimore?  —  From  the  Chincha  and 
Lobos  Islands  to  Philadelphia  ?  —  From  Valparaiso  to  San  Francisco  ? 

From  what  ports  would  tin  and  copper  be  exported?  —  Diamonds?  —  Gold?  — 
Hides?  —  Coffee?  —  Cocoa? — Rum?  —  Sugar  and  molasses?  —  Peruvian  bark?  — 
From  what  country  is  Yerba  Mat6  obtained  ?  — Where  is  it  principally  consumed  ? 


Bound  each  of  the  divisions  of  South  America. —  Sketch  a  map  of  South  America, 
locating  the  principal  mountains  and  rivers,  and  the  chief  towns. —  Spell  the  fol- 
lowing words : —  Quito.  Cassiquiarc.  Guiana.  Maracaybo.  Magellan.  Venezuela. 
Rio  Janeiro.  Uruguay.  Paraguay.  La  Guayra.  Caraccas.  Chimborazo.  Cotopaxi. 
Guayaquil.  Callao.  Cuzco.  Arcquipa.  Huamanga.  Araucania.  Montevideo. 
Bahia.  Paramaribo.  Cayenne.  Falkland.  Chiloe.  Aconcagua.  Tunguragua. 
Ucayale.     Madeira. 

65 


66 


COMMON-SCHOOL    GEOGEAPEY. 


BULL-JIGHT. 


CHURCH  Or   NOTRE  DAME,  AT  PABIS. 


CONVENT  OF  8T.  BEENABD. 


CHAPTER   XIV. 
EUROPE. 

PHYSICAL    FEATURES. 

I.  The  outline  of  Europe  is  more  irregular  than  that  of  any  other 
division  of  the  earth.  Large  seas  and  gulfs  penetrate  far  into  the  in- 
terior, affording  unequalled  advantages  for  commercial  intercourse. 

II.  Surface. — Europe  is  crossed  from  west  to  east  by  a  great 
mountain-system,  which  is  continued,  in  Asia,  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

The  principal  parts  of  this  system,  in  Europe,  are  the  Cantabrian  Mountains,  the 
Pyrenees,  the  Cevennes,  the  Alps,  the  Balkan  Mountains,  and  the  Caucasus. 

Southward  from  this  great  chain  (both  in  Europe  and  Asia)  extend  a  number  of 
peninsulas,  each  penetrated  by  a  branch  of  the  principal  system.  Thus,  in  Spain 
we  find  the  Sierra  Morena  and  Sierra  Nevada ;  in  Italy,  the  Apennines ;  and  in 
Greece,  the  chain  of  Mount  Pindus. 

The  Carpathians,  and  the  mountains  of  Germany,  are  also  branches  of  the  central 
chain.  The  only  mountains  of  any  importance,  not  connected  with  the  principal 
system,  are  those  of  the  Scandinavian  Peninsula,  and  the  Ural  Mountains. 

III.  Northward  from  this  mountain-system  extends  a  great  plain, 
which  stretches  from  the  Pacific  to  the  Atlantic  Oceans. 

The  European  division  of  this  great  plain  extends  from  the  Ural  Mountains  to 
the  western  shores  of  France.  It  includes  Russia,  Northern  Germany,  Denmark, 
Holland,  Belgium,  and  part  of  France.  A  large  portion  of  this  plain  is  remarkably 
level,  often  extending  many  hundred  miles  with  scarcely  a  rise  in  the  ground. 

In  some  cases  the  surface  of  this  plain  is  lower  than  the  level  of  the  ocean.  Thus, 
the  country  around  the  Caspian  Sea  is  many  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean ;  and  the  coasts  of  Holland  and  Belgium  are  protected  from  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  waves  by  banks  of  earth,  called  dykes. 

Describe  the  outline  of  Europe? — What  ranges  form  its  principal  mountain- 
system? —  What  chains  extend  from  it  to  the  south?  —  What  other  mountains  in 
Europe? — What  is  the  character  of  the  country  north  of  this  system?  —  Describe 
the  great  northern  plain. 


IV.  Lakes  and  Rivers. — Europe  contains  no  such  extensive  plains 
as  are  found  in  America.  The  rivers,  therefore,  are  smaller  than 
those  of  the  Western  Continent. 

The  lakes  consist  of  two  groups :  one  of  which  is  situated  in  the  country  around 
the  Baltic  Sea  —  the  other  is  in  the  valleys  among  the  Alps. 

Most,  of  the  former  flow  into  the  Baltic  Sea.  Being  in  a  level  country  (part  of 
the  Great  Plain),  they  are  shallow,  and  of  considerable  extent.  The  Alpine  lakes, 
on  the  contrary,  lying  in  high  mountain  valleys,  are  small  and  deep.  They  ar« 
famous  for  their  magnificent  scenery. 

V.  The  Climate  of  Europe  exhibits  the  usual  varieties  of  the 
Temperate  Zone  —  passing  from  the  almost  tropical  character  of 
the  southern  shores,  to  the  intense  cold  of  the  Arctic  coast. 

The  shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  protected  by  mountain-chains  from  the  cold 
winds  of  the  north,  enjoy  a  delightful  climate;  though  occasionally  suffering  from 
the  burning  winds  which  sweep  across  the  sea  from  the  Desert  of  Sahara. 

The  climate  of  Eastern  Europe  is  very  different  from  that  of  the  countries  bor- 
dering on  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  In  Eastern  Europe  the  winters  are  excessively  cold, 
even  as  far  south  as  the  Black  Sea ;  while  the  summers  are  very  hot. 

On  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic,'  however,  the  westerly  winds  and  warm  ocean- 
current  render  the  climate  mild  and  moist.  Thus,  in  England  the  grass  is  green 
throughout  the  year ;  while  in  Russia,  in  the  same  latitude,  the  country  is  buried 
in  snow  in  winter,  and  parched  by  fervent  heat  in  summer. 

VI.  Productions. —  Europe  is  rich  in  theaVarious  productions  of 
the  Temperate  Zone,  and  is  veil  supplied  with  useful  minerals. 

On  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  the  olive  (from  which  sweet  oil  is  obtained), 
the  fig,  lemon,  and  orange,  are  very  abundant.  The  Bugar-cane  is  also  cultivated. 
The  mulberry-tree  (whose  leaves  feed  the  silk-worm)  grows  here  luxuriantly. 
Sillt,  therefore,  is  one  of  the  most  important  productions  of  Southern  Europe. 

Great  quantities  of  wine  are  made  in  the  southern  and  central  districts;  and 
beet-root  sugar  is  very  extensively  manufactured,  especially  in  France. 

Why  are  not  the  rivers  of  Europe  as  large  as  those  of  America  ?  — Where  do  you 
find  the  shallow  lakes?  —  Where  the  deep  ones?  —  Why  is  one  group  shallow,  and 
the  other  deep? — What  difference  in  climate  is  there  between  the  various  sections 
of  Europe  ? 


EUROPE. 


67 


The  usual  grains  of  the  Temperate  Zone  are  abundant,  though  Indian  corn  is  not 
so  generally  cultivated  as  in  the  United  States.  Rye,  oats,  barley,  and  potatoes  are 
raised  even  north  of  the  Arctic  Circle.  Hemp  and  flax  are  important  productions 
in  Eastern  and  Central  Europe. 

Gold  and  silver  are  found  in  limited  quantities;  but  there  is  an  abundance  of 
iron,  lead,  tin,  zino,  copper,  coal,  and  salt. 

VII.  Religion. — Most  of -the  inhabitants  of  Europe  profess  the 
Christian  religion.  The  Turks,,  and  some  of  the  tribes  of  Southern 
Russia,  are  Mohammedans ;  and,  scattered  throughout  the  country, 
there  are  about  two  millions  of  Jews. 

Tho  people  of  Russia  and  Greece  are  principally  adherents  of  the  Greek  Church. 
The  greater  part  of  tho  inhabitants  of  Southern  Europe,  Austria,  Belgium,  and 
Ireland,  and  about  one-half  of  the  Germans,  Prussians,  and  Swiss,  are  Roman 
Catholics.  Protestants  are  most  numerous  in  Great  Britain,  Holland,  and  the  other 
countries  of  Northern  Europe. 

POLITICAL   DIVISIONS. 

VIII.  Europe  comprises  forty-three  States,  of  which  four  are 
empires,  and  twelve  are  kingdoms.  Among  the  smaller  States  are 
four  republics  and  three  free  cities. 

Great  Britain,  France,  Russia,  Prussia,  and  Austria,  arc  the  most  important 
countries  of  Europe.     These  are  called  the  five  Great  Powers. 

IX.  Europe  may  be  divided  into  three  sections :  Northern  and 
Eastern  Europe,  Western  Europe,  and  Central  Europe.  Northern 
and  Eastern  Europe  comprise  Sweden  and  Norway,  and  Russia. 

THE    KINGDOM    OF    SWEDEN    AND    NORWAY. 

X.  Sweden  and  Norway  occupy  the  Scandinavian  Peninsula. 
They  form  two  distinct  States,  with  separate  governments,  but  are 
united  under  one  king. 

XI.  Surface. — The  western  part  of  Sweden,  and  nearly  the  whole 
of  Norway,  are  mountainous.  The  south-eastern  part  of  Sweden  is 
a  level  plain,  resembling  that  on  the  opposite  shores  of  the  Baltic  Sea. 

The  mountains  of  the  peninsula  rise  abruptly  from  tho  Atlantic  coast,  but  they 
descend  more  gradually  towards  the  east. 

XII.  Productions. — The  chief  wealth  of  the  country  is  in  its 
mines  of  iron  and  copper,  its  forests,  and  its  fisheries.  The  principal 
exports  are  iron,  lumber,  and  fish. 

The  greater  part  of  the  peninsula  is  too  barren  for  cultivation,  yet  rye,  oats,  and 
barley  are  raised  in  Norway,  1400  miles  further  north  than  on  the  opposite  coast 
of  America.  Great  quantities  of  fish  are  caught  off  the  shores  of  the  Loffoden 
Islands. 

Towns.  —  Stockholm  is  the  capital  of  Sweden,  and  the  chief  commercial  city. 
Christiana  is  the  capital  of  Norway.  Hammerfest  is  the  most  northern  town  of 
Europe. 

Islands.  —  The  islands  of  Gothland  and  Oland,  in  the  Baltic  Sea,  and  St.  Bartholo- 
mew, one  of  the  West  Indies,  belong  to  Sweden.  The  Faroe  Islands,  west  of  Norway, 
belong  to  Denmark. 

XIII.  Lapland. — The  country  north  of  the  Arctic  Circle,  between 
the  White  Sea  and  Atlantic  Ocean,  is  called  Lapland.  It  belongs 
to  Russia,  Sweden,  and  Norway. 

The  chief  wealth  of  the  Laplanders  consists  in  their  numerous  herds  of  reindeer. 
These  supply  them  with  food,  clothing,  and  the  means  of  travelling. 

Name  some  of  the  important  productions  of  Europe.  —  What  different  forms  of 
religion  do  the  inhabitants  profess  ?  —  Name  the  five  great  European  Powers.  —  Into 
what  three  sections  may  Europe  be  divided  ? — What  are  the  countries  of  Northern  and 
Eastern  Europe  ? — Describe  the  surface  of  Sweden  and  Norway. — Name  the  principal 
productions.  — What  is  the  capital  of  Sweden  ?  —  Norway  ?  — What  islands  belong  to 
Sweden?  —  To  what  country  do  the  Faroe  Islands  belong? — Where  is  Lapland? 


RUSSIAN  EMPIRE. 

The  Russian  Empire  is  the  largest  in  extent  in  the  world.  It 
comprises  fully  one  half  of  Europe,  and  more  than  a  third  of 
Asia. 

XV.  European  Russia  is,  for  the  most  part,  very  level.  The 
only  mountainous  section  is  the  region  north  of  the  Caucasus 
Mountains. 

XVI.  Productions. — The  principal  wealth  of  Russia  consists  in 
its  forests,  and  in  the  products  of  agriculture  and  grazing.  Iron, 
gold,  and  platinum,  are  found  in  abundance  in  the  Ural  Mountains, 
principally  on  the  Asiatic  side. 

The  forests  cover  two-fifths  of  the  country.  Great  quantities  of  wheat  are  raised 
in  the  central  and  south-western  regions,  and  exported  to  Western  Europe.  Hemp, 
flax,  tallow,  hides,  leather,  and  timber,  are  also  important  articles  of  export. 

XVII.  Inhabitants. — The  people  are  divided  into  four  classes:  — 
1.  the  nobles;  2.  the  clergy;  3.  the  merchants;  4.  the  lately, 
emancipated  serfs.     The  government  is  an  absolute  monarchy. 

On  the  outskirts  of  Russia  there  are  many  tribes  belonging  to  the  Mongolian 
race:  such  as  the  Finns  and  Laplanders,  the  Semoides,  and  the  Cossacks.  Tho 
Cossacks  inhabit  the  Steppes,  or  treeless  plains  in  the  south-east,  and  are  of  great 
service  in  the  Russian  army  as  light  cavalry.  The  Circassians,  a  bold  and  hardy 
people  who  long 'resisted  the  Russians,  belong  to  the  Caucasian  race. 


MONUMENT  TO  THE  EMPEROR  ALEXANDER  I.,  AT  ST.  PETERSBURG. 

XVIII.  Towns. — St.  Petersburg,  the  capital  of  the  Russian 
Empire,  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  River  Neva. 

•  Moscow,  the  ancient  capital,  was  burnt  by  the  inhabitants,  to  prevent  its  falling 
into  tho  hands  of  Napoleon,  during  his  invasion  in  1812.  Warsaw  was  the  capital 
of  Poland.  Sebastopol  is  famous  for  the  siege  which  it  sustained  for  a  year,  against 
the  English,  French,  Turkish,  and  Sardinian  armies.     It  was  finally  taken. 

The  principal  ports  for  foreign  commerce  are  St.  Petersburg,  •  Cronstadt,  Riga, 
Archangel,  and  Odessa.  The  principal  centres  of  trade  in  the  interior  are  Moscow 
and  Niznei  Novgorod.  At  the  latter  place  a  great  fair  is  held  every  year,  which  is 
attended  by  many  thousands  of  people,  who  come  from  different  parts  of  Europo 
and  Asia  to  buy  and  sell  goods. 

Is  there  any  other  empire  larger  than  the  Russian? — Describe  the  surface  of 
European  Russia. — Name  the  principal  productions. — What  are  the  principal 
exports?  —  Into  what  classes  are  the  people  divided?  —  Name  some  of  the  tribes  on 
the  outskirts  belonging  to  the  Mongolian  race.  —  To  what  race  do  the  Circassians 
belong  ?  — What  is  the  capital  of  Russia  ?  — Which  are  the  principal  ports  for  foreign 
commerce?  —  Name  the  principal  centres  of  the  inland  trade. 


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70 


COMMON-SCHOOL  GEOGRAPHY. 


CHAPTER  XV. 

GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 

I.  The  British  Islands  comprise  Great   Britain,  Ireland,  and 

many  smaller  adjacent  islands. 

The  island  of  Great  Britain  includes  England,  Scotland,  and  Wales.  The  mon- 
archy is  styled  "The  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland."  The  entire 
kingdom,  with  its  colonies,  constitutes  the  British  Empire,  which  is  generally  called 
Great  Britain. 

II.  The  sea-coast  is  very  irregular,  and  abounds  in  fine  harbors 
and  roadsteads. 

III.  Surface.  —  England  and  Ireland  are  generally  level  or  undu- 
lating.    Scotland  and  Wales  are  rugged  and  mountainous. 

The  surface  of  Scotland  is  divided  by  the  Grampian  Mountains  into  the  Uigh- 
lnn  da  and  Lowlands,  —  the  Highlands  lying  north,  and  the  Lowlands  south,  of  the 
mountains. 

IV.  Climate.  — ;  The  climate  is  moist  and  mild.  The  winters  even 
of  Scotland  are  rarely  severe.  The  soil  of  England  and  Ireland, 
by  careful  culture,  has  been  rendered  fertile  and  productive. 

The  moisture  of  the  climate  gives  the  fields  a  continually  fresh  and  verdant  ap- 
pearance ;  but  it  sometimes  prevents  the  ripening  of  the  crops.  Ireland  contains 
over  3,000,000  acres  of  turf  bog,  from  which  peat,  the  chief  article  of  fuel,  is 
obtained. 

V. .  Productions.  —  The  chief  wealth  of  Great  Britain  consists  in 
her  commerce  and  manufactures,  and  in  products  of  her  mines. 

Great  Britain  surpasses  every  other  country  in  the  world  in  the  amount  of  her 

manufactures ;  of  which  the  most  important  are  those  of  cotton,  wool,  and  iron. 
V, 

VI.  Commerce.  —  In  the  extent  and  importance  of  her  commerce, 
Great  Britain  holds  the  first  rank  among  nations.  She  imports  from 
other  countries  such  materials  as  her  own  soil  or  mines  do  not  fur- 
nish, and,  in  return,  sends  her  manufactured  products  to  every 
market  in  the  world. 

The  trade  with  the  United  States  exceeds  that  with  any  other  nation,  the  amount 
of  exports  to  this  country  being  nearly  double  that  which  she  sends  to  any  other. 

Great  Britain  requires  a  large  navy  to  protect  her  extensive  commerce  and  dis- 
tant colonies.  She  accordingly  ranks  among  the  first  naval  powers  in  the  world. 
She  has  also  established  lines  of  steam  packets  to  all  the  principal  ports  of  the  world. 

Minerals. — The  tin  mines  of  Cornwall  have  been  famous  from  remote  antiquity. 
Rich  mines  of  pit  coal,  copper,  iron,  and  slate  are  found  in  Wales. 

What  do  the  British  Islands  comprise? — What  is  the  British  Empire?  —  Describe 
the  surface. — Climate  and  soil.  —  What  are  the  chief  productions  ?  —  What  can  you 
say  of  the  commerce  of  Great  Britain?  —  Of  the  navy? — Of  the  minerals? 

QUESTIONS   ON   THE  MAP. 

In  what  direction  from  the  mainland  of  Europe  are  the  British  Isles? In  what 

direction  from  the  United  States?  —  What  branches  of  the  Atlantic  separate  them 
from  the  mainland? — What  sea  between  England  and  Ireland?  —  By  what  channel 
may  it  be  entered  from  the  south?  —  From  the  north  ?—  What  strait  separates  Eng- 
land from  France?  —  The  island  of  Anglesea  from  Wales?  —  What  docs  the  island 
of  Great  Britain  comprise  ?  —  What  groups  of  small  islands  near  it  ? — Where  is  the 
Isle  of  Wight?  — The  Isle  of  Man? 

Where  are  the  Grampian  Hills?— What  is  the  portion  of  Scotland  north  of  these 

hills  called?  — South  of  them?  — What   hills  separate  England  and  Scotland? 

Mount  Snowdon  (3571  ft.  high)  is  the  highest  point  of  land  in  England  and  Wales: 
where  is  it  ?  , 

Name  three  principal  rivers  flowing  into  the  North  Sea.  — Which  of  them  is  most 

important?  — Where  is  the  Severn?  — The  Mersey  ?  — The  Solway  ? The  Clyde? 

The  Liffey  ?  — The  Shannon  ?  —  Name  two  of  the  Channel  Islands. 

Which  is  farther  north,  Great  Britain  or  New  England  ?  —  Which  of  these  coun- 
tries has  the  milder  winters?  —  Why  ?  — Which  has  the  warmer  summer,  London  or 
St.  Petersburg?  — Why  ?  —  How  does  Great  Britain  compare  with  other  countries 
in  the  amount  of  her  manufactures?  —  What  is  commerce? 


In  the  year  1865  Great  Britain  produced  about  70,000,000  tons  of  coal,  and  about 
4,200,000  tons  of  iron. 

VII.  Towns.  —  London,  the  capital  of  the  British  Empire,  is  the 
largest  city  in  the  world,  and  the  first  in  commercial  importance. 
It  has  a  population,  according  to  the  census  of  1865,  of  3,015,000, 
and  covers  an  area  of  about  one  hundred  and  twenty-two  square 
miles.  The  city  is  situated  on  both  banks  of  the  Thames,  which  is 
crossed  by  nine  bridges. 

Liverpool  is  the  second  city  in  population,  and  is  the  great  port  of  the  manufac- 
turing districts.  It  is  the  city  through  which  the  most  of  the  commerce  with  the 
United  States  is  carried  on.  Its  fine  docks  on  the  river  Mersey  cover  more  than 
four  hundred  acres.  Portsmouth,  Plymouth,  and  Chatham  are  the  three  principal 
naval  stations.  Manchester  is  noted  for  its  cotton  manufactures  —  the  most  exten- 
sive in  the  world ;  Leeds  and  Bradford,  for  their  manufactures  of  wool;  Birming- 
ham, for  hardware ;  Sheffield,  for  cutlery  and  plated  ware.  Edinburgh  is  the 
metropolis  of  Scotland.  Glasgow  is  the  largest  city,  and  the  chief  seat  of  commerce 
and  manufactures.  Dundee  and  Aberdeen  are  noted  for  manufactures  and  ship- 
building. 

Dublin  is  the  capital  and  largest  city  in  Ireland.  Belfast  is  the  first  commercial 
city,  and  the  seat  of  the  linen  manufacture.  Cork  is  the  third  city  in  Ireland, 
and  has  an  extensive  commerce.  Limerick  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  gloves, 
lace,  and  fish-hooks.     Galway  is  the  principal  seaport  on  the  western  coast. 

Merthyr  Tydvil,  the  largest  town  in  Wales,  is  noted  for  its  iron-works.  Swansea 
is  the  principal  seat  of  the  copper  trade  of  Great  Britain,  and  is  much  resorted  to 
for  sea-bathing. 

VIII.  Great  Britain  has  colonies  in  every  quarter  of  the  globe, 
and  unites  under  one  sovereign  a  greater  number  of  people  than 
are  ruled  by  any  other  government. 

The  principal  foreign  possessions  of  Great  Britain  are  as  follows :  — 

In  Europe, 

Gibraltar,  in  Spain. 

Malta  and  Gozo,  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean. 
In  Asia. 

British  India,  including  Ceylon, 
Hindoostan,  a  part  of  Farther 
India,  and  Singapore. 

The  island  of  Hong-Kong  (China). 

Aden  (Arabia). 
In  Africa. 

Sierra  Leone,  and  other  settlements 
on  the  western  coast. 

Cape  Colony  and  Natal,  in  South 
Africa. 

St.  Helena  and  Ascension  Islands. 

Mauritius  and  Seychelle  Islands. 

Describe  London.  —  Liverpool.  —  Name  and  describe  the  principal  towns  in 
Scotland. — In  Ireland.  —  In  Wales.  —  Let  each  scholar  name  one  of  the  foreign 
colonies  of  Great  Britain  and  say  what  he  can  about  it. 

Does  Great  Britain  export  or  import  cotton? — Broadcloth  ?  —  Tea  ?  —  Razors?  — 
With  what  country  is  she  most  extensively  engaged  in  trade?  —  Which  divisions 
have  a  fertile  soil  ? 

Where  is  peat  found?  —  Is  it  a  vegetable  or  mineral  product?  —  Cornwall  is  the 
southwestern  county  of  England :  what  celebrated  mines  there?— What  mines  in 
Wales?  —  Are  minerals  generally  found  in  mountainous  or  level  districts? 

To  what  city  in  England  would  you  go  to  buy  cotton  goods?  —  Hardware?  — 
Woollens?  —  Cutlery?  —  Which  is  the  largest  city  in  Scotland?  —  In  Ireland?  — 
What  town  in  England  opposite  Calais  in  France?  —  From  Dover  to  Calais  is  twenty- 
one  miles:  across  what  strait  would  you  sail?  —  What  is  the  most  southwestern 
point  of  the  island  of  Great  Britain?  —  What  is  the  chief  town  in  Wales?  —  What 
channels  separate  Ireland  from  Great  Britain?  —  What  is  the  latitude  of  London? 
—  Longitude?  —  Where  is  Menai  Strait?  —  What  city  has  a  population  nearlyequal 
to  that  of  all  New  England  ?  —  Where  is  Valentia  Harbor?  — What  is  the  seat  of 
the  linen  manufacture  in  Ireland  ? — Where  is  Cork? — What  articles  are  manufac- 
tured at  Limerick  ?  —  Which  is  farther  west,  Ireland  or  the  Spanish  Peninsula  ?  — 
On  what  river  is  Dublin  ?  — Give  the  boundary,  capital,  and  two  other  important  towns, 
of  each  division  of  the  British  Isles.    Name,  also,  the  principal  rivers  and  mountains. 

Sketch  from  memory,  if  you  can,  a  map  of  each  division,  locating  the  chief  towns, 
mountains,  and  rivers. 


In  Oceanica. 

Part  of  Borneo,  and  the  island  of 

Labuan. 
Australia. 
Tasmania. 
Norfolk  Island. 
New  Zealand. 

In  America. 

British  America. 

The  Bermuda  Islands. 

Balize. 

Jamaica,   and   other   islands  in  the 

West  Indies. 
British  Guiana. 
The  Falkland  Islands. 


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COMMON-SCHOOL    GEOGRAPHY. 


THE  CRYSTAL  PALACE. 


CHAPTER    XVI. 
WESTERN   EUROPE. 

I.  Western'  Europe  comprises  Denmark,  Holland,  Belgium, 
France,  Spain,  and  Portugal. 

II.  Surface. — With  the  exception  of  the  Spanish  Peninsula,  these 
countries  are  mostly  included  in  the  Great  European  Plain,  and 
have,  therefore,  a  level  surface. 

III.  Climate. — The  climate  of  Western  Europe  is  much  more  mild 
and  moist  than  that  of  the  Atlantic  coast  of  America  in  the  same 
latitudes.  The  winter  is  warmer,  and  the  heat  of  summer  less 
intense. 

This  is  owing  chiefly  to  the  influence  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  a  warm  ocean-current 
which  issues  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and,  crossing  the  Atlantic,  bathes  the  west- 
ern shores  of  Europe. 

Thus,  Copenhagen  has  a  warmer  winter  than  Washington,  though  the  latter  place 
is  about  eleven,  hundred  miles  farther  south  ;  yet  the  summer  of  Denmark  is  much 
cooler  than  that  of  Canada. 

In  the  Spanish  Peninsula,  the  summers  are  dry  and  hot,  but  the  winters  on  the 
table-lands  are  cold. 

IV.  Coast.  —  The  coast-line  is  much  indented,  thus  furnishing 
excellent  advantages  for  commerce. 

V.  The  greater  part  of  this  section  belongs  to  the  Atlantic 
declivity,  and  is  drained  by  several  large  rivers,  the  principal  of 
which  are  the  Rhine,  the  Scheldt,  the  Seine,  the  Loire,  the  Garonne, 
the  Douro,  the  Tagus,  the  Guadiana,  and  the  Guadalquivir. 

The  rivers  of  France,  Belgium,  and  Holland,  are  navigable  the  greater  part  of 
their  course.  They  are  connected  with  each  other  by  numerous  canals.  The 
Languedoc  Canal,  more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  long,  joins  the  Garonne 
River  to  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  thus  furnishing  an  inland  passage  from  the  Atlantic 
to  the  Mediterranean. 

VI.  Productions.  —  Agriculture  is  the  chief  occupation  of  much 
the  larger  portion  of  the  inhabitants  of  these  countries.  The  manu- 
factures, those  of  Prance  and  Belgium  especially,  are  of  great  value, 
and  celebrated  for  their  delicacy  and  beauty.  The  commerce,  both 
foreign  and  domestic,  is  extensive. 

What  does  Western  Europe  comprise?  —  Describe  the  surface.  —  How  does 
the  climate  compare  with  that  of  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States?  — 
What  is  the  cause  of  this  difference?  —  Give  an  example  to  illustrate  this. — 
Describe  the  coast-line.  —  Name  the  chief  rivers  which  drain  this  section. — 
Describe  the  Languedoc  Canal. — What  is  said  of  agriculture?  —  Of  manufactures? 
Of  commerce? 


Spain  and  Portugal,  though  among  the  most 
fertile  countries  of  Europe,  have,  until  within 
a  few  years,  given  but  little  attention  to  com- 
merce. Their  agriculture  and  manufactures 
are  also  comparatively  unimportant. 

VII.  Minerals.  —  Western  Europe 
abounds  in  valuable  minerals.  Bel- 
gium, next  to  England,  furnishes  more 
coal  than  any  other  country  in  Eu- 
rope. Over  eight  hundred  iron-works 
are  in  operation  in  France.  The 
quicksilver-mines  of  Almaden,  in 
Spain,  are  among  the  richest  in  the 
world. 

DENMARK. 

VIII.  This  kingdom  comprises  the 
peninsula    of    Jutland    and    several 

islands  near  the  entrance  of  the  Baltic  Sea. 

The  duchies  of  Sleswick,  Ilolstein,  and  Lauenburg  were  formerly  a  part  of  Den- 
mark;  but  in  1864  the  armies  of  Austria  and  Prussia  took  forcible  possession  of 
them;  and  in  1866  they  were  annexed  to  Prussia. 

IX.  The  surface  of  the  country  is  perfectly  flat ;  some  portions 
of  the  northern  coast  are  below  the  level  of  the  sea,  from  which 
they  are  defended  by  dikes. 

X.  The  climate  is  moist,  and  milder  than  that  of  the  northern 
German  States.  The  soil  is  well  fitted  for  cultivation,  and  affords 
excellent  pasturage. 

XL  The  productions  are  chiefly  agricultural.  Raising  live-stock, 
grazing,  and  the  dairy,  are  the  chief  occupations  of  the  inhabitants. 

XII.  Towns.  —  Copenhagen  is  the  capital,  and  one  of  the  finest 
cities  in  Northern  Europe. 

The  foreign  possessions  are  Danish  America,  the  Faroe  and  Nicobar  Islands,  and 
three  small  islands  of  the  West  Indies. 

HOLLAND  AND  BELGIUM. 

XIII.  Surface.  —  These  countries  are  included  within  the  Great 
European  Plain.  The  coast  is  so  low  that,  in  many  places,  dikes 
are  necessary  to  prevent  the  land  from  being  overflowed. 

XIV.  Productions. — Holland  is  a  grazing  country,  and  the 
products  of  the  dairy  are  largely  exported.  Belgium  is  an  agri- 
cultural and  manufacturing  country,  and  has  extensive  mines  of 
coal  and  iron. 

Among  the  most  celebratedAnanufactures  of  Belgium  are  the  laces  of  Brussels 
and  Mechlin. 

XV.  Commerce. — The  position  of  these  countries,  and  their  numer- 
ous navigable  rivers,  give  them  remarkable  facilities  for  commerce. 

Internal  communication  is  promoted  by  numerous  canals.  In  Holland,  especially, 
the  canals  run  through  the  streets  of  the  towns,  and  form  a  complete  network  over 
the  country. 

XVI.  Inhabitants. — The  Dutch  are  a  very  industrious  people,  and 
are  generally  better  educated  than  the  inhabitants  of  any  other 
parts  of  Europe,  except  Prussia  and  some  of  the  smaller  German 
States.  The  Belgians  are  not  less  industrious ;  but  education  is 
much  neglected. 


What  minerals  are  found  in  Western  Europe?— What  does  Denmark  comprise?  — 
What  is  said  of  the  duchies? — Describe  the  surface.  —  Climate.— Productions.— 
What  is  the  surface  of  Holland  and  Belgium  ?  —Which  of  them  is  a  grazing  country? 
—  Which  agricultural?— What  are  manufactured  in  Belgium?— Of  what  use  are 
canals  in  Holland ?  — What  commercial  advantages  have  these  countries?— What  is 
the  character  of  the  Dutch?  — Of  the  Belgians? 


WESTERN    EUROPE. 


73 


XVII.  Towns.  — The  Hague  is  the  capital  of  Ilolland  ;  Brussels, 
of  Belgium.  Amsterdam,  Antwerp,  and  Rotterdam,  are  the  chief 
commercial  cities  of  the  two  countries. 


VIEW   OF  THE  TOWN   HALL,  ERUSSELS. 

The  foreign  possessions  of  the  Dutch  are  Java,  the  Spiee  Islands,  part  of  Sumatra, 
Borneo,  Celebes,  and  many  other  small  islands  in  the  East  Indies;  some  parts  of  the 
coast  of  Guinea,  in  Africa;  and  a  part  of  Guiana,  and  some  of  the  smaller  West 
India  Islands,  in  America.     Belgium  has  no  foreign  possessions. 

PRANCE. 

XVIII.  France  is  one  of  the  richest  and  most  powerful  empires 
in  the  world.  The  position  of  the  country  and  the  fertility  of  its  soil 
give  it  great  commercial  and  agricultural  advantages. 

XIX.  Surface.  —  France  is  separated  from  Spain  on  the  south  by 
the  Pyrenees ;  from  Italy  and  Switzerland  on  the  east  by  the  Alps 
and  the  Jura  Mountains ;  the  Cdvennes,  Auvergne,  and  Vosges  Moun- 
tains extend  in  nearly  a  continuous  chain  across  the  eastern  central 
portion  of  the  country.  The  rest  of  the  surface  belongs  to  the 
European  Plain.  In  the  southwest  are  the  Landes,  extensive  plains 
of  shifting  sands,  which  the  inhabitants  cross  on  stilts. 

XX.  Climate  and  Soil. — No  country  in  Europe  possesses  a  more 
favorable  climate  than  France,  and  no  one  surpasses  it  in  the  value 
and  variety  of  its  vegetable  products. 

XXI.  Productions. — Agriculture  and  manufactures  are  the  prin- 
cipal branches  of  industry.  The  olive,  the  mulberry-tree,  and  the 
orange  are  cultivated  in  the  provinces  bordering  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean :  grain,  hemp,  and  flax  are  raised  in  the  middle  and  northern 
provinces. 

What  is  the  capital  of  Ilolland?  —  Of  Belgium?  — Name  the  principal  commercial 
cities. — What  foreign  possessions  has  Ilolland  in  Asia?  —  In  Africa? — In  America? 
—  What  can  you  say  of  the  position  of  France?  —  Describe  the  surface  of  France. — 
The  climate  and  soil.  —  What  arc  the  chief  branches  of  industry? 


France  exports  more  wine,  brandy,  and  silk  goods,  than  any  other  country.     The  \ 
French  are  noted  for  their  manufactures  of  jewelry,  gloves,  toys,  perfumery,  and 
other  articles  of  finery,  many  of  which  are  brought  to  the  United  States. 

XXII.  Inhabitants.— The  French  are  distinguished  for  their 
gayety,  politeness,  and  love  of  military  glory. 

XXIII.  Towns.— Paris,  the  capital  of  France,  is  the  most  splen- 
did city  in  the  world,  and  is  the  great  centre  of  refinement  and 

civilization. 

The  French  language  is  spoken  by  the  upper  classes  of  Europe,  and  the  influence 
of  Paris  is  felt  throughout  the  civilized  world,  in  all  that  concerns  taste  and  fashion. 

Havre  is  the  port  of  Paris.  Marseilles  and  Bordeaux  are  the  principal  com- 
mercial cities;  most  of  the  wine  is  exported  from  the  latter  city. 

Versailles  contains  one  of  the  most  magnificent  palaces  in  the  world.  Itouen  is  the 
great  seat  of  the  cotton,  and  Lyons,  of  the  silk  manufactures. 

The  foreign  possessions  of  France  are  Algeria,  in  Northern,  and  Senegal,  in 
Western  Africa;  the  Island  of  Bourbon,  and  some  smaller  islands  in  the  Indian 
Ocean;  Pondicherry,  and  a  few  other  places  in  India;  New  Caledonia,  Tahiti,  and 
the  Marquesas  Islands,  in  Occanica;  and  French  Guiana,  two  small  islands  in  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  Martinique,  Guadeloupe,  and  a  few  other  small  islands  of  the 
West  Indies  in  America. 

Corsica,  on  the  coast  of  Italy,  celebrated  as  the  birthplace  of  Napoleon,  also 
belongs  to  France. 

SPAIN  AND    PORTUGAL. 

XXIV.  The  Spanish  Peninsula  comprises  the  two  kingdoms  of 
Spain  and  Portugal. 

These  countries  were  once  very  powerful,  but  their  importance  and  the  extent  of 
their  possessions  are  now  greatly  reduced. 

XXV.  Surface.  —  The  interior  consists  of  mountains  and  table- 
lands ;  approaching  the  coast,  the  country  is  undulating  and  level. 

XXVI.  Productions. — The  most  important  of  these  are  the  vine, 
olive,  mulberry,  and  orange.  Immense  flocks  of  sheep  are  raised  on 
the  table-lands  of  the  interior,  and  great  quantities  of  wool  are 
exported. 

XXVII.  Inhabitants.  —  The  Spanish  and  Portuguese  are  a  re- 
served, dignified,  and  indolent  people.  The  lower  classes  are  very 
ignorant.  Bull-fights  are  a  favorite  amusement,  in  Spain,  for  all 
classes. 

XXVIII.  Towns.  —  Madrid  is  the  capital  of  Spain;  and  Lisbon, 
of  Portugal. 

Barcelona,  Cadiz,  and  Malaga,  are  the  most  important  commercial  cities  of  Spain; 
Lisbon  and  Oporto,  of  Portugal.  We  obtain  sherry  wine  from  Cadiz,  port  wine  from 
Oporto,  and  grapes  and  raisins  from  Malaga. 

Gibraltar,  in  the  south  of  Spain,  the  strongest  fortress  in  the  world,  belongs  to 
Great  Britain.  Palos  is  the  port  from  which  Columbus  sailed  on  his  first  voyage  to 
America. 

XXIX.  The  foreign  possessions  of  Spain  are  Cuba  and  Porto 
Rico,  in  the  West  Indies ;  a  part  of  the  Philippine,  Ladrone,  and  Caro- 
line Islands,  in  Oceanica ;  and  the  Canary  Islands,  west  of  Africa. 

The  Balearic  Islands,  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  Ccuta,  a  fortress  in  Africa, 
on  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  also  belong  to  Spain. 

The  foreign  possessions  of  Portugal  are  the  Azores,  Madeira,  and  Cape  Verd 
Islands,  west  of  Africa ;  Angola  and  Benguela  on  the  western,  and  Mozambique,  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  Africa ;  Goa  and  Macao,  in  Asia ;  and  part  of  the  island  of 
Timor,  in  Oceanica. 

XXX.  Andorra. — This  little  republic  occupies  a  valley  south  of 
the  Pyrenees.  The  population  is  only  5000  or  6000,  but  the  country 
has  been  independent  for  more  than  a  thousand  years. 

Describe  the  French. — Name  the  capital,  and  other  principal  cities. — What  foreign 
possessions  has  France  ?  —  For  what  is  Corsica  noted  ?  — What  countries  occupy  the 
Spanish  Peninsula  ?— Describe  the  surface.— What  arc  the  principal  productions  ?— De 
scribe  the  inhabitants. — Name  the  capitals,  and  important  towns. — Where  is  Andorra? 


r 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  WESTERN  EUROPE. 


POSITION. 

Name  the  political  divisions  that  compose  this  section. — What  important  divisions, 
composed  of  islands,  is  still  farther  west? — What  sea,  strait,  and  channel  separate 
the  British  Isles  from  the  mainland? — What  ocean  with  its  branches  washes  the 
coast  of  Western  Europe? — What  sea  south  of  France  and  east  of  Spain? — What 
strait  separates  Europe  from  Africa? — What  strait  connects  the  Cattegat  and  the 
Baltic  Sea?— Where  is  the  Bay  of  Biscay?  — The  English  Channel  ?  — The  Gulf  of 
Lyons  ? — Which  is  the  most  northern  division  of  Western  Europe  ? — What  sea  west 
of  it?  —  Name  the  branches  of  this  sea  on  the  east  of  it. — What  is  the  northern  part 
of  Denmark  called? — Where  arc  the  Balearic  Islands?  —  To  what  country  do  they 
belong?  —  Name  two  islands  east  of  Denmark. — Where  is  Corsica ?  —  To  what  power 
does  it  belong  ?  —  For  what  is  it  celebrated  ? 

On  what  sea  do  Holland  and  Belgium  border? — What  countries  form  the  eastern 
boundary  of  this  section? — Where  is  Cape  Finisterre?  —  Cape  St.  Vincent  ? — Cape 
Ortegal? — Cape  de  la  Hague?  —  The  Skaw  ? — What  two  capes  at  the  entrance  of 
the  Straits  of  Gibraltar? — Where  is  Cape  Nao  ?  —  Cape  de  Gata  ? 


SURFACE. 

Three  of  the  mountain-chains  of  this  section  are  considered  a  part  of  the  great 
mountain-system  of  Europe  :  which  of  them  is  in  Spain  ? — Which  is  in  France  ?  — 
Which  of  them  forms  the  boundary  between  France  and  Spain?  —  What  part  of 
France  is  mountainous? — What  mountains  separate  Fiance  from  Italy  ?  —  France 
from  Switzerland  ?  —  What  part  of  Spain  and  Portugal  consists  of  mountains  and 
table-lands  ? 

What  countries  of  this  section  form  a  part  of  the  Great  European  Plain? — What, 
then,  is  the  surface  of  Belgium  and  Holland?  —  Of  the  northern  and  western  parts 
of  France? — Of  Denmark? — Where  are  the  Auvergne  Mountains?  —  The  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains? — The  Cevennes  Mountains?  —  The  Vosges  Mountains? 


RIVERS. 

What  river  forms  a  part  of  the  eastern  boundary  of  Holland  ?  — What  large  river 
of  Central  Europe  flows  through  Holland  :  — What  two  rivers  flow  from  Belgium 
through  Holland  ?  (The  river  Meuse,  of  France,  assumes  the  name  of  Maese  in 
Belgium,  and  of  Maas  in  Holland.)  —  Into  what  sea  do  all  these  rivers^Bow  ? 

The  Seine,  Loire,  Gironde,  and  Rhone  are  the  principal  rivers  of  France:  name 
the  body  of  water  into  which  each  flows.— The  Ebro,  Guadalquivir,  Guadiana,  Tagus, 
and  Douro  are  the  principal  rivers  of  the  Spanish  Peninsula:  name  the  body  of 
water  into  which  each  of  these  rivers  flows  — Which  of  them  have  a  part  of  their 
course  in  Portugal? — What  branch  of  the  Rhine  in  France  ?  —  Of  the  Rhone? 


CLIMATE  AND  PRODUCTIONS. 

How  does  the  climate  of  Western  Europe  contrast  with  that  of  the  opposite  shores 
of  the  Atlantic  ?  —  What  is  the  chief  cause  of  this  difference  ? — What  can  you  say 
of  the  climate  of  the  Spanish  Peninsula  ? 

From  what  countries  of  Western  Europe  do  we  obtain  the  products  of  the  vine? 
—  Of  what  country  is  wool  an   important  export?  —  From  what  country  are   the 

products  of  the  dairy  largely  exported  ?  — In  what  countries  are  silk  goods  made  ? 

From  what  country  do  we  obtain  gloves,  perfumery,  jewelry,  and  other  fancy 
articles? 

In  which  of  these  countries  is  coal  found  ?  — Iron?— Which  has  rich  mines  of 
quicksilver?  —  In  what  country  is  beet-root  sugar  made?  —  In  what  part  of  this 
section  are  the  olive  and  mulberry  successfully  grown?  —  Of  what  does  France 
export  more  than  any  other  country  ? 


DENMARK. 


Of  what  docs  this  kingdom  consist?  —  What  can  you  say  of  the  Duchies  of  IIqI- 
stcin  and  Lauenburg?  —  Name  the  foreign  possessions  of  Denmark. — What  are  the 
principal  exports?  —  Describe  Copenhagen. — What  passage  between  the  ialfipd  of 


Zealand  and  Sweden? — What  bodies  of  water  does  it  connect?  —  Where  are  the 
Great  Belt  and  the  Little  Belt?  —  What  do  they  separate?  —  Name  three  small 
islands  at  the  entrance  of  the  Baltic,  belonging  to  Denmark. — On  what  island  is 
Elsinore?  —  What  arc  the  exports  of  Denmark? 


HOLLAND  AND  BELGIUM. 

What  is  a  dike?  —  Of  what  use  are  they  to  these  countries?  —  What  term  is  used 
to  signify  the  same  thing  in  Louisiana?  —  How  is  internal  communication  promoted 
in  these  countries  ?  — Would  canals  be  as  numerous  if  the  surface  were  mountainous  ? 

Where  is  the  capital  of  Holland? — Of  Belgium? — Where  is  Amsterdam?  —  Ant- 
werp?—  Rotterdam? — What  foreign  possessions  has  Holland? — Where  is  the 
Zuyder  Zee?  —  Leydcn,  Utrecht,  and  Groningen  have  famous  universities:  where 
are  these  places?  —  Where  is  Liege?  —  Ghent?  —  Where  is  Waterloo?  —  Can  you 
tell  for  what  it  is  famous  ? 


FRANCE. 

In  what  do  the  agricultural  and  commercial  advantages  of  France  consist?  —  On 
what  river  is  the  capital  ?  —  On  what  sea  is  Marseilles  ?  — Where  is  Lyons  ?  —  Rouen  ? 
—  Bordeaux?  —  Havre?  —  From  what  city  is  most  of  the  wine  exported? — What 
city  is  the  great  seat  of  the  silk  manufacture?  —  Of  that  of  cotton  goods?  —  Brest 
and  Toulon  are  important  naval  stations:  where  are  they?  —  Cherbourg  is  famous 
for  its  breakwater  and  fine  docks:  where  is  it?  —  In  what  direction  from  Paris  is 
Versailles?  —  For  what  is  it  famous?  —  The  Landes  arc  plains  of  shifting  sand: 
where  are  they?  —  Let  each  scholar  describe  the  situation  of  one  of  the  colonies 
of  France. 


THE  SPANISH  PENINSULA 

Of  what  two  kingdoms  does  this  peninsula  consist?  —  How  does  their  present 
importance  compare  with  that  of  former  times?  —  Where  is  the  capital  of  Spain? 
Of  Portugal ? —Where  is  Barcelona?  — Cadiz?  — Oporto?  — Malaga? 

What  can  you  say  of  Gibraltar?  —  To  what  power  does  it  belong? — What  fortress 
of  Spain  in  Africa,  nearly  opposite  to  Gibraltar? — Where  is  Palos?  —  From  what 
place  in  Spain  is  sherry  wine  exported?  —  Grapes  and  raisins?  —  From  what  place 

in  Portugal  do  we  obtain  port-wine?  —  On  what  river  are  Seville  and  Cordova? 

Where  is  Barcelona?  —  Granada? — Where  are  sheep  raised  ?— What  valuable  mines 
at  Almaden?  —  Where  is  the  republic  of  Andorra?  —  Let  each  scholar  describe  the 
situation  of  one  of  the  Spanish  colonies. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

On  what  waters  would  a  vessel  sail  in  going  from  Barcelona  to  Cherbourg? 

From  Paris  to  London  ?  —  Describe  the  voyage  in  a  sailing-vessel  from  Rotterdam 
to  Lisbon. — What  mountains  would  you  cross  in  travelling  in  a  straight  line  from 
Bordeaux  to  Turin?  —  From  Saragossa  to  Toulouse? 

Freight  a  vessel  at  Marseilles  with  the  products  of  the  south  of  France :  what 
articles  would  form  her  cargo? — On  what  bodies  of  water  would  this  vessel  sail  to 
go  to  Bremen?  —  To  which  of  the  two  cities  of  France,  Rouen  or  Lyons,  would  you 
go  to  purchase  silk  goods?  —  Cotton  goods? 

Columbus  sailed  from  Palos  the  3d  of  August,  1492,  on  his  first  voyage  of  dis- 
covery:  across  what  ocean  did  he  sail  ?  —  On  which  of  the  West  Indies  did  he  first 
land? — Was  his  course  directly  west? — What  metal  is  extensively  worked  in 
France?  —  Of  what  do  the  French  make  sugar?  —  Name  all  the  mountain-chains 
you  would  oross,  proceeding  in  a  direct  line  from  Malaga  to  Madrid. — From 
Madrid  to  the  shores  of  the  Bay  of  Biscay. —  On  what  waters  will  a  vessel  sail  in 
going  from  Amsterdam  to  Lyons  ? 

Give  the  boundaries  of  each  of  the  divisions  of  Western  Europe,  and  the  three 
principal  towns,  rivers,  and  mountains  in  each  division. —  Sketch  a  map  (from 
memory,  if  you  can)  of  the  Spanish  Peninsula,  and  locate  the  principal  mountains, 
rivers,  and  four  of  the  chief  towns.  —  In  the  same  manner  sketch  a  map  of  France. 

75 


76 


COMMON-SCHOOL  GEOGRAPHY. 


CHAPTER   XVII. 

CENTRAL    EUROPE. 

I.  Central  Europe  comprises  Germany,  Denmark,  Prussia, 
Austria,  Switzerland,  and  the  Italian  and  Turkish  Peninsulas. 

II.  Surface.  —  Denmark,  the  northern  part  of  Germany,  the 
greater  portion  of  Prussia,  and  the  province  of  Galicia  (in  Austria), 
are  parts  of  the  Great  European  Plain. 

The  Great  Plains  of  Hungary  and  Turkey  are  parts  of  the  Basin  of  the  Danube. 
The  Plain  of  Lombardy,  in  Northern  Italy,  is  drained  by  the  River  Po.  The 
remainder  of  Central  Europe  is  principally  hilly  or  mountainous. 

III.  Rivers.  —  The  most  important  rivers  of  this  section  are  the 
Danube  and  the  Ehine.  Next  to  the  Volga,  the  Danube  is  the 
largest  river  in  Europe. 


CITADEL  OF  EHRENBREITSTEIN- A  FORTRESS  OF  PRUSSIA,   ON  THE   RHINE. 

The  Rhine  is  famous  for  its  grand  and  romantic  scenery.  Pleasant  towns  and 
villages  lie  nestled  at  the  foot  of  lofty  hills  and  graceful  slopes  clothed  with  vines ; 
while  the  castles  of  feudal  times  are  seen  frowning  from  precipices  apparently 
inaccessible. 

IV.  Climate.  —  The  climate  of  Central  Europe  is  not  generally  so 
moist  and  warm  as  in  the  same  latitudes  of  Western  Europe. 

V.  Productions.  —  The  agricultural  productions  vary  with  the 
climate.  Minerals  are  abundant  in  the  mountainous  regions.  The 
manufactures  are  more  noted  for  variety  than  for  the  great  amount 
of  any  one  particular  kind. 

In  the  north,  grain  is  the  chief  production.  The  vine  is  extensively  cultivated 
in  the  central  and  southern  regions,  and  the  mulberry  and  olive  are  raised  in  the 
south.  Great  harvests  of  wheat  are  also  produced  on  the  plains  which  form  the 
lower  basin  of  the  Danube. 

Woollen,  cotton,  and  linen  goods,  are  among  the  most  important  manufactures. 
Bohemia  is  celebrated  for  glass  ware  ;  Switzerland,  for  watches  and  jewelry  ;  Italy, 
for  braided  straw,  of  which  hats  and  bonnets  are  made. 

VI.  The  Commerce  is  conducted,  on  the  north,  through  Bremen, 
Altoria,  Hamburg,  and  Dantzic;  on  the  south,  through  Genoa, 
Leghorn,  Trieste,  and  Constantinople. 

What  does  Central  Europe  comprise? — Describe  the  surface.—  Which  are  the  most 
important  rivers!  —  How  does  the  climate  of  Central  compare  with  that  of  Western 
Europe  ? 

Name  the  chief  productions  of  the  different  sections.  —  Through  what  cities  is 
the  commerce  conducted  on  the  north?  —  On  the  south? 


GERMANY. 

VII.  Germany  comprises  a  part  of  Austria  and  Prussia,  all  of 
Bavaria,  Saxony,  Baden,  and  Wirtemberg,  a  number  of  smaller 
States,  and  three  free  cities. 

In  1815  the  various  States  of  Germany  united  in  a  league,  known  as  the  Ger- 
manic Confederation,  for  mutual  defence,  with  Austria  at  the  head  ;  but  in  the 
war  between  Austria  and  Prussia  in  186G  Austrian  influence  was  destroyed,  and 
Hanover  and  several  smaller  States  were  annexed  to  Prussia. 

VIII.  Inhabitants.  —  The  Germans  are,  in  general,  a  very  indus- 
trious and  well-educated  people.  In  Prussia,  Saxony,  and  some 
other  States,  every  child  above  the  age  of  six  is  obliged  to  attend 
school. 

IX.  Towns.  —  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  formerly  a  free  city  of 
Germany  and  the  capital  of  the  Germanic  Confederation,  belongs 
to  Prussia.     Hamburg,  Bremen,  and  Lubeck,  are  free  cities. 

Many  other  towns  in  Germany  and  Central  Europe  arc  of  large  size  :  some  are 
Doted  for  remarkable  events  in  history,  others  for  magnificent  churches  or  palaces, 
and  others  for  their  universities. 

PRUSSIA. 

X.  Prussia  ranks  as  a  leading  power  of  Europe.  By  its  victo- 
ries over  Austria  in  1866,  its  territory  was  increased  by  the  addi- 
tion of  Hanover,  Holsteiu,  Hesse-Cassel,  Nassau,  and  some  other 
divisions. 

Prussia  has  a  fortunate  position.  It  lies  chiefly  in  the  basins  of  the  Baltic  and 
North  Seas,  is  drained  by  large  rivers,  has  a  central  location,  a  long  line  of  sea- 
coast,  and  good  harbors.  East  of  the  Weser  the  country  is  generally  level,  but 
near  the  river  Rhine  it  is  mountainous  and  abounds  in  beautiful  scenery. 

XL  Productions.  —  Nearly  the  whole  of  Prussia  is  under  culti- 
vation. Large  crops  of  wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  tobacco,  beet- 
root, and  linseed  are  produced. 

XII.  Inhabitants.  —  The  Prussians  are  mostly  Germans,  and  are 
an  intelligent  and  well-educated  people,  a  person  being  rarely 
found  who  cannot  read  and  write.  Every  child  in  Prussia,  above 
the  age  of  six  years,  is  obliged  by  law  to  attend  school. 

XIII.  Towns. — Berlin  is  the  capital  of  Prussia;  and,  next  to 
Vienna,  is  the  largest  city  of  Central  Europe. 

Cologne  is  the  most  populous  city  of  Prussia  on  the  Rhine.  Konigsberg,  Dantzic, 
and  Stettin,  are  the  chief  sea-ports.  Dantzic  is  one  of  the  greatest  grain-shipping 
ports  in  Europe. 

AUSTRIA. 

XIV.  Next  to  Russia,  Austria  has  larger  possessions  in  Europe 
than  any  other  country.     It  embraces  one-third  of  Germany. 

Venctia,  formerly  belonging  to  Austria,  is  now  an  Italian  State. 

XV.  Inhabitants.  —  The  people  of  Austria  are  of  different  races, 
and  speak  many  different  languages.  The  Germans,  Hungarians, 
Italians,  and  Poles,  are  the  most  numerous.  The  only  bond  of 
union  in  the  government  is  the  power  of  political  rule. 

XVI.  Towns.  — Vienna  is  the  capital  of  Austria,  and  the  largest 
city  in  the  empire. 

XVII.  Poland  was  formerly  an  important  kingdom  of  Central 
Europe,  but  the  country  suffered  many  reverses,  and  it  is  now 
divided  between  Russia,  Prussia,  and  Austria. 

What  does  Germany  comprise?  — Describe  the  inhabitants.  —  For  what  are  many 
of  the  towns  noted  ?  —  Which  are  the  Free  Cities?  — What  rank  does  Prussia  hold? 
—  Name  the  productions. — Name  the  capital  and  chief  cities. — What  is  said  of 
the  size  of  Austria  ? — Describe  the  inhabitants.  — Between  what  nations  was  Poland 
divided  ? 


CENTRAL    EUROPE. 


77 


SWITZERLAND. 

XVIII.  Switzerland  is  a  republic,  consisting  of  twenty-two 
States,  or  Cantons. 

The  scenery  of  Switzerland  is  on  the  grandest  scale:  beautiful  lakes  lie  embosomed 
among  the  mountains  which  tower  above  tho  limits  of  perpetual  snow;  immense 
glaciers  glisten  upon  the  mountain  sides,  and  romantic  valleys  form  the  channels  of 
impetuous  streams. 

XIX.  Inhabitants. — The  Swiss  are  noted  for  their  love  of  liberty, 
and  attachment  to  their  native  country. 

Most  of  the  population  speak  the  German  language.  Italian  is  spoken  in  the 
Cantons  adjoining  Italy,  and  French  in  those  adjoining  France. 

XX.  Towns.  —  Berne  is  the  capital.  Geneva  is  the  principal 
seat  of  the  manufacture  of  watches  and  jewelry. 

ITALY. 

XXI.  Italy  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  countries  on  the  globe. 
In  ancient  times  it  was  the  central  part  of  tho  Roman  Empire,  which 
ruled  all  the  known  world. 

Rome,  the  chief  city,  is  the  residence  of  the  head  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
which  has  a  greater  number  of  members  than  any  other  Christian  denomination. 

XXII.  Great  changes  have  recently  taken  place  in  Italy,  and, 
after  a  protracted  struggle  with  their  rulers,  the  great  body  of  the 
people  are  at  last  united  under  a  liberal  and  enlightened  govern- 
ment.    The  Political  Divisions  of  Italy  are  now  as  follows,  viz. : 

The  Kingdom  of  Italy.  The  Papal  States,  or  States  of  the  Church.  The  Repub- 
lic of  San  Marino. 

The  kingdom  of  Italy  comprises  the  former  kingdoms  of  Sardinia,  of  Lombardy, 
and  of  Naples  and  Sicily,  the  Grand-Duchy  of  Tuscany,  the  Duchies  of  Parma  and 
of  Modena,  Venetia,  and  a  large  portion  of  the  Papal  States.  The  islands  of  Sicily, 
Sardinia,  and  Elba  also  form  a  part  of  this  kingdom.  The  island  of  Corsica  belongs 
to  France.  Savoy,  Nice,  and  Monaco,  formerly  a  part  of  Sardinia,  have  been  ceded 
to  France. 

XXIII.  Inhabitants.  —  The  Italians  have  been  for  a  long  time 
greatly  oppressed  by  their  rulers ;  but  their  efforts  to  throw  off 
their  yoke,  and  to  obtain  for  themselves  a  national  unity,  have 
finally  been  successful. 

XXIA".  Towns.— Italy  contains  many  towns  and  cities  which  are 
famous  in  history  or  in  art ;  almost  every  place  is  connected  with 
some  remarkable  event. 

Florence  is  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy.  Naples  is  the  largest  city.  Leg- 
horn, Venice,  Genoa,  Naples,  Palermo,  and  Messina  are  the  principal  commercial 
cities.  Most  of  the  lir.cn  rags  used  for  making  paper  come  from  Italy  and  Southern 
Europe,  where  the  common  people  dress  in  linen. 

THE  TURKISH  PENINSULA. 

XXV.  The  Turkish  Peninsula,  and  the  adjacent  islands,  com- 
prise European  Turkey  and  Greece. 

European  and  Asiatic  Turkey  constitute  the  Turkish  or  Ottoman  Empire,  tho 
sovereign  of  which  is  called  Sultan,  or  Grand  Seignior.  The  government  is  styled 
the  Sublime  Porte. 

The  Danubian  Provinces  of  Servia  and  Rouir.ania  arc  nearly  independent  of  the 
Turkish  government,  and  are  ruled  by  princes  elected  by  themselves,  who  are  called 
Hospodars.  Egypt,  Tripoli,  and  Tunis,  in  Africa,  are  nominally  under  the  control 
of  the  Sublime  Porte. 

The  little  territory  of  Montenegro,  in  the  mountains  near  the  western  coast,  is 
under  the  government  of  a  Bishop  of  the  Greek  Church,  but  is  tributary  to  Turkey. 
The  island  of  Candia,  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  belongs  to  Turkey. 

Of  what  does  Switzerland  consist?  —  Describe  the  country  and  the  inhabitants. — 
What  can  you  say  of  Italy? — What  are  the  Political  Divisions  of  Italy?  — Describe 
the  inhabitants. —  For  what  are  many  of  the  cities  and  towns  famous? — Which  are 
the  most  important  commercial  places? — What  docs  the  Turkish  Peninsula  comprise? 


XXVI.  Inhabitants.— The  Turks  are  Mohammedans.     They  are 
a  grave  and  solemn  people  —  ignorant,  bigoted,  and  indolent. 

The  Turks,  however,  form  but  a  portion  of  tho  population  of  the  country :  many 
of  the  inhabitants  are  Christians,  who  profess  the  religion  of  the  Greek  Church. 


THE   MOSQUE  OF  SULTAN   MAHMOUD,  AT  CONSTANTINOPLE. 

XXVII.  Towns.  —  Constantinople,  the  capital  of  the  empire,  is 
situated  upon  the  Bosphorus,  or  Channel  of  Constantinople. 

Constantinople  is  admirably  situated  for  commerce,  and  exports  the  products  not 
only  of  European  and  Asiatic  Turkey,  but  also  of  other  parts  of  Western  Asia. 

GREECE. 

XXVIII.  Greece,  in  ancient  times,  was  in  advance  of  all  other 
nations  in  civilization  and  learning.  In  the  fifteenth  century  it  was 
conquered  by  the  Turks  ;  but  the  Greeks  revolted  in  1821,  and  the 
country  is  now  independent.    The  government  is  a  limited  monarchy. 

Almost  every  part  of  the  country  is  rendered  interesting  by  some  historical  event, 
or  by  the  remains  of  ancient  temples  and  other  structures. 

Most  of  the  islands  of  the  Archipelago  belong  to  Greece;  of  these,  Negropont  is 
the  largest,  but  Syra  is  the  most  important. 

XXIX.  Inhabitants. — The  modern  Greeks  are  a  handsome  people, 
but  they  are  indolent  and  insincere.  Education,  of  late  years,  has 
received  considerable  attention. 

XXX.  Towns. — Athens  is  the  capital,  and  most  important  city 
of  Greece.  It  ;\vas  one  of  the  most  celebrated  cities  of  ancient  times, 
and  was  the  birthplace  of  many  renowned  philosophers  and  orators. 

XXXI.  The  Ionian  Republic,  comprising  seven  islands,  was  for- 
merly under  the  protection  of  Great  Britain ;  it  was  ceded  to  Greece 
in  1863. 

State  the  extent  of  the  Turkish  Empire. — What  provinces  are  nearly  independent 
of  the  Turkish  government  ? — Describe  the  inhabitants. — How  is  Constantinople  situ- 
ated?— What,  was  Greece  in  ancient  times?  —  Describe  the  modern  Greeks. — What 
docs  the  Ionian  Republic  comprise?  —  Under  whose  protection  is  this  republic? 


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(QUESTIONS   ON  THE   MAP   OF   CENTRAL   EUROPE. 


OUTLINE. 

What  sea  north  of  this  section?  — What  sea  northwest  of  it?  — What  gulf  on  the 
northern  coast  of  Prussia?  — What  bay  partly  separates  Mecklenburg  from  Prussia? 
—Where  is  the  island  of  Riigen  ?  —  Heligoland  ?  —  What  small  German  State  borders 
on  the  North  Sea? 

What  extensive  country  forms  a  part  of  the  eastern  boundary  of  this  section?  — 
What  great  sea  on  the  south  ? — What  three  countries  on  the  west?  — What  large  sea 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  Turkey?  —  On  what  two  straits  and  sea  would  you  sail,  from 
the  Black  Sea  to  the  Archipelago  ? 

What  two  countries  constitute  the  Turkish  Peninsula?  —  Name  all  the  bodies  of 
water  you  would  traverse,  in  sailing  along  its  coasts. — Where  are  the  Cyclades?  — 
The  Ionian  Islands  ?  —  Candia  ?  —  What  part  of  Greece  is  called  the  Morea  ?  —  Name 
its  southern  cape.  — What  gulf  north  of  the  Morea? 

Between  what  two  seas  is  the  Italian  Peninsula?  —  Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Taranto  ? 
—  Of  Genoa?  —  What  strait  between  Sicily  and  Italy?  —  Between  the  islands  of 
Corsica  and  Sardinia?  —  Where  are  Malta  and  Gozo?  —  The  Lipari  Islands?  — 
Where  is  the  island  of  Elba? 


SURFACE. 

What  two  mountain-ranges  in  this  section  form  a  part  of  the  great  central  system 
of  Europe  and  Asia?  —  Which  of  them  encloses,  on  three  sides,  the  valley  of  the 
River  Po?  —  From  what  countries  do  they  separate  Italy?  —  What  peninsula  do  the 
Apennines  traverse?  —  Are  the  islands  of  Sicily,  Corsica,  and  Sardinia,  mountainous 
or  level  ? 

Along  what  sea  do  the  Alps  extend  in  a  south-easterly  direction  ?  —  By  what  moun- 
tains in  Turkey  are  they  continued?  —  In  what  direction  ? — Near  what  strait  do  the 
Balkan  Mountains  terminate? — What  mountains  extend  through  Greece,  south  from 
this  chain?  —  What  is  the  general  surface  of  the  Turkish  Peninsula:  mountainous 
or  level ? 

What  mountains  form  a  great  part  of  the  boundary  of  Hungary?  — Where  are  the 
Sudetic  Mountains?  —  The  Hartz  Mountains?  —  The  Black  Forest  Mountains?  — 
What  province  of  Austria  is  surrounded  by  mountains? 

What  parts  of  this  section  are  included  within  the  Great  Plain  of  Europe?  — 
Describe  the  general  surface  of  the  country  north  of  the  Carpathian  Mountains  and 
the  chains  in  the  central  part  of  Germany.  — To  what  river-valley  do  the  Plains  of 
Hungary  and  Turkey  belong  ?  —  The  Plain  of  Lombardy  ? 


RIVERS  AND  LAKES. 

Name  the  most  important  rivers  of  this  section.  —  The  Rhine,  Weser,  Elbe,  Oder, 
and  Vistula,  drain  the  northern  slope  of  Central  Europe:  in  what  general  direction 
do  they  flow?  —  Which  of  them  empty  into  the  North  Sea?  —  Into  the  Baltic  Sea? 

What  great  river  of  this  section  flows  into  the  Black  Sea?  —  Name  some  of  the 
countries  principally  drained  by  this  river.  — Which  of  its  tributaries  forms  a  part 
of  the  boundary  between  Turkey  and  Russia? 

What  part  of  Italy  is  drained  by  the  River  Po? —  Into  what  does  this  river  flow  ? 
In  the  region  of  the  Alps  there  arc  numerous  beautiful  lakes :  in  what  country  are 
those  north  of  the  Alps  situated?  —  South? 


CLIMATE  AND  PRODUCTIONS. 

How  does  the  climate  of  this  section  differ  from  that  of  Western  Europe  ?  — Where 
is  it  warmest:  north  or  south  of  the  Alps  and  Balkan  Mountains  ?  — Name  the  chief 
vegetable  production  in  the  northern  part  of  this  section. — Where  is  the  vine  most 
extensively  raised?  —  The  mulberry  and  olive? 

What  grain  is  raised  in  the  lower  basin  of  the  Danube?  —  Name  the  principal 

manufactures.  — For  what  manufactures  is  Bohemia  celebrated?  —  Switzerland? 

Italy? — Whence  do  we  obtain  many  of  the  linen  rags  from  which  paper  is  made? 

Why  are  they  so  abundant  in  that  country  ? 


GERMANY,  PRUSSIA,  AND  AUSTRIA. 
What  does  Germany  comprise  ? —  Name  the  two  most  important  divisions. — Which 
of  these  borders  upon  the  Baltic  Sea?  — Which  upon  the  Adriatic?  — In  what  part 
of  Germany,  the  northern,  central,  or  southern,  are  the  following  divisions:  the 


Kingdom  of  Saxony? — Of  Bavaria?  —  Of  Wirtembcrg?  —  The  Grand  Duchy  of 
Baden  ?  — Which  of  the  German  States  border  upon  the  North  Sea  ?  — Upon  the  Baltic  ? 
—  Name  the  Free  Cities. — What  of  Frankfort-on  the  Main?  —  Where  is  Hamburg? 
Bremen  ?  —  Lubeck  ?  —  Dresden  ?  —  Munich  ?  —  Stuttgard  ?  —  Leipsic  ? 


What  can  you  say  of  the  situation  of  Prussia  ?  —  On  what  sea  does  the  eastern 
part  border?  — What  important  river  flows  across  the  western  ?  —  Describe  the  sur- 
face of  Prussia.  —  Mention  some  of  the  principal  agricultural  products.  —  Name 
some  of  the  most  important  manufactures.  — What  can  you  say  of  the  general  intel- 
ligence of  the  people?  —  To  what  is  it  chiefly  owing?  —  What  large  rivers  flow  into 
the  Baltic  Sea?  — What  one  into  the  North  Sea?  —  Where  is  the  capital?  —  Where 
is  Breslau  ? — Cologne  ?  —  Konigsberg  ?  —  Stettin  ?  —  Dantzic  ?  — Hanover  ?  — Altona  ? 
What  can  you  say  about  Dantzic? 


What  can  you  say  of  the  size  of  Austria  ?  —  In  what  part  of  the  empire  are 
Hungary  and  Transylvania?  —  By  what  mountains  are  they  partially  surrounded? 
— Where  is  Galicia?  —  Bohemia?  —  From  what  country  do  the  rivers  Danube  and 
Save  separate  Austria?  — Where  is  the  capital  of  Austria?  —  On  what  sea  is  Trieste? 
On  what  river  is  Prague  ?  —  Innspruck?  — Pesth?  — What  division  of  Italy  formerly 
belonged  to  Austria  ?  

SWITZERLAND. 

What  is  the  form  of  government  in  Switzerland?  —  What  languages  are  spoken  in 
that  country  ?  —  By  what  mountains  is  one-half  of  the  surface  occupied  ?  — Are  they 
in  the  northern  or  southern  part  of  the  country?  —  Where  is  the  capital?  —  On  what 
lake  is  Geneva?  

ITALY. 

What  is  the  principal  division  of  Italy  now  called?  —  Of  what  former  divisions  is 
it  composed?  —  Where  are  the  Papal  States  situated?-- What  republic  is  there  on 
the  Adriatic  Sea?  —  Of  what  kingdom  docs  the  island  of  Sardinia  form  a  part? — To 
what  power  does  the  island  of  Corsica  belong?  —  What  part  of  the  former  kingdom 
of  Sardinia  has  been  ceded  to  France? 

What  is  the  chief  city  of  Italy?  —  Of  whom  is  it  the  residence?  —  What  is  the 
capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy?  —  Which  is  the  largest  city?  —  Name  some  of  the 
principal  commercial  cities. 

Name  those  situated  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  —  The  one  on  the  Adriatic.  —  The 
one  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa.  —  The  two  on  the  Island  of  Sicily.  —  On  what  river  is 
Florence ?  —  Rome  ?  —  Turin  ? 


TURKEY. 

What  constitutes  the  Ottoman  Empire?  —  Which  are  the  Danubian  Provinces  of 
Turkey?  —  Name  the  two  north  of  the  Danube.  The  one  between  the  Balkan  Moun- 
tains and  the  Danube.  — Where  is  the  capital  of  the  Turkish  Empire  ?  — Adrianople  ? 
—  Bucharest?  —  Jassy? — What  large  island  of  Turkey  south  of  the  Archipelago? 


GREECE  AND  THE  IONIAN  ISLANDS. 

What  part  of  Greece  forms  the  peninsula  called  the  Morea?  —  To  what  country  do 
most  of  the  islands  of  the  Archipelago  belong?  —  Which  of  these  is  the  largest?  — 
Which  is  the  most  important?  —  Where  is  the  capital  of  Greece? — Where  are  the 
Ionian  Islands?  —  What  is  their  number?  —  To  what  kingdom  do  they  belong? 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

To  what  ports  in  this  section,  those  on  the  Baltic  or  Mediterranean  Seas,  would  a 
merchant  go  to  purchase  sweet-oil,  silk,  and  fruit?  — Freight  a  vessel  with  wine  and 
grain  at  Trieste  for  London:  through  what  waters  will  she  pass? — A  party  of 
German  wine-growers  wish  to  emigrate  to  Ohio,  and  agree  to  meet  at  Hamburg : 
describe  their  entire  route  thence  to  Cincinnati.  —  Where  is  the  volcano  of  Mt. 
Vesuvius?  — Mt.  Etna? 

Bound  Austria.  —  Italy.  —  Turkey.  —  Greece.  —  Spell  Bavaria.  Wirtemberg. 
Bohemia.  Altona.  Adriatic.  Zealand.  Apennine.  Bosphorus.  Dardanelles.  Moldavia. 
Wallachia.  Marmora.  Vesuvius.  Sicily.  Trieste.  Constantinople.  Denmark.  Frankfort 
Copenhagen.  Konigsberg.  Dantzic.  Cologne.  Austria. 

79 


80 


COMMON-SCHOOL    GEOGBAPHY. 


3- 


PROCESSION    OP  ELEPHANTS,  INDIA. 


PAGODA    OF   WHAMPOA,    CHINA. 


SCENE    IN    KAMTSCHATKA,   SIBERIA. 


CHAPTER    XVII. 
ASIA. 

I.  The  outline  of  Asia  is  very  irregular,  though  the  seas,  gulfs, 
and  bays,  do  not  penetrate  so  far  into  the  interior  as  in  Europe. 

II.  The  surface  is  crossed  by  a  system  of  mountains  and  table- 
lands, which  form  a  continuation  of  the  mountain-system  of  Europe. 

The  mountain-system  of-  Asia  commences  with  the  Taurus  Mountains,  and  is 
continued  by  the  chains  of  the  Elborz  and  Hindoo  Koosh  to  the  Bolor  Mountains. 
From  this  point  it  branches  off  into  four  great  chains  —  the  Himalaya,  Kuen  Lun, 
Thian  Shan,  and  Altai  —  which  are  among  the  grandest  and  most  stupendous  moun- 
tains upon  the  globe. 

Southward  from  this  great  chain  (as  in  Europe,)  extend  a  number  of  peninsulas, 
each  of  which  is  penetrated  by  a  branch  of  the  principal  system. 

III.  The  table-lands  of  this  system  are  the  loftiest  and  most 
extensive  in  the  world.  They  may  be  divided  into  two  classes : 
those  of  Central,  and  those  of  Southern  Asia. 

The  plateaus  of  Central  Asia  consist  of  Thibet,  and/of  the  country  between  the 
Kuen  Lun  and  Thian  Shan  Mountains. 

The  plateaus  of  Southern  Asia  comprise  the  Deccan,  which  lies  south  of  the 
Vindhya  Mountains,  in  Hindoostan ;  the  Plateau  of  Iran  —  including  Persia,  Afghan- 
istan, and  Beloochistan ;  Arabia  ;  and  the  northern  part  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 


How  does  the  outline  of  Asia  compare  with  that  of  Europe?  —  Give  the  names  of 
the  mountain-chains  which  form  a  continuation  of  the  great  mountain-system  of 
Europe. — Describe  the  country  south  of  this  system. — Into  what  two  classes  may  the 
table-lands  be  divided  ?  — Name,  the  rtateaus  of  Central  Asia.  — Of  Southern  Asia. 


IV.  The  Great  Northern  Plain  of  Asia,  which  forms  a  part  of  the 
great  plain  of  Europe  and  Asia,  embraces  Turkestan  and  Siberia. 

The  other  low-lands  are  found  along  the  sea-coast,  or  in  the  river-valleys. 

V.  Asia  contains  an  immense  belt  of  desert  land,  which  extends 
almost  entirely  across  the  country,  from  west  to  east. 

Some  of  these  deserts  are  of  sand,  and  some  of  gravel,  whilst  others  are  com- 
posed of  salt  or  salt  marsh.     Rain  seldom  falls  here. 

VI.  Rivers  and  Lakes. — The  principal  rivers  may  be  divided  into 

three  systems :  1.  Those  which  flow  into  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  2.  Those 

which  flow  into  the  Pacific ;  3.  Those  which  flow  into  the  Indian 

Ocean. 

Besides  these,  there  are  many  rivers  flowing  into  salt  lakes,  whose  waters  do  not 
flow  into  the  sea.     The  Caspian  Sea  and  the  Sea  of  Aral  arc  lakes  of  this  kind. 

VII.  Climate.  —  The  climate  of  Asia  may  be  described  under 
three  divisions :  that  of  Northern,  Central,  and  Southern  Asia. 

The  climate  of  Northern  Asia  (that  is,  the  Arctic  Slope)  is  characterized  by 
intense  cold,  with  a  short  interval  of  great  heat  during  summer. 

Central  Asia  has  the  climate  of  the  Temperate  Zone  It  is  subject  to  great 
extremes  of  heat  and  cold,  and,  except  near  the  shores  of  the  Pacific,  is  remarkably 
dry;  for  the  Himalaya,  Hindoo  Koosh,  and  Elborz  Mountains,  intercept  the  warm 
and  moist  winds  of  the  Indian  Ocean. 

Southern  Asia  (that  is,  the  region  lying  south  of  the  southern  mountain-chain) 
has  the  climate  of  the  Torrid  Zone. 


What  countries  constitute  the  Great  Northern  Plain  of  Asia?  — Where  do  you  find 
the  other  low-lands?  — What  can  you  say  of  the  desert  land  of  Asia?  — Into  what 
three  systems  may  the  rivers  be  divided?  —  What  other  rivers  are  there  in  Asia?  — 
Describe  the  climate  of  Northern  Asia.— Of  Central  Asia. —Of  Southern  Asia. 


/ 


ASIA. 


81 


VIII.  Productions  and  Animals. — These  will  be  described  in  con- 
nection with  the  different  political  divisions.  Their  general  charac- 
ter may  be  learned  by  studying  Lessons  XV.  and  XVI.,  in  Part  I. 

IX.  Inhabitants,-  V-The  Asiatic  nations  belong  to  three  different 
races  of  mankind  j  the  Mongolian,  the  Caucasian,  and  the  Malay  race. 

The  nations  living/north  of  the  southern  mountain-chain,  as  well  as  the  Turks, 
Japanese,  and  the  people  of  Farther  India,  belong  to  the  Mongolian  race. 

To  the  Caucasian  race  belong  the  Georgians,  Armenians,  Arabs,  Persians,  Afghans, 
and  Hindoos,  —  occupying  most  of  the  country  south  of  that  chain. 

The  Malays  inhabit  the  Peninsula  of  Malacca. 

X.  Religion. — The  principal  systems  of  religion  in  Asia  are  Mo- 
hammedanism, and  various  forms  of  Pagan  worship. 

Mohammedanism  is  the  prevailing  religion  in  Turkey,  Turkestan,  Arabia,  Persia, 
Afghanistan,  and  Beloochistan ;  Paganism,  of  the  other  parts  of  Asia. 

ASIATIC    TURKEY. 

XL  Turkey  in  Asia  is  a  part  of  the  Ottoman  Empire.  (See 
page  77,  paragraph  XXV.) 

From  the  part  which  it  has  acted  in  history,  it  is  one  of  the  most  interesting 
countries  on  the  globe.  It  contains  the  ruins  of  many  of  the  most  powerful  cities  of 
ancient  times,  and  is  full  of  places  which  are  connected  with  important  events. 

XII.  Syria  (one  of  the  provinces)  includes  Palestine,  or  the  Holy 
Land,  in  which  most  of  the  events  recorded  in  Scripture  took  place. 

XIII.  Towns.  —  The  principal  commercial  city  is  Smyrna,  from 
which  are  exported  fruit,  rags,  and  various  other  articles. 


CHURCH   OF  THE  HOLY  SEPULCHRE,  AT  JERUSALEM. 

Jerusalem  is  the  holy  city  of  the  Jews,  and,  to  the  Christian,  is  one  of  the  most 
interesting  places  in  the  world. 

ASIATIC    RUSSIA. 

XIV.  Asiatic  Russia  comprises  more  than  one-third  of  Asia. 

The  principal  divisions  are  Siberia  and  Georgia. 

The  Russian  Possessions  in  Asia  have  greatly  increased  in  extent  within  the  past 
few  years.     The  Kirghis  country  north  of  Turkestan,  and  the  greater  part  of  the 


To  what  three  races  do  tho  inhabitants  of  Asia  belong?  — What  are  the  principal 
systems  of  religion?  —  Of  what  empire  is  Asiatic  Turkey  a  part?  —  Which  of  its 
provinces  includes  Palestine?  —  What  can  you  say  of  Jerusalem  ?  —  What  are  the 
principal  divisions  of  Asiatic  Russia  ?  —  What  can  you  say  of  the  increase  in  extent 
of  Asiatic  Russia? 
11 


basin  of  the  Amoor  River  (which  was  formerly  a  part  of  the  Chinese  Empire),  are 
recent  annexations  to  the  territory  of  Russia.  The  Alawtjaft  and  the  Kurile  Islands, 
and  the  Island  of  Saghalien,  also  belong  to  Russia. 

XV.  Siberia  occupies  the  entire  northern  part  of  Asia.  From 
the  severity  of  the  climate,  the  greater  part  of  this  immense  region 
is  unfit  for  extensive  settlement ;  yet  its  mines  of  gold  and  silver, 
and  its  fur-bearing  animals,  render  it  of  great  value  to  Russia. 

XVI.  Inhabitants. — About  three-fourths  of  the  population  are 
Russians.     The  remainder  consists  of  native  tribes. 

Siberia  has  long  been  used  by  the  government  as  a  place  of  banishment  for  exiles 
and  criminals,  and  a  large  portion  of  the  population  consists  of  them  and  their 
descendants. 

XVII.  Towns.  — Tobolsk  and  Irkoutsk  are  the  largest  towns. 

Kyachta,  on  the  southern  border  of  Siberia,  and  Maimatschin,  just  across  the 
line  in  Mongolia,  are  places  where  an  immense  inland  trade  is  carried  on  between 
China  and  Russia.  The  extent  of  this  trade  may  ^estimated  from  the  fact  that 
twelve  millions  of  pounds  of  tea,  which  had  been  brought  across  the  desert  from 
Pekin,  were  sold  at  Maimatschin  in  1856. 

Nicolaivsk  and  Alexandrovsk  are  the  principal  ports  of  the  Amoor  River  country. 
Petropaulosky  is  the  largest  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Kamtschatka. 

XVIII.  Georgia  is  south  of  the  Caucasus  Mountains.  Teflis  is 
the  capital.     The  inhabitants  are  a  vigorous  and  handsome  race. 

TURKESTAN. 

XIX.  Turkestan,  or  Independent  Tartary,  is  divided  into  several 
independent  States,  in  each  of  which  the  ruler  is  styled  the  Khan. 

XX.  Inhabitants. — The  population  consists  chiefly  of  tribes 
belonging  to  the  Mongolian  race. 

In  the  south,  the  inhabitants  are  engaged  in  agriculture;  but  the  wandering 
tribes,  in  the  north  and  west,  subsist  by  war  and  the  chase,  and  their  chief  wealth 
is  in  their  immense  numbers  of  camels,  horses,  sheep,  and  goats. 

XXL  Towns.  —  Bokhara,  Khokan,  and  Khiva,  are  each  the  capital 
df  a  State  of  the  same  name. 

THE    CHINESE    EMPIRE. 

XXII.  The  Chinese  Empire  includes  China,  Thibet,  Corea,  Mon- 
golia, Mantchooria,  Soongaria,  and  Little  Bokhara. 

.  The  four  last  named  divisions  are  called  Chinese  Tartary.  Thibet  and  Chinese 
Tartary  are  thinly-peopled  regions.  The  latter  is  occupied  by  pastoral  tribes, 
whose  chiefs,  in  most  cases,   own  only  a  nominal  subjection  to  China. 

Lassa  is  the  capital  of  Thibet,  and  the  residence  of  the  Grand  Lama.  The  Grand 
Lama  is  worshipped  as  the  Supreme  Being.  His  followers  believe  that  he  never 
dies,  but  that  his  soul  passes  into  another  body  —  that  of  some  child,  selected  by 
the  priests. 

Corea  is  a  separate  kingdom,  under  its  own  sovereign,  but  tributary  to  China. 

XXIII.  China  is  the  most  important  and  densely-settled  portion 
of  the  Chinese  Empire. 

So  dense  is  the  population  in  some  districts,  that  great  numbers  of  the  inhab- 
itants dwell  constantly  upon  boats  in  the  rivers,  or  on  rafts  in  the  lakes,  which 
they  convert  into  gardens  by  covering  them  with  earth. 

The  Chinese  are  a  very  industrious  people,  and,  to  improve  their  condition,  great 
numbers  emigrate  to  other  countries.  Thus,  they  are  very  numerous  in  Farther 
India,  in  the  islands  of  Malaysia  and  Australasia,  and  considerable  numbers  of 
them  have  even  found  their  way  to  California.  They  are,  however,  deceitful  and 
very  immoral,  and  exceedingly  jealous  of  Europeans. 


Describe  Siberia. — Name  the  principal  towns. —Where  is  Georgia  ?  — Name  the 
capital.  — Of  what  does  Turkestan  consist?  — In  what  are  the  inhabitants  chiefly 
engaged?  — Name  the  divisions  of  the  Chinese  Empire.  — Which  of  them  constitute 
Chinese  Tartary  ?  — What  can  you  say  of  the  Grand  Lama?  — Of  the  population  of 
China?  — The  Chinese? 


82 


COMMON-SCHOOL    GEOGKAPHY. 


XXIV.  Productions. — The  most  important  productions  are  rice, 
tea,  and  silk. 

Eioe  is  the  chief  article  of  food  for  the  entire  population.  Tea  and  silk  are  the 
principal  exports. 

XXV.  Government.  —  The  government  is  a  despotic  monarchy. 
The  emperor  possesses  unlimited  power  over  all  beneath  him,  and 
claims  the  title  of  "  Father  of  his  people." 

The  officers  of  government  are  styled  mandarins.  The  laws  are  severe  ;  for  trifling 
offences,  punishment  with  the  bamboo  is  inflicted,  while  serious  crimes  almost  always 
meet  with  death. 

XXVI.  Towns. — China  contains  many  great  cities,  most  of  which, 
however,  are  known  to  Europeans  only  by  name.  Pekin  is  the 
capital,  and  is  said  to  contain  two  millions  of  inhabitants. 

Canton  is  better  known  to  us  than  any  other  city  of  China,  and  is  the  chief  seat 
of  the  foreign  trade.  Shanghai,  Ningpo,  Fuchow,  and  Amoy,  are  the  other  most 
important  ports. 

Until  very  recently,  the  five  places  named  in  the  preceding  paragraph  were  the 
only  sea-ports  at  which  foreigners  were  permitted  to  trade.  By  late  treaties, 
however    all  of  China  is  open  to  the  intercourse  of  foreign  nations. 

Hainan  and  Formosa  are  Chinese  islands.  Hong  Kong,  an  island  lying  south  of 
Canton,  belongs  to  the  British,  to  whom  it  was  ceded  in  1843.  Macao  belongs  to  the 
Portuguese.  It  was  granted  to  them  250  years  ago,  for  assistance  in  clearing  the 
coast  of  pirates. 

EMPIRE    OP   JAPAN. 

XXVII.  The  Empire  of  Japan  embraces  the  islands  of  Niphon, 
Sikoke,  Kiusiu,  and  Jesso,  besides  some  of  smaller  size. 


A  JAPANESE  JUNK. 


All  these  islands  are  mountainous,  and  subject  to  frequent  earthquakes.  The  Lew 
Chew  Islands  also  belong  to  Japan.  Commodore  Perry  visited  the  latter  in  the 
year  1853. 

XXVIII.  Productions. — The  principal  of  these  are  rice,  wheat, 
barley,  tea,  tobacco,  and  camphor. 

What  are  the  most  important  productions  of  China?  — What  is  the  government?  — 
Name  the  capital.  —  The  principal  sea-ports.  —  To  what  power  does  Hong  Kong 
belong  ?  —  Macao  ?  — Which  are  the  principal  islands  of  Japan  ?  — What  other  islands 
also  belong  to  Japan? — What  are  the  chief  productions?  —  What  art  derives  its 
name  from  this  country  ?  —  Name  the  capital  of  Japan.  —  The  principal  ports  for 
foreign  trade. 


The  country  appears  to  be  rich  also  in  minerals, —  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  iron 
being  abundant.  The  art  of  japanning  (or  covering  metals  wi^h  varnish)  derives  its 
name  from  this  empire. 

XXIX.  Towns. — Yeddo,  a  very  populous  city,  *s  the  capital.  Ha- 
kodadi  and  Kanagawa  are  the  principal  ports  f  s  i  the  foreign  trade. 

The  Japanese  were  formerly  very  jealous  of  foreigners,  ana  the  Government  per- 
mitted but  little  intercourse  with  other  nations.  The  Unitec1  States,  and  several 
European  powers,  have,  however,  recently  effected  treaties  with  Japan,  by  which 
their  citizens  are  permitted  to  visit  the  empire,  and  trade  with  the  inhabitants. 

INDIA. 

XXX.  India  consists  of  two  peninsulas :  Hindoostan  and  Farther 

India,  or  Indo-China. 

Both  peninsulas  are  remarkable  for  the  fertility  of  the  soil ;  and  yield,  in  great 
abundance,  the  products  of  the  tropical  regions  in  which  they  are  situated. 

XXXI.  Climate. — The  climate  of  India  is  greatly  influenced  by 

the  monsoons,  or  periodical  winds  which  prevail  in  the  Indian  Ocean. 

These  winds  blow  from  the  north-east  for  six  months  in  the  year,  and  from  the 
south-west  during  the  remaining  months.  On  the  western  coast,  the  south-west 
monsoon  brings  the  rainy  season  —  and  the  north-east,  the  dry  season.  On  the 
eastern  coast,  on  the  contrary,  the  rains  occur  during  the  north-east  monsoon,  and 
the  dry  season  during  the  south-west. 

XXXII.  Productions.  —  The  most  important  productions  are  rice 

and  cotton.     Rice  forms  the  principal  food  of  the  natives,  and 

almost  their  entire  clothing  is  made  from  cotton. 

The  other  chief  exports  are  indigo,  opium,  silk,  and  various  drugs,  spices,  and 
perfumes. 

XXXIII.  Animals. — The  most  remarkable  animals  are  the  ele- 
phant, rhinoceros,  tiger,  and  the  python  (a  huge  serpent  which 
resembles  the  boa-constrictor  of  South  America). 

The  Royal  Bengal  tiger  is  the  largest,  fiercest,  and  most  beautiful  of  the  tiger 
species.  Elephants  are  used  in  tiger-hunting,  which  is  a  favorite  amusement  in 
India. 

XXXIV.  The  Hindoos  are  divided  into  four  castes,  or  classes, 
according  to  their  occupation :  as  the  priest,  soldier,  merchant,  or 
laborer.     The  pariahs  are  the  outcasts  of  these  classes. 

The  son  inherits  the  occupation  of  his  father,  from  one  generation  to  another. 
The  male  members  of  one  caste  may  legally  marry  into  a  caste  below  their  own, 
but  not  into  one  above.  There  is  no  distinction  of  caste  in  the  countries  of  Farther 
India,  and  in  British  India  it  is  not  so  rigidly  observed  as  formerly. 

XXXV.  British  India. — Nearly  the  whole  of  Hindoostan 
belongs,  or  is  tributary,  to  Gvc*t  'Biita&al  It  was  long  subject  to 
the  East  India  Company,  but  in  1858  their  territories  were  trans- 
ferred to  the  Crown. 

The  French  and  Portuguese  have  some  small  settlements  upon  the  coast.  Nepaul 
and  Bhotan,  on  the  southern  slope  of  the  Himalaya  Mountains,  are  independent 
States.  The  firittsir,  who  rule  this  vast  region,  form  but  a  small  part  of  the 
population.     ^*vkAi\V 

XXXVI.  Towns.  —  Hindoostan  contains  some  large  and  important 
cities.  Calcutta,  the  capital  of  British  India,  is  a  very  large  city, 
and  the  seat  ot  an  extensive  trade. 

Bombay  and  Madras  are  next  in  commercial  importance.  Benares  is  the  seat  of 
Hindoo  learning.  Pondicherry  is  the  capital  of  the  French  possessions,  and  Goa  of 
those  belonging  to  Portugal.  OmIRAAA" 

Ceylon  is  a  fine,  fertile  island,  belonging  to  the  VBnitirfi.  The  Laccadive  and 
Maldive  Islands  are  of  coral  formation,  and  but  thinly  inhabited. 


Name  the  two  peninsulas  of  India.  —What  are  the  monsoons?  — What  effect  have 
they  upon  the  climate?  — Name  the  chief  productions  of  India.  — The  exports.— 
Some  of  the  animals.  —  What  distinctions  exist  among  the  Hindoos  ?  — What  is 
caste?— To  what  country  does  Hindoostan  mostly  belong?— Name  the  capital  of 
British  India.  —What  places  are  next  in  commercial  importance?— To  what  country 
does  Ceylon  belong? 


ASIA. 


83 


XXXVII.  Farther  India  includes  four  native  States :  the  King- 
doms of  Birmah  and  Siam,  the  Empire  of  Anam,  and  the  interior 
State  of  Laos. 

There  are  also  some  Malay  States  in  Malacca,  and  the  British  Possessions  on  the 
western  side  of  the  Peninsula.  The  British  Territories,  in  both  Hiudoostan  and 
Farther  India,  are  comprehended  under  the  general  name  of  British  India,  and  are 
under  the  control  of  the  Governor-General,  who  resides  at  Calcutta. 

XXXVIII.  Towns. — Ava  is  the  capital  of  Birmah;  Bangkok, 
of  Siam  ;  and  Hue,  of  Anam. 

Ava  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1839;  but  has  since  been  rebuilt.  Ama- 
rapura  and  Monchobo  have  been  successively  capitals  of  Birmah. 


THE  GOLDEN  PAGODA  OF  RANGOON. 


Singapore,  on  an  island  of  the  same  name,  at  the  extremity  of  Malacca,  is  the 
most  important  commercial  city.  It  belongs  to  the  British.  Rangoon,  famous  for 
its  Golden  Pagoda,  is  also  a  commercial  city  of  considerable  importance. 

AFGHANISTAN  AND  BELOOCHISTAN. 

XXXIX.  The  greater  part  of  this  region  is  mountainous  and 
barren,  though  there  are  many  fertile  valleys. 

Both  of  these  countries  are  in  a  very  unsettled  condition :  divided  into  many 
States,  the  extent  of  which  is  constantly  changing.  The  inhabitants  generally  lead 
a  pastoral  life,  and  are  rude,  turbulent,  and  warlike. 

XL.  Towns. — Cabul,  Candahar,  and  Herat,  in  Afghanistan,  and 
Kelat,  in  Beloochistan,  are  each  capitals  of  States  of  the  same  name. 

PERSIA. 

XLI.  The  table-land  is  dry  and  barren,  and  subject  to  great 
extremes  of  heat  and  cold;  but  the  mountain  valleys,  and  other 
well-watered  tracts,  are  exceedingly  fertile. 

XLIL  Productions. — The  natural  productions  are  fruits,  grain, 
rice,  cotton,  assafcetida,  and  the  vine. 

The  people  are  very  skilful  in  the  making  of  various  silk  and  cotton  fabrics, 
ehawls,  leather,  and  perfumery. 

XLIII.  The  government  is  a  despotic  monarchy.  The  sovereign 
is  called  the  Shah. 

Which  are  the  principal  native  States  of  Farther  India  ?  — Where  are  the  British 
Possessions? — What  general  name  is  given  to  the  British  Possessions  in  India?  — 
Name  the  capital  of  Birmah.  —  Of  Siam.  —  Of  Anam.  —  Which  is  the  chief  commer- 
cial city  of  Farther  India?  —  Describe  Afghanistan  and  Beloochistan. —  The  inhab- 
itants.—  Name  the  largest  towns. — What  can  you  say  of  Persia? — Of  the  produc- 
tions?—  Of  the  government? 


The  chiefs  of  the  warlike  mountain  tribes,  and  other  unsettled  portions  of  the 
population,  are  but  little  dependent  on  the  royal  authority. 

XLIV.  Towns. — Teheran  is  the  capital.  Ispahan  is  the  most 
populous  city;  and  Bushire,  the  principal  sea-port. 

The  British  government,  as  the  result  of  hostilities  with  Persia  in  185G  and  1857, 
may  be  said  to  have  the  control  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  having  gained  a  station  at 
Bushire  and  several  other  places  on  the  coast. 

ARABIA. 

XLV.  The  greater  part  of  Arabia  is  a  desert-plateau.  The  prin- 
cipal fertile  tracts  are  Oman  and  Yemen,  and  the  mountain- valleys. 

There,  dates  and  other  fruits,  coffee,  and  various  gums  are  produced.  Pearls 
are  obtained  in  great  numbers  in  the  Persian  Gulf. 

The  camel,  which  affords  almost  the  only  conveyance  for  goods  and  passengers 
across  the  desert,  is  the  most  important  animal  in  Arabia.  The  Arabian  horses  are 
celebrated  for  their  beauty  and  speed,  and  are  regarded  by  their  owners  with  the 
greatest  affection. 

XLVI.  Arabia  has  never  been  subject  to  one  sovereign.  The 
people  are  divided  into  numerous  independent  tribes,  each  of  which 
is  governed  by  its  own  chief,  or  Sheikh. 

The  most  important  of  the  native  rulers  are  the  Sultans  of  Muscat  and  Sana.  The 
dominions  of  the  former  include  the  easfern  and  southern  part  of  the  peninsula,  por- 
tions of  the  Persian  Gulf  coast,  and  some  districts  on  the  coast  of  Beloochistan. 


THE  HARBOR  OF  MUSCAT. 


XLVII.  Inhabitants.  —  The  greater  part  of  the  population  are 
inhabitants  of  the  desert,  styled  Bedouins,  who  look  with  contempt 
upon  the  dwellers  in  the  towns. 

The  Bedouins  are  a  wandering  people,  devoting  themselves  to  the  care  of  their 
camels,  horses,  goats,  and  sheep.  They  are  generous  and  hospitable,  but  quarrel- 
some, revengeful,  and  addicted  to  plunder. 

XL VIII.  Towns.  —  Muscat  and  Sana  are  the  largest  towns. 
Mocha  exports  large  quantities  of  coffee. 

Mecca  is  regarded  by  the  Mohammedans  as  a  holy  city,  and  is  annually  visited 
by  vast  numbers  of  pilgrims.  Medina  is  the  burial-place  of  Mohammed.  Aden 
belongs  to  the  ] 


Name  the  capital  of  Persia. —  The  other  important  places. — What  parts  of  Arabia 
are  fertile? — What  are  some  of  the  productions? — Where  are  pearls  obtained?  — 
Why  is  the  camel  so  useful  an  animal? — What  can  you  say  of  the  government?  — 
Of  the  inhabitants? — The  Bedouins? — Which  is  the  largest  town?  —  Name  the 
other  important  places,  and  state  for  what  each  is  noted. 


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86 


COMMON-SCHOOL    GEOGRAPHY. 


CAMELOTARDS    AND    LION. 


THE    SPHINX. 


ARABS    AND   CAMELS. 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 
AFRICA. 

I.  Africa  is  the  largest  peninsula  in  the  world.  It  is  connected 
with  Asia  by  the  Isthmus  of  Suez. 

II.  Outline.  —  The  coast  is  not  indented  by  deep  gulfs  and  bays. 
This  is  one  of  the  principal  reasons  why  the  interior  is  so  little 
known. 

Geographers  possess  much  less  knowledge  of  Africa  than  of  any  other  Grand 
Division  of  the  earth.  Large  portions  of  its  interior  have  never  been  visited  by  a 
white  man.  Even  the  source  of  the  Nile,  a  river  which  has  been  famous  in  history 
since  the  time  of  Moses,  has  only  been  discovered  very  recently. 

The  insalubrity  of  the  climate,  and  the  savage  character  of  the  natives,  are 
additional  obstacles  to  the  exploration  of  Africa,  and  many  intrepid  travellers  have 
lost  their  lives  in  the  attempt. 

III.  Surface.  —  The  principal  mountain-systems  of  Africa  are  the 
Atlas  Chain,  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon,  the  Snow  Mountains,  the 
Kong,  Crystal  and  Cameroon  Mountains. 

The  ranges  of  the  eastern  coast  have  been  but  little  explored;  they  are  known, 
however,  to  stretch  from  the  Highlands  of  Abyssinia  to  the  southern  extremity  of 
Africa.  The  Mountains  of  the  Moon,  once  erroneously  supposed  to  extend  across 
Central  Africa  from  east  to  west,  are  a  part  of  this  system. 

The  only  plateaus  of  which  we  have  any  reliable  knowledge  are  those  of  Abys- 
sinia, the  Sahara,  or  Great  Desert,  and  South  Africa.  The  first  embraces  nearly 
all  of  Abyssinia;  the  last,  the  section  south  of  the  Snow  Mountains.  The  prin- 
cipal plains  are  those  of  Egypt,  Central  and  Southern  Africa. 

IV.  Rivers.  —  The  rivers  flow  into  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  the 
Indian,  and  the  Atlantic  Oceans. 

Describe  the  coast  of  Africa.  —  State  some  of  the  reasons  why  its  interior  is  so 
little  known.  —  Describe  the  surface. — Into  what,  do  the  rivers  flow? — What  can 
you  say  of  the  climate  ?  —  What  parts  are  said  to  be  unhealthful  ? 


There  are  also  many  rivers  of  considerable  size  flowing  into  lakes,  which  are  not, 
probably,  connected  with  the  ocean. 

V.  Climate.  —  The  greater  part  of  Africa  is  in  the  Torrid  Zone, 
and,  much  of  the  country  being  desort-land,  it  is,  as  a  whole,  the 
hottest  and  driest  Grand  Division  of  the  globe. 

The  climate  of  the  eastern  and  western  coasts  is  very  unhealthful.  It  is  espe- 
cially fatal  to  white  men. 

[The  productions,  animals,  and  inhabitants,  will  be  described  in  connection  with 
the  separate  divisions.] 

VI.  Africa  may  be  divided  into  Northern,  Eastern,  SoihBto, 
"Western,  and  Central  Africa. 


NORTHERN  AFRICA. 

VII.  Northern  Africa  comprises  Barbary,  the  Sahara,  or  Great 
Desert,  and  the  Nile  countries. 

The  principal  food-plants  in  this  region  are  dhourra,  teff,  and  millet  (kinds  of 
grain),  and  the  date-palm  tree.  So  numerous  are  these  trees  in  the  section  south 
of  the  Atlas  Mountains,  that  the  country  is  called  Beled  el  Jerid  ("  Land  of  Dates"). 

Rice,  wheat,  and  cotton,  are  raised  in  Egypt.  Abyssinia  is  supposed  to  be  the 
native  country  of  the  coffee-plant. 

The  lion,  elephant,  rhinoceros,  and  camelopard,  are  found  in  this  section,  as  also 
throughout  nearly  all  of  Africa.  The  camel  is  the  most  useful  animal.  The  ostrich 
is  the  largest  bird,  and  the  crocodile  the  most  formidable  reptile. 

Most  of  the  inhabitants  belong  to  the  Caucasian  race,  and  profess  the  Mohamme- 
dan religion.     There  are,  however,  many  negroes  in  the  Nile  countries. 

VIII.  Barbary  embraces  Morocco,  Algeria,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli. 
Morocco  is  an  independent  empire.     Algeria  is  a  colony  of  France.     Tunis  and 

Tripoli  are  nominally  subject  to  Turkey. 

Into  what  divisions  may  Africa  be  separated? — What  does  Northern  Africa  com- 
prise?— What  are  the  principal  productions  of  this  section  ?  —  Name  the  animals. — 
To  what  race  do  the  inhabitants  belong?  — What  are  the  different  countries  of 
Barbary  ? 


AFEICA. 


87 


By  means  of  caravans,  tho  inhabitants  carry  on  an  extensive  trade  with  the  negro 
tribes,  south  of  the  Great  Desert,  and  they  export  wool,  goat-skins,  leather,  olive 
oil,  and  various  fruits. 

Barca  and  Fezzan,  one  of  the  oases  of  the  Great  Desert,  are  provinces  of  Tripoli. 
Tunis,  Tripoli,  Algiers,  Morocco,  and  Fez,  are  the  chief  cities  of  Barbary. 

IX.  The  Sahara,  or  Great  Desert,  is  a  vast  table-land,  about  four- 
fifths  the  size  of  the  United  States,  consisting  chiefly  of  sandy  and 
stony  tracts.  It  contains  a  few  oases,  or  fertile  spots,  and  can  only 
be  crossed  by  the  aid  of  camels. 

The  only  inhabitants  of  this  dreary  region  are  a  few  wandering  tribes,  called 
Tibboos  and  Tuaricks.     Salt  is  found  on  the  desert  in  large  quantities. 

X.  The  countries  of  the  Nile  are  Egypt,  Nubia,  and  Abyssinia. 
XL  Egypt  is  celebrated  for  its  pyramids,  and  its  ruins  of  ancient 

cities  and  temples.     It  has  been  a  country  of  unrivalled  fertility, 
from  the  earliest  dawn  of  history. 

XII.  Nubia  and  Kordofan  (which  lies  to  the  southwest  of  Nubia), 
are  subject  to  the  Pasha  of  Egypt. 

It  rarely  or  never  rains  in  Middle  or  Upper  Egypt,  and  the  land  is  watered  by 
the  annual  overflow  of  tho  river  Nile. 

Alexandria  is  the  chief  sea-port  of  Egypt.  Cairo,  the  capital,  is  the  largest  city 
in  Africa.     Khartoom  is  the  only  city  of  any  considerable  size  in  Nubia. 

XIII.  Abyssinia  consisted  until  lately  of  three  separate  States, 
but  they  are  now  united  under  the  government  of  the  Negus  or 
Emperor  Theodorus. 

Gondar  is  the  capital  of  Abyssinia. 

Most  of  the  people  profess  the  Christian  religion,  but  their  faith  is  obscured  by 
many  barbarous  and  superstitious  ceremonies. 

The  Gallas  or  Ormas,  a  dark-brown  race,  inhabit  the  regions  south  of  Abyssinia, 
and  were  once  the  terror  of  the  surrounding  nations,  but  their  habits  are  now  more 
peaceful.  They  cultivate  the  ground  to  a  limited  extent,  and  raise  large  herds  of 
cattle. 

EASTERN  AFRICA. 

XIV.  Eastern  Africa  includes  the  countries  upon  the  coast,  from 
the  Strait  of  Bab-el-Mandeb  to  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn. 

The  principal  divisions  are  Zanguebar  and  Mozambique.  The  country  north  of 
Zanguebar  is  occupied  by  a  people  Balled  the  Konmulies. 

The  Suahilies  inhabit  the  coast  districts.  The  people  of  the  interior  are  pagan 
Negroes.  The  towns  on  t  he  coagf  of  Zaniruebar  are  governed  by  the  Sultan  of  Zan- 
zibar. Zanzibar  City  is  the  seat  of  his  government.  Mozambique  belongs  to 
Portugal. 

SOUTHERN  AFRICA. 

XY.  Southern  Africa  comprises  Cape  Colony,  Natal,  Caffraria, 
the  Trans  Vaal  Eepublic,  Orange  Eiver  Free  State,  and  the  Zoolu, 
Bechuana,  Namaqua,  and  Damara  countries. 

Cape  Colony  and  Natal  are  British  colonies.  Caffraria  is  in  the  possession  of 
independent  tribes  of  Oaffirs,  a  variety  of  the  negro  race. 

The  Trans  Vaal  Republic  and  Orange  River  Free  State  are  independent  States, 
inhabited  by  negro  tribes  and  Dutch  boors,  or  farmers,  the  latter  being  the  ruling 
class. 

The  Zoolu,  Bechuana,  Damara,  and  Namaqua  countries  are  thinly  inhabited  by 
rude,  pastoral  tribes,  who  go  about  from  place  to  place,  to  feed  their  numerous  herds 
of  cattle,  which  form  their  chief  wealth. 

XVI.  Cape  Colony  is  the  most  important  division  of  Southern 
Africa.     About  one-half  of  the  inhabitants  are  Dutch  and  English. 

Cape  Town,  the  chief  city,  carries  on  an  extensive  trade  with  Great  Britain  and 
other  foreign  countries.     Wool  is  the  principal  article  of  export. 

Name  the  chief  cities  of  Barbary. —  Describe  the  Sahara. — Which  are  the  Nile 
countries  ? —  For  what  is  Egypt  celebrated?  —  To  what  power  are  Nubia  and  Kor- 
dofan subject  ?  —What  can  you  say  of  Abyssinia  ?  —  Of  the  Gallas  ?  —What  are  the 
principal  divisions  of  Eastern  Africa?  —  To  what  power  does  Zanguebar  belong  ? — 
Mozambique? — What  does  Southern  Africa  comprise? — Which  divisions  belong  to 
the  British?  —  Describe  the  others. 


WESTERN  AFRICA. 

XVII.  Western  Africa  includes  the  countries  upon  the  coast, 
from  the  Great  Desert  to  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn.  Senegambia 
and  Guinea  are  the  principal  divisions. 

The  British,  Dutch,  French,  and  Portuguese,  have  settlements  on  this  coast.  The 
most  important  one  is  the  British  colony  of  Sierra  Leone,  which  was  founded  in 
1787  as  a  refuge  for  liberated  slaves. 

XVIII.  Liberia  is  a  negro  republic,  with  a  government  modelled 
after  that  of  the  United  States. 

Liberia  was  founded  in  1821,  by  the  American  Colonization  Society,  as  a  place  of 
refuge  for  free  blacks  and  liberated  slaves  from  tb,e  United  States.  It  is  regarded 
as  a  most  successful  experiment  for  the  civilization  of  Africa. 

Monrovia  is  the  capital  and  chief  town.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  trade,  con- 
taining many  schools  and  churches. 

Ashantee,  Dahomey,  and  Yoruba  are  the  most  important  native  kingdoms.  The 
army  of  Dahomey  is  composed  chiefly  of  women. 

CENTRAL  AFRICA. 

XIX.  Central  Africa  comprises  Soudan,  Ethiopia,  and  the  Eegion 
of  the  Zambesi. 

Soudan  contains  many  small  States,  some  of  which  are  known  to  us  only  by 
name.  The  whole  region  is  a  plain  of  great  fertility,  and  embraces  the  basin  of 
Lake  Tchad,  and  the  greater  part  of  that  of  the  river  Niger. 

Dr.  Barth  and  other  recent  travellers  report  Soudan  to  be  well  peopled  by  various 
nations,  one  of  whom,  the  Fellatas,  have  acquired  an  empire  of  1400  miles  in 
extent  since  the  commencement  of  the  present  century. 

There  are  some  cities  and  towns  of  considerable  size  in  Soudan.  Of  these, 
Sokoto,  Kashna,  Kano,  Sego,  and  Wurno  are  perhaps  the  most  important. 

Ethiopia  is  still  an  almost  unknown  region,  notwithstanding  the  numerous 
attempts  to  explore  it.  In  1859,  Lake  Tanganyika  and  Lake  Victoria  Nyanza  were 
discovered  by  Captains  Burton  and  Speke,  and  in  1864  Lake  Albert  Nyanza  by 
Mr.  Baker.     The  latter  is  now  supposed  to  be  the  source  of  trf"ie  river  Nile. 

The  Region  of  the  Zambesi  has  been  recently  explored  by  Dr.  Livingstone.  Lake 
Nyassa  was  discovered  by  him  in  1859.  He  reports  the  country  to  be  a  low  and 
fertile  plain,  which  in  the  rainy  season  is  in  part  covered  with  water. 

The  productions  of  Eastern,  Western,  and  Central  Africa,  are  such  as  belong  to 
the  Torrid  Zone.  The  natives  collect  some  palm-oil,  ivory,  and  gold  dust,  which 
are  exported  from  the  towns  on  the  coast,  but  the  principal  trade  is  the  selling  of 
slaves  —  a  traffic  which  most  Christian  nations  have  united  in  endeavoring  to 
suppress. 

Savage  and  powerful  animals,  such  as  the  lion,  elephant,  rhinoceros,  hippopota- 
mus, and  the  gorilla,  a  gigantic  species  of  ape,  abound  in  this  portion  of  Africa. 

The  natives  are  found  in  various  stages  of  barbarism.  Nearly  all  of  them  belong 
to  the  negro  race.  Those  of  Central  Africa  are  considered  somewhat  superior  to 
the  inhabitants  of  tho  coast.  They  work  skilfully  in  gold,  iron,  and  leather,  and 
weave  and  dye  substantial  cotton  fabrics. 

AFRICAN  ISLANDS. 

XX.  Madagascar  is  the -largest  of  the  African  Islands.  It  is  a 
mountainous  country,  and  but  little  known.  Part  of  the  inhab- 
itants belong  to  the  Negro,  and  part  to  the  Malay  race. 

Bourbon  and  Mauritius  Islands  are  east  of  Madagascar.  The  former  belongs  to 
France ;  the  latter,  to  England.  The  Almirante  and  Seychelle  Islands  are  depen- 
dencies of  Mauritius.     Socotra  is  under  the  dominion  of  the  Sultan  of  Zanzibar. 

The  Azores,  Madeira,  and  Cape  Verd  Islands  belong  to  Portugal ;  the  Canaries, 
to  Spain.     Fruit,  sugar,  coffee,  cochineal,  and  salt  are  the  chief  exports. 

St.  Helena  and  Ascension  are  4M£&*  islands.  The  former  is  noted  as  having 
been  the  place  of  exile  of  the  Emperor  Napoleon,  who  died  there  in  1821. 

What  are  the  principal  divisions  of  Western  Africa? — What  European  govern, 
ments  have  settlements  upon  the  coast? — What  can  you  say  of  Liberia?  —  What 
are  the  three  divisions  of  Central  Africa?  —  Describe  Soudan. —  In  what  region 
have  large  lakes  been  discovered  ?  —  Name  some  of  the  exports  of  these  sections. — 
The  principal  animals. — Describe  the  inhabitants. —  Name  the  largest  African 
island.— The  other  principal  islands. 


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COMMON-SCHOOL    GEOGBAPHY. 


"  RUNNING  A  MUCK. 


BUINS    OF   TUE   TEMPLE   OF   BOKO    BODO,    IN   JAVA. 


GOLD   MINING   IN  AUSTRALIA. 


CHAPTER    XIX. 
OCEANICA. 

I.  Oceanica  consists  entirely  of  islands ;    and  comprises  the 
three  divisions  of  Malaysia,  Australasia,  and  Polynesia. 


, 


MALAYSIA. 

II.  Malaysia  includes  a  number  of  islands  which  lie  to  the  south 
east  of  Asia.    This  division  is  also  known  as  the  East  Indian  Archi- 
pelago. 

The  principal  islands  are  Borneo,  Sumatra,  and  Java  (which,  with  some  smaller 
ones,  are  embraced  under  the  general  name  of  the  Sunda  Isles),  the  Philippine, 
Spice  Islands,  and  Celebes. 

III.  Surface.  —  Most  of  these  islands  are  mountainous,  and  many 
of  them  contain  numerous  active  volcanoes. 

The  Sunda  Islands  alone  contain  eighty  volcanoes,  and  there  are  forty-three  on 
the  single  island  of  Java.     Earthquakes  are  frequent. 

IV.  Climate.  —  Malaysia  lies  within  the  Torrid  Zone.  The  cli- 
mate, therefore,  is  very  hot. 

The  low  lands  near  the  coast,  owing  to  the  excessive  moisture  and  great  heat,  are 
frequently  very  unhealthy.  At  an  elevation  of  a  few  hundred  feet,  the  climate 
becomes  more  healthful ;  and,  by  ascending  still  higher,  we  reach  a  delightful 
region  of  perpetual  spring. 

V.  Productions.  —  No  part  of  the  world  is  richer  in  its  vegetable 
productions  than  the  islands  of  Malaysia.  The  minerals  are  also 
valuable. 

Nearly  all  the  spices  which  we  use  —  such  as  cinnamon,  cloves,  nutmegs,  and 
pepper  —  are  raised  on  these  islands.     Here  also  grow  the  bread-fruit  tree,  sago, 

Of  what  does  Oceanica  consist? — What  three  divisions  does  it  comprise? — What 
does  Malaysia  include?  —  Which  are  the  principal  islands?  —  Describe  the  sur- 
face.— What  is  said  of  the  climate?  —  What  are  the  principal  productions  of 
Malaysia  ? 


— « 


the  cocoa-nut  palm,  bananas,  and  yams.     Gutta-percha  is  the  sap  of  a  tree  which 
grows  in  the  forests  of  Borneo,  and  of  other  islands  in  the  Archipelago. 

Rice  is  cultivated  in  most  of  the  islands.  Java  exports  great  quantities  of  cofFeo 
and  sugar.  Borneo  furnishes  gold  and  diamonds;  and  Banca,  tin.  From  the 
Philippine  Islands  we  receive  sugar,  hemp,  and  tobacco. 

VI.  Animals. — Many  of  the  animals  of  Malaysia  are  among  the 
largest  and  fiercest  upon  the  earth. 

The  rhinoceros  and  tiger  are  found  in  Sumatra  and  Java  ;  the  elephant  in 
Sumatra ;  and  the  ourang-outang  in  Sumatra  and  Borneo.  Reptiles  and  insects 
are  numerous  in  all  the  islands.  In  many  of  them,  domestic  animals  —  as  hogs, 
cattle,  goats,  and  sheep  —  are  abundant.  The  birds  are  noted  for  the  beauty  of 
their  plumage. 

VII.  Inhabitants.  —  The  ruling  people  of  the  Archipelago  are 
Malays.  They  are  much  engaged  in  maritime  pursuits,  and  many 
of  them  are  pirates. 

The  Malays  consume  a  great  deal  of  opium,  and,  under  its  influence,  sometimes 
burst  into  fits  of  furious  madness.  While  in  this  condition,  with  their  daggers  in 
their  hands,  they  frequently  rush  at, any  one  they  chance  to  meet,  scroaming 
"Amok!  amok!"  (kill!  kill!):  hence  the  expression,  " running  a  muck." 

In  the  interior  of  the  larger  islands  are  tribes  of  negroes,  among  the  most  degraded 
creatures  on  the  earth.  Some  of  them  are  cannibals.  There  are  also  in  the  islands 
numerous  Chinese,  and  in  the  commercial  towns  a  few  Europeans. 

VIII.  The  Dutch,  Spanish,  English,  and  Portuguese,  have  pos- 
sessions in  Malaysia. 

Java,  the  Spice  Islands,  part  of  Borneo,  Sumatra,  Celebes,  and  Timor,  belong  to 
the  Dutch.  The  Philippine  Islands  are  in  the  possession  of  the  Spanish.  The 
English  occupy  a  part  of  Borneo,  and  all  of  the  adjoining  island  of  Labuan.  A 
part  of  Timor  belongs  to  the  Portuguese. 

IX.  Towns.  —  Batavia  and  Manilla  are  the  most  important  cities 
of  Malaysia,  and  are  the  chief  ports  for  the  commerce  of  the 
islands. 

Name  some  of  the  animals. — Who  are  the  ruling  people? — What  other  races  also 
inhabit  these  islands?  —  What  European  nations  have  possession  here?  —  Which 
of  the  islands  belong  to  the  Dutch?  —  Spanish?  —  English?  —  Portuguese?  —  Name 
the  principal  cities. 


OCEANICA. 


91 


AUSTRALASIA. 

X .  Australasia  is  the  largest  division  of  Oceanica.  It  comprises 
Australia,  Papua,  or  New  Guinea,  Tasmania,  New  Zealand,  New 
Caledonia,  and  many  other  islands  of  less  importance. 

Australia,  Tasmania,  New  Zealand,  Norfolk,  and  Chatham  Islands,  belong  to  Great 
Britain;  and  New  Caledonia,  to  France.  The  other  islands  are  still  in  possession 
of  the  native  inhabitants.  Australia,  on  account  of  its  great  size,  is  by  many 
geographers  regarded  as  a  continent. 

AUSTRALIA. 

XI.  Surface. — Near  the  coast,  almost  the  entire  island  seems  to 
be  guarded  by  mountain-ranges.  The  central  regions  have  never 
been  explored,  but  are  supposed  to  consist  of  a  low,  barren  plain. 
The  only  river  of  much  importance  is  the  Murray. 

The  settled  regions  are  the  sections  between  the  mountains  and  the  coast,  the 
many  valleys  between  the  different  mountain-ranges,  and  the  slopes  towards  the 
interior. 

XII.  Climate. —  The  northern  part  of  the  island  is  in  the  Torrid 
Zone,  and  its  climate  is  strictly  tropical.  The  temperature  of  the 
southern  part  is  much  like  that  of  Southern  Europe. 

New  South  Wales  is  subject  to  excessive  heat,  caused  by  burning  winds  from  the 
sterile  plains  of  the  interior.  The  thermometer  sometimes  rises  as  high  as  130°  in 
the  shade.  This  section  is  also  subject  to  long  droughts,  at  irregular  intervals, 
which  are  often  followed  by  torrents  of  rain,  flooding  the  whole  country. 

XIII.  Productions. — The  most  important  of  these  are  gold  and 
tIooI,  both  of  which  are  largely  exported. 

Few  fcod  plants  of  any  value  have  been  found  in  Australia,  although  those  of 
other  countries,  in  similar  climates,  are  grown  here  successfully.  The  native  trees 
are  nearly  all  evergreens. 

The  grass  is  of  superior  quality,  and  sustains  numerous  flocks  of  sheep,  which 
the  early  English  settlers  introduced  in  great  numbers. 

Gold  was  first  discovered  in  1851.  Its  product  since  that  time  has  been  greater 
than  that  of  all  the  rest  of  the  world,  except  California. 

XIV.  Animals. —  The  largest  native  animal  is  the  kangaroo.    The 

most  singular  one  is  the  platypus,  which  has  the  body  of  an  otter, 

the  bill  of  a  duck,  and  lays  eggs.     Birds  are  numerous. 

The  domestic  animals  of  Europe  have  been  introduced  into  the  island  in  great 
numbers. 

XV.  Inhabitants. —  The  natives  of  Australia,  and  of  most  of  the 
islands  in  Australasia,  are  a  degraded  race  of  negroes,  called 
Papuans.  The  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  are  Europeans  and 
their  descendants. 

XVI.  Political  Divisions. —  The  colonies  are  New  South  Wales, 

Victoria,  South  Australia,  West  Australia,  and  Queensland. 

New  South  Wales  and  Victoria  are  by  far  the  most  important  divisions.  The 
gold-fields  are  in  these  colonies. 

XVII.  Towns. — Melbourne  and  Sydney  are  the  most  important 
cities,  and  the  principal  commercial  marts  of  the  country.  Adelaide 
is  the  capital  of  South  Australia,  and  Perth  of  West  Australia. 

XVIII.  Tasmania,  south  of  Australia,  is  a  fine  agricultural  island, 
inhabited  solely  by  European  colonists.  The  islands  of  New  Zea- 
land are  mountainous,  and  have  a  climate  much  resembling  that  of 
Great  Britain.     The  native  inhabitants  belong  to  the  Malay  race. 


Name  the  principal  islands  of  Australasia. — Which  of  them  belong  to  Great  Britain? 
—Which  belong  to  France?  — Describe  the  surface  of  Australia.—  Its  climate.— What 
are  the  most  important  productions  ? — Name  someof  the  animals. — To  what  racedo  the 

native  inhabitants  belong? — What  are  the  political  divisions  of  Australia? Which  are 

the  most  Important  cities? — What  is  said  of  Tasmania?  —  Describe  New  Zealand. 


XIX.  Little  is  known  of  Papua,  and  the  other  islands  of  Aus- 
tralasia. There  are  no  white  settlements  in  any  of  them,  except 
New  Caledonia. 

They  are  for  the  most  part  mountainous,  and  undoubtedly  contain  many  valuable 
productions. 

POLYNESIA. 

XX.  Polynesia  includes  the  great  number  of  islands  which  are 
scattered  throughout  the  wide  expanse  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Though  very  numerous,  and  some  of  them  of  considerable  size,  these  islands,  as 
compared  with  the  great  ocean,  are  as  mere  specks  upon  its  surface. 

XXI.  The  islands  of  Polynesia  are  mountainous,  or  low. 


VIEW  OF  TAHITI. 


The  mountainous  islands  are  principally  of  volcanic  formation.  The  low  islands 
are  the  work  of  the  coral  insect.  They  arc  very  level,  and  have  scarcely  any 
elevation  above  the  surface  of  the  ocean. 

XXII.  The  most  important  groups  are  the  Sandwich,  Ladrone, 

Caroline,  Society,  Marquesas,  and  Friendly  Islands.    Nearly  all  of 

these  are  mountainous. 

The  Ladrone  and  Caroline  Islands  belong  to  Spain.  The  Marquesas  group,  and 
Tahiti,  (one  of  the  Society  Islands,)  belong  to  France. 

XXIII.  Climate  and  Productions. — Nearly  the  whole  of  Polynesia 
is  in  the  Torrid  Zone.  Many  tropical  productions  have  been  intro- 
duced, and  grow  in  great  luxuriance. 

The  climate  is  much  modified  by  the  influence  of  the  sea,  and  is,  in  general,  like 
that  of  perpetual  spring.  The  bread-fruit,  cocoa-nut,  and  plantain-trees,  with 
yams,  are  the  most  important  native  productions. 

XXIV.  Animals. — When  first  discovered,  these  islands  contained 
neither  insects  nor  reptiles,  and  no  animal  larger  than  a  hog.  Many 
of  the  domestic  animals  of  Europe  and  America  have,  however, 
been  taken  to  Polynesia  by  vessels  from  those  countries. 

XXV.  Inhabitants. —  Most  of  the  natives  belong  to  the  Malay  race. 
In  some  of  the  islands  they  are  very  savage ;  in  others,  they  are  intelli- 
gent and  gentle.  Many  of  them  have  been  converted  to  Christianity, 
under  the  influence  of  missionaries  who  have  labored  among  them. 

XXVI.  Towns.  —  Honolulu,  on  Oahu,  one  of  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  is  the  only  important  town  in  Polynesia. 

The  native  inhabitants  of  the  islands  of  Oceanica  are  rapidly  passing  away  before 
the  white  man,  and,  like  the  Indians  of  North  America,  will  doubtless  at  no  distant 
day  become  extinct. 

What  does  Polynesia  include?  —  Of  what  two  kinds  are  the  islands?  —  Of  what 
formation  are  the  mountainous  islands?  —  The  low  islands? — Which  are  the  most 
important  groups?  —  In  what  zone  is  nearly  the  whole  of  Polynesia?  —  Name  some 
of  the  productions  of  these  islands. — What  is  said  of  the  animals  ?  —  To  what  race 
do  the  inhabitants  belong? — What  is  the  principal  town  of  Polynesia? 


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QUESTIONS  FOR  GENERAL  REVIEW. 


What  seas,  gulfs,  and  bays  lie  east  and  south  of  Asia  ? — What  are  the  prin- 
cipal exports  of  Franco  ?— Of  Russia  ? — What  is  the  ditference  in  time  between 
Paris  and  New  York  ?— What  is  the  latitude  of  Cape  Horn  ?— Of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope? — Name  the  four  largest  rivers  of  Europe,  and  describe  the  Danube. 

What  does  the  Dominion  of  Canada  comprise  ?  —  Why  are  great  cities  usually 

situated  upon  rivers!  

Name  the  six  largest  cities  in  the  United  States. — In  Europe. — Where  are  the 
principal  coal,  iron,  and  gold  mines  in  Europe? — How  would  you  go  by  water 
from  Philadelphia  to  Vienna  ? — What  is  a  desert  ? — Name  some  of  the  most 
celebrated. — Give  the  latitude  and  longitude  of  the  five  most  populous  cities 
in  the  world.  — Trace  the  different  routes  used  by  travellers  in  going  from  Eng- 
land to  India.  

Name  the  principal  rivers  that  flow  into  the  Pacific  Ocean. — Name  in  order 
the  countries  bordering  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea. — Name  the  oceans  in  the 
order  of  their  size. — Name  the  islands  in  the  Indian  Ocean. — In  what  direction 
will  shadows  be  cast  at  noon,  on  the  23d  of  September,  at  Quito  ? — At  Chicago  ? 
— At  Callao  ? — At  St.  Helena  ? — At  Java  ? — At  Montevideo  ? — Name  several  cities 
on  the  globe  that  lie  on,  or  near,  the  parallel  of  New  Orleans. 


What  does  the  British  Empire  comprise  ? — Which  has  the  longer  day  on  the 
21st  of  June,  Boston  or  London? — Why? — Name  the  principal  islands  in  the 
Mediterranean  Sea. — Mention  some  of  the  principal  deltas  on  the  globe. — 
Define  a  Great  Circle. — Where  is  the  Dead  Sea? — Where  is  the  Peak  of  Teneriffe? 
— For  what  are  the  following  places  noted  ?  Lyons;  Canton;  Genoa;  Malaga; 
Mobile ;  Jerusalem. 

Name  the  three  southern  peninsulas  of  Europe. — Of  Asia. — Docs  the  North 
Pole  incline  towards  the  sun,  or  from  it,  on  the  21st  of  June? — What  is  govern- 
ment ? — What  meridian  divides  the  hemispheres  ? — Name  the  highest  mountain 
on  the  globe;  the  largest  fresh- water  lake;  the  longest  river. — When  does  the 
rainy  season  occur  in  tropical  countries  north  of  the  equator  ? — Through  what 
waters,  and  over  what  countries  and  islands,  does  the  Equator  pass  ? 


How  does  a  lofty  mountain  in  the  Torrid  Zone  illustrate  the  differences  of 
climate  and  vegetation? — To  what  race  do  the  Moors  belong? — Do  you  find 
large  manufacturing  establishments  in  thickly-settled  countries,  or  in  those 
thinly  settled  ? — Why?  —  What  strait  separates  North  America  from  Asia  ?  — 
Vera  Cruz  and  the  city  of  Mexico  have  nearly  the  same  latitude :  which  has  the 
milder  climate  ?  —  Why  ? 

Why  are  large  commercial  cities  generally  found  on  the  sea-coast? — What  is 
the  Gulf  Stream  ? — Name  the  five  most  powerful  states  of  Europe. — What  are 
the  principal  branches  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea? — Describe  the  overland  route 
from  London  to  Bombay. — Name  four  branches  of  the  Amazon  River. — Name 
six  remarkable  volcanoes,  and  locate  them. — What  names  are  given  to  the  great 
mountain-system  extending  across  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  from  Spain  to  the 
China  Sea?— Name  three  of  the  Sunda  Islands. 


What  is  the  most  important  town  in  South  Africa?— What  is  the  source  of 
the  Nile  ?— What  Taces  inhabit  Madagascar  ?— What  is  the  largest  river  of 
Western  Africa  ?— Of  Southern  Africa  ?— What  is  the  latitude  of  the  Azores  ?— 
Of  the  Sandwich  Islands  ?— When  it  is  summer  at  Chicago,  what  is  the  season 
at  Valparaiso  ?— Where  do  the  Mongolians  chiefly  live  ?— What  is  a  degree  ?— 
From  what  countries  do  the  paper-makers  of  the  United  States  import  the  most 
of  their  rags  ? 

What  country  produces  the  best  tea  ?— Tobacco?— Coffee  ?— Where  is  Aleppo? 
— Surat?— Astrakhan?— Ghent?— Where  are  the  Atlas  Mountains?— Where. is 
Roumania ?— What  are  the  two  chief  commercial  towns  of  Australia?— What 
peninsula  in  North  America  extends  towards  the  north  ?— What  one  in  Europe  ? 
—Name  the  rivers  that  drain  Siberia.— What  is  the  capital  of  British  India?— In 
what  countries  does  Mohammedanism  prevail ' 
(96) 


What  country  is  tho  most  extensively  engaged  in  manufacturing  ? — What  two 
mountain-chains  separate  Asia  from  Europe  ? — How  does  a  chart  differ  from  a 
map  ? — What  is  the  most  important  town  on  the  Philippine  Islands  ? — Is  tho 
Sahara  a  table-land,  or  a  plaja  ? — Name  the  largo  rivers  that  drain  China. — 
Farther  India. — Hindoostan. — Where  i3  Lapland? — What  13  the  latitude  of 
Cape  Farewell?— Of  St.  Petersburg? 


To  what  state  of  society  do  the  Chinese  belong? — What  waters  does  tho 
Isthmus  of  Suez  separate? — What  lands  docs  it  connect? — Which  grand  divi- 
sion of  land  stretches  farthest  towards  the  North  Pole  ? — Where  is  the  Kwichpak 
River? — Which  ocean  contains  the  more  land?  the  Arctic,  or  the  Antarctic? — 
Name  the  Greater  Antilles. — What  three  mountain-systems  in  South  America! 
— What  connects  the  Persian  Gulf  with  the  Arabian  Sea  ? 


Into  what  does  tho  Euphrates  flow? — Mention  two  lakes  in  South  America. 
— Describe  the  river  Nile. — Name  the  principal  rivers  flowing  into  the  Black 
Sea. — Into  tho  Baltic  Sea. — Where  are  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon? — Tho  Snow 
Mountains  ? — What  is  the  latitude  of  the  island  of  St.  Helena  ? — What  city  dic- 
tates to  the  civilized  world  in  matters  of  dross  and  fashion? — Define  diameter. 
— Locate  Singapore;  Smyrna;  Para;  Leipsic;  Madras;  Odessa. 


Where  is  tho  island  of  Malta  ?— To  what  government  does  it  belong  ? — What 
country  on  the  south  side  of  the  Caucasus  Mountains? — What  isits  capital? — 
What  do  you  mean  by  the  Ottoman  Empire? — From  what  islands  are  spices 
chiefly  imported? — Where  is  Batavia? — AVhat  is  the  capital  of  Canada? — In 
what  portions  of  Europe  is  wheat  abundantly  produced  ? — The  olive  and  mul- 
berry tree? — In  what  country  is  peat  the  chief  article  of  fuel? 


What  grand  division  does  the  Arctic  Circle  cross  ? — The  Tropic  of  Cancer  ? 
The  Tropic  of  Capricorn? — Name  all  the  principal  rivers  on  the  western  coast 
of  Europe,  between  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar  and  the  Strait  of  Dover. — Between 
the  Strait  of  Dover  and  Denmark. — What  strait  connects  the  Red  Sea  with  the 
Arabian  Sea? — What  two  straits  connect  the  Indian  Ocean  with  the  China 
Sea? — Which  grand  division  has  the  most  extensive  plateaus? 

On  what  waters  will  a  vessel  sail  in  going  from  New  York,  round  the  Capo 
of  Good  Hope,  to  Bombay, — thence  to  Canton, — thence  to  San  Francisco, — and 
thence,  by  way  of  Cape  Horn,  to  New  York  again? — At  what  towns  on  the 
borders  of  the  Chinese  Empire  and  Siberia  do  the  Russians  and  Chinese  carry 

on  an  extensive  trade? — What  town  in  Russia  is  noted  for  its  great  fairs? 

Mention  the  names  of  some  distinguished  travellers  who  have  recently  made 
discoveries  in  Africa. 


Which  zone  contains  the  most  highly  civilized  nations? — What  is  the  effect 
of  the  climate  of  the  Torrid  Zone  on  its  inhabitants  ? — Which  of  the  West  Indies 
belong  to  Spain? — Name  two  of  them  which  belong  to  France. — Name  one  be- 
longing to  England. — Which  division  of  South  America  has  no  towns? — How 
many  empires  are  there  on  the  Western  Continent? — What  is  the  oldest-settled 
town  in  New  England? — In  the  United  States? 


The  course  of  the  Mississippi  River  is  from  north  to  south;  the  course  of  the 
Amazon  is  from  west  to  east:  which  river,  do  you  think,  is  the  most  favorable 
to  trade  and  commerce? — Why? — Why  are  there  no  large  rivers  on  the  western 
coast  of  South  America? — Which  is  the  largest  empire  in  the  world? — Which 
one  has  the  largest  number  of  subjects? — Name  the  rivers  flowing  into  the 
Caspian  Sea Into  the  Sea  of  Aral. — Where  are  the  Cyclades? 

What  is  the  most  southern  point  of  Asia? — Of  Europe? — Where  is  Virginia 
City? — Carson  City? — Golden  City? — In  what  countries  is  the  lion  found? — 
What  is  the  only  animal  that  can  live  in  all  parts  of  the  globe  ? — What  three 
rivers  unite  to  form  the  Missouri? — What  is  the  holy  city  of  the  Jews? — Of  tho 
Mohammedans? — On  the  21st  day  of  March,  is  the  sun  north  or  south  of  the 
equator? — Give  the  latitude  and  longitude  of  Wheeling. — Of  Lima. — Of  Vienna. 


TREATISE  ON  MAP-DRAWING. 

BY  E.  A.  APGAK. 


No  pupil  in  geography  can  properly  be  said  to  have  become  thoroughly  ac- 
quainted with  the  surface  of  the  earth  until  he  has  a  distinct  and  definite  picture 
of  the  whole,  as  represented  by  maps,  indelibly  impressed  upon  his  mind.  The 
most  ready  and  accurate  method  of  thus  transferring  to  the  mind  that  which  is 
upon  the  printed  page  is  by  means  of  rightly-conducted  exercises  in  map- 
drawing.  And  the  only  true  and  reliable  test  that  such  an  acquaintance  with 
the  surface  of  the  earth  has  been  acquired  by  the  pupil,  is  his  ability  to  repro- 
duce upon  slate,  paper,  or  blackboard,  any  portion  of  that  surface,  with  only 
his  mental  picture  as  a  guide. 

In  map-drawing,  the  teacher  is  generally  content  if  his  pupils  are  able  to 
copy  accurately.  To  do  this,  alone,  is  no  test  of  any  clear  geographical  know- 
ledge. A  pupil  can  be  said  to  have  a  distinct  mental  picture  only  of  that  which 
he  can  draw  from  memory. 

The  Disadvantages  of  using  Parallels  and  Meridians  in  Drawing  Maps. — Parallels 
and  meridians  should  never  be  used  by  a  pupil  in  geography  as  helps  for  map- 
drawing.  They  do  not  aid  the  student  to  draw  from  memory;  they  necessitate 
the  use  of  a  copy  even  more  than  a  blank  page  does ;  they  lead  the  attention  to 
the  comparatively  unimportant  miuutia!  of  the  contour  of  tho  continent,  while 


I 

1.  The  Triangulation.— First  draw  the  vertical  line  AB,  of  any  convenient 
length  ;  bisect  it  at  C  ;  bisect  the  upper  half  at  D.  From  D  draw  the  horizontal 
line  DE  equal  to  one-half  of  AB,  and  trisect  it.  Draw  DF  equal  to  one-third  of 
DE.     Connect  the  points  as  in  the  figure,  and  trisect  the  lines  FA,  AE,  and  EB. 

The  figure  thus  drawn  gives  what  may  be  called  the  geometrical  expression 
of  the  continent,  and  serves  as  a  basis  for  constructing  the  map.  The  angles 
at  A,  E,  B,  and  F  determine  the  accurate  position  of  four  of  the  most  important 
points  of  the  continent,  and  the  sides  give  us  the  general  direction  of  the  coast- 
line, while  the  trisecting  points  serve  as  guide-posts  for  making  certain  pro- 
jections or  indentations.  The  simplicity  of  the  construction  of  this  figure  con- 
sists in  the  fact  that  there  are  no  angles  to  be  measured,  and  that  all  distances 
are  determined  by  reference  to  the  first  line,  or  measuring  unit  AB.  This  line 
may  serve  as  a  scale  of  miles  for  determining  all  distances  upon  the  continent. 


the  general  shape  and  prominent  characteristic  projections  and  indentations 
are  entirely  overlooked.  The  relation  between  the  coast-line  of  a  continent 
and  a  system  of  these  lines  involves  too  many  particulars,  and  cannot  be  re 
membered;  and  even  if  this  relationship  should  be  remembered,  the  lines  them- 
selves cannot  be  constructed  by  the  pupil  without  the  use  of  instruments,  and 
at  a  great  loss  of  time. 

The  Advantages  of  using  Triangulations  in  Drawing  Maps. — The  easiest  and, 
indeed,  the  only  effectual  way  to  draw  from  memory  the  map  of  a  country,  is 
to  observe,  in  the  first  place,  what  convenient  geometrical  figure  will  give,  by 
its  lines  and  angles,  the  accurate  position  of  tho  greatest  number  of  leading 
points  in  the  country.  This  geometrical  figure,  which  can  be  easily  remem- 
bered, and  readily  drawn  by  the  eye,  then  serves  as  a  basis  on  which  to  construct 
accurately  from  memory  the  general  outlines  of  the  proposed  map.  By  the  use 
of  such  a  figure  the  pupil  is  led  at  once  to  the  consideration  of  the  most  general 
laws  of  the  form,  after  which  the  details  will  follow  without  difficulty. 

To  illustrate  this  method,  an  outline  map  of  South  America  is  here  given, 

with  directions  for  constructing  the  preliminary  triangulation  and  drawing  the 

coast-lino. 

l'cna.  of Paraguana 


Ki[ltutor 


C.  J'aritwj 


C.  Frio 


C.  Pillar 


2.  The  Coast-Line. — The  coast-line  of  South  America  is  quite  simple,  and 
closely  follows  the  sides  of  the  triangulation.  The  point  A,  on  the  figure,  co- 
incides with  the  peninsula  of  Paraguana;  E,  with  Cape  St.  Roque;  B,  with 
Cape  Pillar;  and  F,  with  Cape  Parina.  The  trisecting  points,  2,  4,  5,  and  6, 
determine  respectively  the  positions  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  the  mouth  of 
the  Amazon,  Cape  Frio,  and  the  mouth  of  the  La  Plata. 

In  drawing  either  of  the  continents,  the  pupil  should  first  be  taught  to  con- 
struct the  triangulation  accurately,  upon  which  he  afterwards  may  draw  the 
coast-line,  first  through  the  use  of  a  copy,  and  then  from  memory.  It  is  all- 
important  that  the  pupil  should  be  able  to  draw  the  contour  of  a  continent 
readily  and  accurately  before  he  attempts  to  represent  any  of  the  inland 
features;  for  upon  an  imperfect  drawing  of  the  outline  the  details  must 
necessarily  be  imperfect. 


98 


TllEATISE    ON    MAP-DRAWING. 


DIKECTIONS  FOR  DRAWING  THE  STATES. 

For  drawing  the  States  no  additional  geometrical  figures  are  necessary.  All 
that  is  required  is  that,  in  each  State,  some  one  line  shall  be  taken  which  will 
best  serve  as  a  measuring  unit  for  determining  the  position  of  the  greatest 
number  of  prominent  points  in  the  complete  boundary.  To  illustrate  this,  a 
simple  outline  drawing  of  the  four  Middle  States  is  here  given.   The  measuring 


unit  in  each  State  is  the  line  extending  from  1  to  2,  and  the  order  for  drawing 
the  different  boundary  lines  must  follow  the  order  of  the  numbers. 

The  following  directions  will  give  the  relative  measurements  of  the  above 
States. 

NEW  YOEK. 

From  1  to  2,  first  line,  100  miles  long. 

From  2  to  3  =  first  line. 

From  3  to  4  =  first  line. 

From  3  to  5  =  first  line. 

From  6  to  6  =  twice  first  line  (-|-) 

From  6  to  7  =  one-half  of  first  line. 

From  7  to  8  =  one-half  of  first  line. 

From  1  to  9  =  first  line,  nearly. 

The  distance  from  the  southern  boundary  of  the  State  to  the  southern  shore 
of  Lake  Ontario  is  equal  to  first  line. 

The  eastern  shore  of  the  lake  is  midway  between  the  Niagara  River  and  the 
eastern  boundary  of  the  State. 

The  southern  straight  boundary  is  in  a  direct  line  with  the  southern  boundary 
of  Massachusetts.  The  northern  boundary  of  Massachusetts  is  midway  be- 
tween 2  and  3. 

NEW  JEESET. 

From  1  to  2,  first  line,  50  miles  long. 
From  1  to  3  =  three  times  first  line. 


The  great  bend  of  the  river  at  4  is  midway  between  1  and  3 

Points  1,  4,  and  3  are  connected  by  the  Delaware  River,  in  the  shape  of  a  W 
turned  thus,  $. 

The  distance  of  the  upper  bend  of  the  river  from  the  vertical  line  is  equal  to 
one-half  of  first  line. 

The  distance  of  the  lower  bend  from  the  vertical  line  is  equal  to  three-fourths 
of  first  line. 

Draw  the  horizontal  line  from  4  to  5,  and,  by  trisecting  the  distance  from  2 
to  5,  the  position  of  the  bay  in  which  Staten  Island  is  situated  is  determined. 

Points  5  and  3  are  connected  by  the  coast-line  slightly  curved. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

From  1  to  2,  first  line,  225  miles  long. 
From  1  to  3  =  one-half  of  the  one-third  of  first  line. 
From  1  to  4  =  one-half  of  the  distance  from  1  to  3. 
From  3  to  5  =  two-thirds  of  first  line. 
From  5  to  6  =  northern  boundary. 

Points  2,  7,  and  0  are  connected  by  the  Delaware  Itiver,  in  the  shape  of  a  W 
turned  thus,  ^ . 

DELAWAEE. 

From  1  to  2,  first  line,  100  miles  long. 
From  2  to  3  =  one-half  of  first  line,  nearly. 

When,  by  means  of  these  simple  directions,  the  outline  of  a  State  has  been 
accurately  drawn,  the  principal  difficulty  to  be  encountered  has  been  overcome, 
and  the  art  of  representing  the  remaining  features  can  be  easily  acquired. 

It  is  very  important  that,  in  each  State,  the  proper  line  should  be  chosen  for 
the  measuring  unit.  To  serve  this  purpose,  it  must  be  a  common  measure  or  a 
common  multiple  of  the  other  lines.  Thus,  in  drawing  the  State  of  New  York, 
some  might  be  led  to  select  the  northern  boundary  as  the  measuring  unit;  but 
it  will  readily  be  seen  how  few  distances  this  will  give  us  as  compared  with 
those  obtained  by  taking  the  length  of  Lake  Champlain. 


In  conducting  exercises  in  map-drawing,  the  class  should  be  practised,  first, 
in  drawing  upon  the  blackboard,  under  the  immediate  direction  of  the  teacher; 
second,  in  drawing  upon  slates,  their  work  to  be  submitted  to  the  teacher;  and 
third,  in  executing,  at  home,  maps  upon  paper,  to  be  presented  to  the  criticism 
of  both  the  teacher  and  the  class. 

Either  the  teacher  or  one  of  the  most  skilful  pupils  should  execute  a  well- 
finished  and  accurate  map  upon  the  blackboard.  From  this  drawing — which 
is  much  to  be  preferred  to  any  printed  outline  map — the  class  may  recite  their 
lesson,  and  upon  it  each  of  the  new  features,  as  they  are  learned  from  day  to 
day,  may  be  represented. 

It  will  be  well  to  accompany  every  lesson  in  map-drawing  with  more  or  less 
practice  in  rapid  sketching.  Let  one  rapidly  illustrate  on  the  board  the  lesson 
which  has  just  been  recited,  and,  to  excite  emulation  for  quick  work,  let  this 
exercise  be  timed.  Pupils  will,  by  practice,  soon  be  able  to  draw  a  triangulation 
in  half  a  minute,  a  continent  in  from  two  to  five  minutes,  a  State  in  from  half 
a  minute  to  two  minutes,  and  a  physical  map  in  from  eight  to  twelve  minutes. 
Concert  recitation  should  frequently  accompany  rapid  sketching. 

It  will  also  be  found  a  valuable  exercise  to  require  the  pupil,  while  he  is 
drawing  a  map,  to  briefly  describe,  in  a  lively  manner,  the  features  he  is  repre 
senting  upon  the  board ;  his  verbal  explanations  all  the  while  keeping  pace 
with  his  illustrations  by  the  chalk. 

All  directions  and  exercises  in  map-drawing  should  be  such  as  to  prepare  the 
pupil  to  draw  rapidly,  accurately,  and  without  a  copy. 

As  the  object  of  studying  maps  is  to  obtain  a  knowledge  of  the  divisions  ol 
the  Earth's  surface  which  they  represent,  and  as  this  knowledge  is  most  readily 
acquired  by  means  of  intelligent  instructions  in  map-drawing,  as  soon  as  the 
pupil  commences  the  study  of  maps  he  should  begin  to  learn  to  draw  them. 

A  further  development  of  the  method  here  explained  will  be  found  in  War- 
ren's Physical  and  Outline  Charts,  and  in  Apgars'  Geographical  Drawing-liook. 
In  the  latter  work  an  attempt  is  made  to  reduce  map-drawing  to  a  science, 
while  by  the  use  of  an  original  system  of  coloring  and  symbolic  language  the 
physical  features,  the  populations  of  cities,  and  the  heights  of  mountain-ranges 
and  peaks  are  so  represented  to  the  eye  as  to  leave  the  facts  impressed  upon 
the  mind. 


PRONOUNCING   VOCABULARY. 


ay  represents  the  sound  of  a  in  fate;  ah,  thai,  of  a  in  far;  aw,  a  in  fall;  ft,  a  in  fat;  6,  e  in  met;  83,  i  in  eit;  6h,  e  in  berth;  T,  i  in  pine;  I,  i  in  pin;  o,  6w,  o  in  no;  6,  o  iu  not;  oo,  oo  in  good;  n\v,  ou 
in  our;  G,  uinpure;  %  u  in  tun;  gh,  g  in  get;  fi,  ni  in  onion;  n,  n  in  won't;  (A,£Ainthen;  th,fAinthin;  u,  prolonged  sound  of  u  in  thus;  b,  almost  like  e  in  her;  ii,  French  w  and  German  w,  a 
aound  intermediate  between  those  of  ee  and  oo;  no,  ng  sounded  through  the  nose. 


Aalborg,  oll>org. 

Aar,  ar. 

Abaco,  ahTjah-ko. 

Abeokuta,  alib-e-o-koo'tah. 

Aberdeen,  ab-er-deen'. 

Aberystwith,  ab-er-ist'with. 

Ahiquiu,  ah-be-ke-oo'. 

Abomey,  ab-o-niay'. 

Abreojos,  ah-bray-o'hoce. 

Abrolhos,  ah-brole'yoca. 

Abydos,  ah-bi'dos. 

Abyssinia,  ab-is-sin'e-ah.  ("  Mixed  peo- 
ple:" so  named  by  the  Arabs,  as 
showing  that  the  people  were  not  of 
pure  Arab  blood.) 

Acapulco,  ah-kah-pool'ko. 

Acaray,  ah-kah-ri'. 

Ac'comack. 

Achcen,  at-cheen'. 

Achill,  akll. 

Aconcagua,  ah-kon-kab'gwalu 

Aden,  ah'den,  or  ay'den. 

Ailije,  ad'e-je. 

Adiroudack,  ad-e-ron'dak. 

Adour,  ah-door7. 

Adrianople,  ad-re-an-o'p"l.  ("City  of 
Adrian.") 

Adriatic,  ad-re-at'ik.  (Named  from 
"Adria,"  formerly  an  important  city 
on  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  now  Adriatic.) 

Afghanistan,  ahf-gahn-is-tahn'.  ("Af- 
ghan land.") 

Africa,  af're-kah. 

Agra,  ah'grah. 

Agulhas,  ah-gool'yahs.  (Cai>e  Agul- 
has, *'Cape  Needles.") 

Air,  ah-eer7. 

Aisne,  ain. 

Ai  t-la-Chapelle,  aiks-lah -shah-pel'. 

Ajaccio,  ah-yaht'eho. 

Ajail,  ;i)i-/l;.;l!h'. 

Akaba,  ah'kah-bah. 

Akerman,  ah'ker-mahn. 

Alabama,  al-a-bah'mah.     ("ITero  we 

rest :"   said  to  have  been  so  named 

by  a  peaceful  tribe  of  Indians  driven 

thither.) 
Alamo,  al'a-mo.    (A  M  poplar-tree.") 
Aland,  ah'lahnd. 
Alapaba,  ah-lap'a-haw. 
Alaska,  ah-lahsTtah. 
Albany,  awl'ba-ne. 
Albemarle,  al-be-marF. 
Albuquerque,  ahl-boo-ke'r'kay. 
Alcoy,  abl-ko'e. 
Alderncy,  awl'der-ne. 
Alencon,  ah-len'san. 
Aleutian,  ah-Ioo'shan.    (From  aUut,  a 

"hold  rock.") 
Alexandrowsk,  ah-lex-ahn-drovak'. 
Algeria,  il-je're  ah. 
Algiers,  ahl-jeerz'. 
Alicante,  al-e-kant'. 
Alleghany,  al-le-gay'ne. 
Aller,  ahl'ler.  • 

Allior,  ali  1-1 1 --ay'. 
Almadcn,  ahl-mah-tfien'. 
Almansa,  ahl-mahn'sah. 
Almcria,  aht-may-re'ah. 
Alnwick,  an'nlk. 
Altai,  ahl-tl'. 

Altnuiaha,  awI-tah-mah-haV. 
Alton,  awl'tdn,  or  al'tun. 


Altona,  ahl'to-nah. 

Altoona,  al-too'nah. 

Alvarado,  ahl-vah-rah'do. 

Amarapura,  ah-uiah-rah-poo'rah. 

Amazon,  am'a-zuu.  (Named  by  the  In- 
dians Amas'soua,  '*  boat-destroyer.") 

A  in  boy 'na. 

America,  a-meVe-kah.  (Named  from 
Americus  Vespucius.) 

Amherst,  am'erst. 

Amiens,  ani'e-enz- 

Amirante,  am-c -rant'. 

Amuo,  ah-muo'. 

Amoor,  ah-moor'. 

Amoskeag,  a-nios'keg. 

Amoy,  ah-moy'. 

Am'sterdam.  (From  A  mstddam, "  dam 
[or  dike]  of  tho  Amstel.") 

Anadir,  ah-nah-deer'. 

Anam,  ah-nahm'. 

Ancona,  ahu-ko'nah. 

Andaman'. 

Andes,  an'diz.  (From  a  Peruvian  word 
signifying  "  copper.'*) 

Andor'ra, 

An'dover. 

Andros,  ahn'dros. 

Androscoggin,  au-dros-kog'ghin. 

Andujar,  ahu-dooliar. 

Angara,  ahng-gah-rah'. 

Angers,  an'jcrz. 

Anglesea,  ang'g'l-se, 

Angola,  ang-go'lah. 

Angouleme,  oSG-goo-lem'. 

Anguilla,  aug-gliiriah. 

Annap'olis. 

Antananarivo,  ahn-tah-nah-nah-re-vo'. 

Antarctic,  ant-ark'tik.  ("Opposite  tho 
Arctic.*') 

Antcquera,  ahn-tay-kay'rah. 

Anticosti,  an-te-kos'te, 

Antigua,  ahn-te'gah. 

Antioquia,  ahn-te-o-ke'ah, 

Antilles,  ahn-tcel'. 

Antongil,  ahn-ton-zhil'. 

Ant'werp. 

Apache,  ah-pah'chay. 

Apalachee,  ap-ah-lah'che. 

Apalachicola,  ap-pah-lah-chc-kolah. 

Aprnniuo,  ap'en-ninc. 

Arabia,  a-ray'be-ah. 

Araguay,  ah-rah-gwl'. 

Aral,  ftr'al.  (Sea  of  Aral,  "sea  of 
islands.") 

Aranjuez,  ah-rahn-hwetb/. 

Ararat,  ar'a-rat. 

Araucania,  ah-raw-kay'ne-ah. 

Archangel,  ark-ain'jel. 

Archipelago,  ar-ke-pel'a-go. 

Arctic,  ark'tik.  (Arctic,  from  arctoa,  a 
"bear,"  signifies  northern,  because 
the  constellation  called  the-  Great 
Bear  lies  towards  the  north  pole: 
hence  Arctic  Ocean  and  Arctic  Circle 
mean  Northern  Ocean,  Ac;  conse- 
quently, Antarctic  means  Southern.) 

Arequipa,  ah-ray-ke'pah. 

Argentiue,  aKjen-teen. 

Arizona,  ar-e-zo'nah. 

Arkansas. 

Armagh,  ar-mah'. 

Aroostook,  a-roos'took. 

Ar'ras. 

Ascension,  as-sen'shun. 

Ascutney,  as-kut'ue. 


Ashantee,  ahsh-akn-te'. 

Asia,  ay's he-ah.  (.Froui^lsia,  a  daughter 
of  Ocean  us.) 

As'pinwall. 

A^sam,  ahs-sahm'. 

Assiniboin,  us-siu'e-boyn. 

Assouan,  ahs-soo-ahn'. 

Assumption,  as-sum'shun. 

A.strakban,  ahs-trah-kahn'. 

Atacama,  ah-tah-kah'mah. 

Atckafalaya,  atck-a-fa-li'ah.  ("  Lost 
water.") 

Athabasca,  ath-a-basltah. 

Athens,  ath'enz.  (So  called  from  Athene, 
the  goddess  of  wisdom.) 

Atlan'tic.  (So  called  from  the  Atlas 
Mountains.) 

At'las.  (The  Atlas  Mountains  were 
named  from  Atlas,  an  ancient  king 
of  Mauritania,  who  was  skilled  iu 
astronomy,  and  was  reputed  to  have 
borne  the  world  on  his  shoulders.) 

Audi,  5sh. 

Auckland,  awk'land. 

Augela,  uw-jelah. 

Augsburg,  awgz'burg. 

Aurillac,  o-recl-yahk'. 

Au  Sable,  o-sahb'l'. 

Australasia,  aws-tral-ay'she-ah. 

("Southern  Asia.") 

Australia,  aws-tray'le-ah.  ("  Southern 
land.") 

Austria,  aws'treah.  ("Eastern  king- 
dom." So  named  as  being  tho  east- 
ern part  of  the  dominions  of  Charlfr- 
magne.) 

Auvergne,  o-vairn"'. 

Aux  Cayes,  o-kay'. 

Auxerre,  o-sair'. 

Ava,  ah'vah. 

Avignon,  ah-veen-y5Na'. 

Avon,  ay'von. 

Axuin,  ahk-soom'. 

Azores,  az'orz,  or  azn5rz'.  (From  Port, 
erfor,  a  "hawk,"  a  number  of  these 
birds  being  found  there.) 

Az'ov. 


Babelmandeb,  bahb-el-mahn'deb. 

("The  gate  of  tears.") 

Eadajos,  bad-ah-hoce7. 

Baden,  bah'den. 

Baeza,  bah-ay'thah. 

Baffin. 

Bagdad,  bahg-dahd'. 

Bagur,  bah-goor'. 

Bahamas,  bah-hay'maz. 

Bahia,  bah-e'ah. 

Baikal,  bi'kahl.  ("Rich  lake."  It 
abouuds  in  fish.) 

Balearic,  bal-e-ftr'ik.  (From  balrarr?, 
"slingers."  These  islands  produced 
the  best  slingers  in  the  world.) 

Balize,  ba-leez'.  (This  is  a  corruption 
of  Waliz,  which  the  Spaniards  coiled 
this  place  on  account  of  its  being  the 
resort  of  a  noted  pirate  named  Wal- 
lice.) 

Balkan,  bahl-kahn'. 

Balkasb.  bahl-kahsh'. 

Balmoral,  bal-mor'al. 

Balsas,  bahl'saha, 

Baltic,  hawl'tik. 

Baltimore,  bawl'te-moro. 


Banca,  bang^ah. 

Banlf,  bamf. 

Bangkok,  bang-kok'. 

Bangor,  bang'gor. 

Baniuluka,  bah-ne-ah-loo'kah. 

Baracoa,  bah-rah-ko'ah. 

Barbadoes,  bar-bay'doze. 

Barbuda,  bar-boo'dah. 

Barcelona,  bar-say-lo'nah. 

Barfieur,  bar-flur/. 

Bari,  bah're. 

Basle,  bahl,  or  bahz'l. 

Bat;ibano,  bah-tah-bah'no. 

BataWa,  bft-tay've-ali. 

Katiscan,  bah-toes-koNa'. 

Baton   Rouge,  bat'un-roozh'.      ^"Red 

stick.") 
Bavaria,  ba-vay're-ah. 
Baylen,  bl-len'. 
Bayona,  bah-yo'nah. 
Bayonne,  bah-yon'. 
Bayou  la  Fourche,  bi'oo-lah-foorsh'. 
Bayreuth,  bi'ruth. 
Beaufort  (U.  S.),  hu'furt. 
Beauharnois,  bo-har-uay'. 
Beaumaris,  bo-may 'ris. 
Beauvais,  bo-vay'. 
Bechuanas,  bet-choo-ah'naz. 
Bedouin,  bed'oo-in. 
Begharmi,  bay-gar'me. 
Behring,  be'ring. 
Beirut,  bay'root. 
Beja,  bay'zhuh. 
Beled-el-Jerid,  bel-ed'el-je-reed'. 

("  Land  of  dates.") 
Belem,  bay-leNa'. 
Belfast'. 

Belgium,  bol'jo-nm. 
Belleisle,  bel-ile'.  ("Beautiful  island.") 
Belmonte,  bel-mon'tay. 
Beloit,  be-loit'. 
Beloochistan,  bel-oo-chis-tahn'. 

("Country  of  the  Beloochees.") 
Bernini,  bay-me'ne. 
Benares,  ben-ah'rSz. 
Bengal,  ben-gawl'. 
Bonguela,  ben-gaylah. 
Benicia,  be-nish'e-ah. 
Benin,  ben-een'. 
Benisouef,  ben-c-swef . 
Benjarmassin,  ben-y ar-mah s-sin'. 
Ben  MacDhui,  ben  mak-doo'e. 
Ben  Ne'vis. 

Bergen  (U.S.),  ber'ghen. 
Bergen  (Norway),  bftrg'en. 
Berlin. 
Bermudas,  ber-moo'<laz.  (Named  after 

Bermudez,  their  discoverer,  1522.) 
Berne,  bern. 

Besan^on,  b6h-zoNG-sONG'. 
Biddeford,  bid'de-furd. 
Bigelow,  bigHo. 
Bilbao,  bil-bah'o. 
BiKmah. 

Birmingham,  bir'ming-am. 
Bis'cay. 

Bistineau,  bis-te-no\ 
Blenheim,  blen'im. 
Blois,  bloy,  or  blwah. 
Boavista,  ho-ah-vees'tah. 
Bochnia,  bok'ne-ah. 
Bogota,  bo-go-tah'. 
Bohemia,  bo-he'me-ah. 
Bois6,  bwah-zay'. 
Bojador,  bod-jah-dore7. 


Bokhara,  bo-kah'rah. 

Bolivia,    bo-liv'e-ah.      (Named    from 

General  Bolivar.) 
Bologna,  bo-lone'yah. 
Bolor,  lw-k*re'. 
Bombay'.    ("Good  bay.") 
Bonifacio,  bo-ne-fah'cho. 
Bonin,  bo-ueen'. 
Boonville,  boou'vil. 
Boothia,  boo'the-ah. 
Bordeaux,  bor-do7. 
Borgne,  born. 
Borneo,  bor'ne-o. 
BornTiolm. 

Bosphorus,  bos'fc-rQs.    ("Ox-ford.") 
Bothnia,  both'ne-ah. 
Bougainville,  boo-gax-veel'. 
Boulogne,  boo-Ione'. 
Bourbon,  boor'btin. 
Bourges,  boorzh. 
Bowdoinham,  bo'tiin-ham. 
Braganza,  brah-gahn'zah. 
Brahmaputra,  brah-mah-poo'trah. 

("Son  of  the  Creator.") 
Brattleboro,  brat't'1-bQr-ruh. 
Brazil,  bra-zil'. 
Brazos,  brah'zos. 
Breede,  bray'dGh. 
Brem'en. 

Breslau,  bres'law,  or  bres'lOw- 
Bris'tol. 

Britain,  brit-t'n. 
Brooklyn,  brr.k'Iin. 
Bruges,  broo'jiz. 
Briinn,  breen. 
Brusa,  broo'sah. 
Brus'sels. 
Bucharest,   boo-kah-reer/.     ("City  of 

enjoyment.") 
Buda,  bu'dah. 
Budweis,  bord'wice. 
Buena  Esperanza,    bway'nah    es-pay- 

rahn'zah. 
Buen  Ayre,  bwen  I'ray. 
Buenos  Ayres,  bo'uos  ay'riz.    ("Good 

air.") 
Bug,  bdog. 

Bulgaria,  bt«51-gay're-ah. 
Bunker  (bunglter)  Hill. 
Burgas,  boor-gahs'. 
Burgos,  boor'goce. 
Bushire,  boo-sheer'. 
Buttes,  butes. 

c. 

Cabriel,  kah-bre-el'. 

Cabul,  kah-bool'. 

Caceres,  kah'thay-^s. 

Cachoeira,  kah-sho-ay'e-rah. 

Cadiz,  kay'diz. 

Caen,  koNO. 

Caernarvon,  ker-nar'von. 

Caffraria,  kaf-fray're-ah.  ("Country 
of  the  Caffirs  or  Infidels,"— a  name 
given  by  the  Arabs  to  all  who  did  not 
accept  the  Mohammedan  religion.) 

Cagliari,  kahl'yah-re. 

Cahawba,  ka  haw'bah. 

Cahors,  kah-or*. 

Cairo  fU.S.\  kny'ro. 

Cairo(Egypt\kT'ro.  ("Thevictorions.") 

Calais  ''Me.),  kal'i«. 

Calais  'France\  kftl'is,  nr  kah-lay'. 

Calcasieu,  kal'ka-shoo. 

Calcutta,  kal-kut'tah. 

(99) 


100 

PRONOUNCING    VOCABULARY. 

Caldera,'kahl-day'rah. 

Cbagros,  chah'grBs. 

Copiapo.  ko-pe-ah  po/. 

Duero,  doo-ay'ro. 

Foggia,  fod'jah- 

California,  kal-e-for'ne-ah. 

Chalons,  shah-lo.vo'. 

Coquimbo.  ko-keem'bo. 

Dulce,  dool'say. 

Foix,  fwab. 

Oallao,  kahl-lah'o,  or  kahl-yah'o. 

Cbainplain,  sham- plain'. 

Cordova,  kor'do-vah. 

Dumfries,  dum-freeco'. 

Fond  du  Lac,  fond-doo-Iahk'.  ("  Bottom 

Cambay,  kahm-hay'. 

Chaudeleur,  shan-ilfih-loor 

Corea,  ko-re'ah. 

Dnndalk,  dun-dawk7. 

©f  the  lake.") 

Cambodia,  kam-bo'de-ah. 

Charente,  shahroNt'. 

Corfu,  kor-foo',  or  kor'fu. 

Dundee*. 

Fontainebleau,  fon-ten-blo/. 

Cameroon,  kam-er-roon . 

Chariton,  char'e-ttin. 

Cor'inth. 

Dunfermline,  dum-forlin. 

Formentera,  for-men-tay'rah 

Camcta,  kah-may'tah. 

Cbartres,  shart'r. 

Corrientes,  kor-re-cn'tes.  (A  *  current." 

Dunkirk. 

Formosa,  for-mo'sah.    ("  Beautiful  ") 

Canipeche,  kam-po'che. 

Chaseomus,  chahs-ko'nius. 

There  is  a  strong  current  in  Mozam- 

Durango, doo-rahng'go. 

Fortalcza,  for-tah-lay'zah. 

Cana<la,  kan'a-dah. 

Chateaugay,  shat-0-gay'. 

bique  Channel,  off  Cape  Corrientes.) 

Durazzo,  doo-rabt'so. 

Foveaux,  fo-vo/. 

Canandaigua,  kan-an-day'gwah. 

Chatham,  chat 'am. 

Corsica,  kor'se-kah. 

Dus'seldorf. 

France,  franss.  (France  derives  its  nam* 

Canaries,  ka-nay'reez. 

Chattahoochee,  chat-ta-hoo'che. 

Corunna,  ko-run'nah. 

Dwina,  dwl'nah,  or  dwe'aah. 

from   the   Franks, — i.e.  freemen, — a 

Canav'eral. 

Chaudierc,  sho-de-air\ 

Corval'tis. 

confederacy  of  varions  German  na- 

Can'cer.   (This  name  is  given  to  one  of 

Chaumout,  sho-muNO'. 

Costa   Rica,  kos'tah   re'kah.      ("Rich 

E. 

tions,  who  overran  Gaul  in  the  6ixth 

the  tropics.    "Cancer"  signifies  "a 

Chautauqua,  sha-taw'kwah. 

coast ") 

E0>ro. 

century.) 

crab."  As  tbo  crab  moves  in  a  back- 

Chelmsford, chemz'fQrd. 

Cot6  d'Or,  kote-dore'. 

Ecija,  ay'the-hah. 

Francois,  froNQ-swah'. 

ward  direction,  so  the  sun,  when  ho 

Cheltenham,  c belt' nam. 

Cotopaxi,  ko-to-pax'e. 

Ecuador, ek-wab-dore'  ("Equator."  So 

Frankfort,  frank'furt 

reaches  this  tropic,  moves  in  a  back- 

Chemnitz, kem'mts. 

Coudersport,  kow'ders-pOrt. 

named  from  its  situation,  being  inter- 

Fresnillo, fres-neel'yo. 

ward  direction,  towards  Capricorn.) 

Cher,  shair. 

Covington  kuv'ingtbn. 

sected  through  its  whole  length  by 

Frigid,  frij'Id.    (From  frigus,  "cold." 

Candahar,  Jta  bn-dah-har/. 

Cheraw,  che-raw7. 

Coxsackie.  koOk-sawTse. 

the  equinoctial  line.) 

This  name  is  given   to  two  of  the 

Can'dia 

Cherbourg,  sher'barg. 

Cozumel,  ko-zoo-mel'. 

Edinburgh,  ed'in-bur-rbh.    (Name  sup- 

zones,—North  and  South  Frigid.) 

Canea,  kah-ne'ah. 

Chesapeake,  ches'a-peek. 

Cracow,  kray'ko. 

posed  to  be  derived  from  Edwin,  a 

Frijol,  fre-hol'. 

Cantabrian,  kan-tay'bre-an. 

Chesuncook,  che-sunTtook. 

Creuse,  kruz. 

king  of  Northumberland.) 

Fronteras,  fron-tay'rahs. 

Canton  (U.S) 

Chetunal,  cbay-too-nubl'. 

Croux,  kruh. 

Ed'isto. 

Fuerteventura,  fw6r/tay-vcn-too'rab. 

Canton  (China),  kan-ton'. 

Cheviot,  chiv'e-ot. 

Crimea,  krim-e'ah. 

Egina,  e-ji'nah. 

Fundy,  fun'de. 

Cape.    (From  hat.  caput,  &  "head,"  or 

Cheyenne,  she-en' 

Cronstadt,kron'staht.  ("King's town.") 

Egypt*  e'jipt. 

Funen,  foo'nen. 

"  beginning.") 

Chicago,  she-kaw'go. 

Cuba,  ku'hah 

Eider,  I'der. 

FQnfkirchcn,  feenrk65r-ken. 

Cape  Breton,  kape  brit't'n. 

Chichester,  chitch'es-ter. 

Cuenca,  kwen'kah. 

Ekaterinburg,  ay-kah'tay-reen-boorg. 

Cap'ricorn.  ("Ooat'shorn."  The  name 

Chihuahua,  che-wah'wah. 

Cumana,  koo-mah-nah'. 

Elba,  clOjah. 

G. 

given  to  the  southern   tropic       As 

Chili,  chil'lo. 

Cura<joa,  ku-ra-so'ah. 

EI  bo,  elb. 

Gaeta,  gah-ay'tah. 

goats  delight  in  climbing,  bo  the  sun, 

Cbillicothe,  chil-Ie-keth'o. 

Cuyaba,  koo-yab'bah. 

Elborz'.    ("  Peaked  mountains.") 

Galapagos,  gah-lah'pah-goce,  or  gal-la- 

when  he  reaches  this  sign,  or  tropic, 

Chiloe,  che-lo-ay'. 

Cuyahoga,  kl-a-ho'gah. 

Eleuthera,  e-loo'the-rah. 

pay'gus.    ("  Islands  of  land-turtles  "j 

turns    round   and    ascends    towards 

Chiml>ora7.o,  chiin-bo-rah'zo. 

Cuzco,  koosTto. 

Elgin,  el'ghin. 

Galatz,  gah'lahts. 

Cancer.    Both  Cancer  and  Capricorn 

China,    chi'nah.    (Chinese,    Chon-koo, 

Cycla<les,  sik'lah-deez     (Islands  in  the 

El  Paso,  el  pah'so. 

Galena,  ga-le'nah.     ("Silver  or  lead 

are  signs  of  the  zodiac.) 

"centre  of  the  world ") 

Archipelago.     From    the   Gr.  kuklos, 

Elsinore,  el-se-nore'. 

ore.") 

Caqucta,  kah-kay'tah. 

Chincha,  chin'chah. 

a  "circle."    One  group,  particularly, 

Emilia,  ay-meel'yab. 

Galicia,  galish'e-ah. 

Caraccas,  kah-rah'kahs. 

Chippewa,  chip'pc-  way,  or  cbip'pe-waw. 

surrounds   Delos  as  with  a  circle; 

EngaCo,  en-gahn'yo. 

Gallego,  gahl-yay'go. 

Carbonaro,  kar-bo-nah'ro. 

Chiriqui,  cho-re-ke'. 

hence  the  name.    The  other  islands 

England,  ing'gland. 

Gallinas    (S.A.),  gahl-ye'nahs.    (From 

Carcassonne,  kar-kahs-son'. 

Chonos,  cho'noce. 

are  called  Sporadety  "  scattered.") 

Euikale.  en-e-kahlay. 

gallLna,  a  "  hen.") 

Cardenas,  karMay-nahs. 

Chowan,  cho-wawn'. 

Cyprus,  si'prQs. 

Equator,      e-kway'tor.       (jEqua-terra. 

Gallipcdi,  gabl-Iip'o-le. 

Car'diff. 

Christiania,  kris-te-ab'ne-ah 

So  called  on  account  of  its  dividing 

Galveston,  gal'ves-tQn. 

Caribbean,  kar-rib-be'ao. 

Cbuquibamba,  choo-ke-bahm'bah. 

D. 

the  earth  into  two  equal  parts,  north 

Galway,  gawl'way. 

Carlsruhe,  kaiiu'roo. 

Cibao.  Bc-bah'ol 

Dahlonega,  dah-lon'c-gatk 

and  south.    From  this  central  line 

Gambia,  gabm'be-ab. 

Carolina,  kar-o-li'nah. 

Cienfuepos,  se-cn-fway'goce* 

Dahomey,  dah-ho'may. 

latitude  is  reckoned.) 

Gang«s,  gan'jeez. 

Carpathian,  kar-pay'the-aD. 

Cimarron,  se-mar-rOwn'. 

DakotA.  dahko'tah 

Erebus,  6r'e-bus. 

Garonne,  gah-ron'. 

Carpeuta'ria. 

Cincinnati,  sin-sin-nat'te   (Named  from 

Damara,  dah-mah'rah. 

Erfurth,  6r'f60rt. 

Gasconade,  gas-ko-naid'. 

Carrara,  kar-rah'rah. 

Cincinnati^,  tho  Roman  Dictator.) 

Damascus,  dah-mas'kus. 

Erie,  e're. 

Gatun,  gab-toon'. 

Cartagena,  kar-ta-je'nah.    ("New  Car- 

Cindad Real,  the-oo-dahd'  ray-al 

Damietta,  dam-e-et'tah. 

Erlau,  er'luw. 

Geelong,  ghe-Iong'. 

thage.") 

Civita  Vecchia,  che'vo-tab  vek  ke-ah. 

Dant'zic. 

Escurial,  es-koo-re-ahl'. 

Genargentu,  jay-nar-jen-too* 

Carvoeiro,  kar-vo-ay'e-ro. 
Casale,  kah-sah'lay. 
Cas'co. 

Cleveland,  kleev'land. 

Danube,  dan'yoob. 

Espiritu  Santo,  es-plr'e-too  eahn'to. 

Genesee,  jen-o-se'. 

Coanza,  ko-an'zah. 

Dardanelles,  dar-da-nelz*. 

Esquimaux,  cs'ke-mo. 

Geneseo,  jen-«Nse'o. 

Coatzacoalcos,  ko-abt-Bab-ko-ahlTioce. 

Darfur,  dar-foor*. 

Essequibo,  es-seh-ke'bo. 

Geneva,  jeu-*-'vah. 

Caspian,  kas'pe-an. 
Cassiquiare,  kahs-sc-ko-ah'ray. 
Castelion  de  la  Plana,  kahs-tel-yfiwn' 

day  lab  plah'nah 
Castelnau,  kahs-tel-no'. 

Cobbe,  kobT>e. 

Darien,  day're-en. 

Euphrates,  yoo-fray'teez.     ("To  make 

Genii,  hay-ncel'. 

Cobija,  ko-bo'hah.            / 

Darmstadt,  darm'staht. 

glad."     This  river,  like  the  Nile,  an- 

Genoa, jen'o-ah. 

Coblentz. 

Cockburn,  ko'burn. 

Debretzin,  day-bret'sin. 

Dec'can.    ("  The  Boutb."    Tt  forms  the 

nually  overflows  its  bankts,  thereby 
fertilizing  the  adjacent  country.) 

Georgia,  jor'je-ab. 
Geral,  zhay-rabl'. 

Coepang,  koo-pahng'. 

southern  portion  of  tho  peninsula  of 

Europe,  yoo'rbp. 

Germany,  jer'mah-ne.   (Lat.  Germania 

Castine,  kas-teen'. 

Coimbra,  ko-eem'brah. 

Hindostan.) 

European,  yoo-rc-po'an. 

" Wehrman,"    i.e.  " war-man,"    wai 

Catahoula,  kat-a-hoolah. 

Colima,  ko-le'mah. 

Decierta,  day-se-air'tab. 

Eutaw,  yoo'taw. 

changed  by  the  RomansintoGcrman: 

Catania,  kah-tah'uo-ah. 

Cologne,  ko-lown'.    (From    colonia,  a 

Delaware,  del'a-wDr. 

Evansville,  iv'anz-vil. 

hence  the  name  of  Germany.) 

Catoche,  kah-to'chay. 
CatsTdll. 

Cattaro,  kaht'tah-ro. 

Cattegut,  kat'te-gat.    ("  Cat's  gate.") 

Cauca,  kOwTtah. 

"  colony.") 
Colorado,  kol-o-rah'do.    ("  Colorerd") 
Comayagua,  ko-nu-ah'gwah. 
Co'mo. 

Delgado,  dcl-gah'do. 

Delhi,  delle. 

Denbigh,  denlie. 

Den'mark.    (A  "low  country.") 

Evora,  ev'o-rah. 
Evreux,  ev-ruh'. 
Eylau,  HOW. 

Ghauts,    gawts.     (Ghaut    signifies    > 

"  mountain-pass.") 
Ghent,  ghent. 
Gibraltar,  je-brawl'ter.    (In  the  eighth 

Comonur,  ko-mo-noor'. 

Derne,  der'n6h. 

century,  Tarif,  with  an  army  of  Sa 

Caucasus,  kaw'ka-sus.    ("  White  moun- 
tain.") 
Cav'an. 

Com'orin. 

Desaguadero,  d6s-ah-gwah-fAay'ro. 

Falkirk,  fawl-kirk'. 

racens,  landed  here  and  built  a  castlf 

Concepcion,  kon-sep-se-Ow^'. 
Concord,  kongTturd. 
Conecuh,  ko-noTc&h. 

D«s  Moines,  de-moin'. 

Detroit,  de-troit'.    (A  "strait.") 

Falkland,  fawk'land. 
Falmouth,  fal'inbth. 

on  the  rock,  which  was  called  Gib-e?- 
Tarif, — i.c.   the   Mountain  of  Taril, 

Caxias,  kah-ehe'ahs. 

Diamantina,  di>-ah-niabn-te'nah. 

Falster,  fabl'ster. 

whence  the  present  name.) 

Caxim'bas. 

Conesus,  ko-ne'sus. 

Diarbekir,  de-ar-bay-keer7. 

Farallones,  ftih-rahl-yo'nfit- 

Gila,  he'Iah. 

Caycos,  kTTcoco. 

Cayenne,  ki-en'. 

Cayman,  kl-mahn'.    ("Alligator.") 

Cayos,  kl'oce. 

Congaree,  kong-ga-re'. 
Congo,  kong'go. 
Conhocton,  kon-hok'tun. 
Conneautville,  kon-ne-awt'vil. 

Dieppe,  de-ep'. 
Digne,  deeii. 
Dijon,  de-zhONo'. 
Dinaric,  de-nar'ik. 

Faribault,  far-e-bo'. 
Faro,  fah'ro. 
Faroe,  fah'ro. 
Fayetteville,  fay'et-vil. 

Gilolo,je-lo'lo. 

Girardeau,  je-rnr-do'. 
Girgeh,  jeer'jeh. 
Gironde,  je-rond'. 

Cayuga,  kay-yoo'gah. 

C.  di  Leuca,  de-lay'oo-kah. 

Connecticut,  kon-net'e-kut. 
Constantinople,           kon-stan-te-no-p'l 

Dnieper,  ne'per. 

Dniester,  neets'ter. 
Dominica,  dom-e-neTtah. 

Fee'jee. 

Fcrnandina,  fer-nan-de'nah. 

Ferrol,  fer-role7. 

Glasgow,  glas'go. 
Glogau,  glo'gOw. 
Gloucester,  glos'ter. 

Celano,  chay-lah'no. 
Celebes,  sel'e-bes. 
Centoce,  sen-to'say. 

("  City  of  Constantino.") 
Constitucion,  kon-ste-too-BC-Own'. 
Continent,    kon'te-nent.      (From    the 

Dongola,  dong'go-lah. 
Dordogne,  dor-down\ 
Dornoch,  dor'nok. 

Fezzan,  fez-zahn'. 

Finisterre,  fin-is-tair'.    ("  Land's  end.") 

Fittre,  fit'tray. 

Glfickstadt,  gleek'staht. 
Goa,  go'ah. 

Gobi,  gd'be. 

Cepbalonia,  sef-ah-lo'ne-ah. 
Ceram,  se-rabra'. 
Coredo,  sc-re'do. 
Cerigo,  cheVe-go. 
Co t to,  set. 

Cottigne,  chet-teer ''.*ay. 
Ceuta,  soo'tah. 
Cevennes,  say-vac . 
Ceylon,  selon,  or  ne-lown' 

Latin   word  contineo,  to  "hold   to- 
gether, to  comprise,"  Ac.    This  word, 

Douro,  doo'ro. 

Dovrefield,  do'vreh-fe-eld.  (From  dovre, 

Fiume,  fe-oo'may. 
Flandreau,  fian-dro'. 

Godavery,  go-dah'ver-©. 
Goliad,  go-le-ad'. 

in  Geography,  signifies  a  vast  extent 
of  land    comprising    several    king- 

a "village,"  and  field,  a  "mountain- 
ridge.") 

Flensburg,  flens'bOOrg. 

Florence,     fldVonss.      (From     Hora, 

Gonaives,  go-nive7. 
Gon'dar. 

doms   or  countries.    Europe,    Asia, 
Africa,  and  America  are  continents.) 
Con'toocook. 

Draakberg,  dralikTifirg. 
Draguignan,  drah-gbeen-yoso'. 
Drave,  drahv. 

"  goddess  of  flowers.") 
Florida  (U.S.),  flor'e-dah.    (Named  from 
the  day  [Easter  Sunday]  on  which  it 

Go'sben. 
Gotha,  go'tah. 
Gottenburg,  got'en-burg. 

Copenhagen,  ko-pen-bay'gben.   ("Buy- 
ing or  trading  port,") 

Dres'den. 
1    Dubuque,  doo-bOok'. 

was  discovered.    Tho  Spaniards  call 
that  day  "  Puscua  Florida.") 

GUttingeu,  get'ting-en. 
Gouverneur,  goov-er-noor/. 

* 

PRONOUNCING    VOCABULARY. 

101 

Gozo,  got'zo. 

the  Hindoos."  Hindoo  also  signifies 

ese  Niphon.    Nip  signifies  "origin," 

u  cultivable  land,"  to  distinguish  it 

Llanos,  l'yah'noce.    {Llanos,  "plains." 

Graciaa  a  Dios,  grah'se-uhs  ah  de'oce. 

"black,"  and  start,  "country," — i.c. 

and  jnm,  u  sun  :" — i.e.  "  origin  of  tho 

from  Greenland.) 

A  term    applied    to   the   extensive 

("  Thanks  to  God.") 
Grampians,  gram'pe-anz. 

the  "country  of  the  blacks,"  the  Hin- 

sun,"— the  east.) 

Labium,  lah-boo-ahn'. 

plains  of  South  America, — the  samo 

doos  being  darker  than  the  Persians. 

Jaroslav,  yah-ro-slahv'. 

Laccadive,  lahk'ka-iliv. 

as    prairies    in    North   America  or 

Granada,  grah-nah'dah. 

It  may  be   derived  from  Indus,  a 

Jassy,  yahs'se. 

Lachlan,  lak'lan. 

steppes  in  Rnssia.) 

Greece,  grccss. 

"  river.") 

Java,  jah'vah. 

La  Crosse,  lah-krosB/. 

Llerena,  l'yay-ray'nah. 

Green 'land. 

Hoang-Ho,       ho-ahng-ho'.     ("  Yellow 

Javary,  hah-vah-re'. 

Ladoga,  lahd'o-gah. 

Loaugo,  lo-ang'go. 

Greenwich  (U.S.),  grcen'ieh. 

river.") 

Jeeudana,  joen-dah'nah. 

Ladrone,  lah-droue'.    (Called  also  tho 

Lobos,  lo'boce. 

Grecnwich  (Eng.),  grin'ij. 

Hobartou,  hob'er-tun. 

Jeremie,  zhay-ray-me'. 

Mariana  Islands.     These  were  dis- 

Loffo'den. 

Grenada,  greu-ay'dah,  or  grcn-ah'dah. 

UoKlaud.    ("  Muddy  or  marshy  land." 

Jersey,  jcr'ze. 

covered  in  1521,  by  Magellan,  and 

Logrofio,  lo-grone'yo. 

Grenoble,  gren-obV. 

Originally  OUant.    A  large  portion  of 

Jesso,  yes'so. 

called  Las  Mas  de  lot  Ladronex, — t\e. 

Loire,  lwahr. 

Grin'ucll. 

Holland  lies  below  the  level  of  the 

Jeypore,  jl-poor'. 

"the  islands  of  the  thieves."    They 

Lombardy,    lom'bar-de.       (Lombardy 

Groningen,  gron'ing-en. 

sea:  hence  the  name  Netherlands.) 

Jijiginsk,  je-je-ghinsk\ 

were  named  also  the  Mariana  Islands, 

derives  its  namo  from  the  Longobardi, 

Grosswardein,  groco-wahrMine. 

Ilolstein,  hol'stlno. 

Jiloco,  he-lo'ko. 

in  honor  of  the  queen  of  Philip  IV. 

a  people  of  German  extraction,  who 

Guadalaviar,  gwah-dah-lah-ve-ar'. 

Holston,  hole'stun. 

Joannes,  zho-ahn'nfia. 

of  Spain.) 

established  themselves  here  in  tho 

Guadalaxara,  gwah-dah-lah-hah'rah. 

Holyhead,  hol'e-hed. 

Joliet,  jo'le-et. 

La  Fayette,  laf-ay-yet'. 

Bixth  century.) 

Guadalquivir,    gaw-dal-kwiv'er.      (The 

Holyoke,  hol'yoko. 

Joliette,  zhol-le-et'. 

Lagos,  lah'goce. 

Lomond,  lo'mhnd. 

"great  river.") 

Honduras,  hon-doo'rahs. 

Jor'dan. 

La  Guayra,  lah-gwl'rah. 

London,  lun'dun. 

Guadalupe,  gwah-dah-loo'pay. 

Hongkong'.    ("  Sweet  waters.") 

Jorullo,  ho-rool'yo. 

Lahaina,  lah-hl'nah. 

Lorca,  lorTtah. 

Guadeloupe,  gaw-deh-loop'. 

Honolulu,  hon-o-looloo. 

Ju'an  do  Fu'ca. 

Lahsa,  lah'sah. 

Lob  Angeles,  luce  an'jch-lez. 

Guadiana,  gwah-de-ah'nah. 

Hoogly,  hoog'l©. 

Ju'an  Fcrnan'dez. 

Lamoille,  lah-moil'. 

Los  Roquos,  loce  ro'kfis. 

Guanaliaui,  gwah-uah-hah'nc. 

Houghton,  ho'tQn. 

J  uba,  zhoo'bah. 

Lamurek,  lah-moo-rek'. 

Louisiade,  loo-e-ze-ahd'. 

Guanaxuato,  gwah-nah-hwah'to. 

Houlton,  hole'tun. 

Jujuy,  hoo-hwee'. 

Lancaster,  lank'a-ster. 

Louisiana,  loo-c-ze-ah'nah. 

Guardafui,  gwahr-dah-fwe'. 

Housatonic,  hoo-sa-ton'ik. 

Juniata,  joo-ne-ah'tah. 

Landes,  loNd. 

Louisville,  loo'is-vil. 

Guardia,  gwahr'de-ah. 

HouBsa,  hOw'sah. 

Jura,  joo'rah. 

Langanaes,  lahng'ah-ness. 

Louvain,  loo-vayn'. 

Guatemala,  gaw-to-mah'lah,  or  gwah- 

Houston,  hQ'stun. 

Jurua,  hoo-roo'ah,  or  zhoo-roo'ah. 

Laon,  hih-uN'/. 

Lowell,  lo'el. 

tay-mah'lah. 

Huallaga,  wahl-yah'gah. 

Jutay,  boo-tl',  or  zhoo-tl'. 

Laos,  lah'oce. 

Lubeck,  looTjck. 

Guaviare,  gwah-vc-ah'ray. 

Huamanga,  wah-mahng'gah. 

Jut'land. 

La  Paz,  lah-pahs'. 

Lucca,  luk'kah. 

Guayama,  gwf-ah'mah. 

Hue,  hway,  or  hoo-ay'. 

K. 

Kngosima,  kah-go-se'mah, 
Kairwan,  klr-wahn'. 
Kalahari,  kah-lah-hah're, 
Kalamazoo,  kal-a-ma-zoo'. 
Kamtschatka,  kahm-chaht'kah. 
Kanawha,  ka-naw'wah. 

La    Plata,    lah    plah'tah.      ("Silver." 

Lucerne,  loo-sern'. 

Guayaquil,  gwi-ah-keel'. 

Huesca,  wes'kah. 

Kio  de  la  Plata,  "river  of  silver.") 

Lucknow,  luk'nOw. 

Guaymas,  gwl'mahs. 

Hungary,  hung'ga-re.    (Name  derived 

Lap'land.    ("  Country  of  tho  Lapps.") 

Luneburg,  loo'nfih-burg. 

Guernsey,  gheru'ze. 
Guiana,  ghe-ah'nah. 
Guinea,  ghin'ne. 

Guyandotte,  ghi-an-dot'. 

from  tho  "Htinni,"  or  "Huns,"  who 
took   possession  of  this  country  to- 
wards  the  close  of  the  fourth  century.) 

Huron,  hu'run. 

Hyderabad,  hi-der-ah-bahd'. 

Laramie,  lar'a-mo. 

Laredo,  hth-ray'do. 

Larissa,  lah-ris'sah.     ("New  town") 

La  Rochelle,  lah  ro-shel'. 

Lassa,  lahs'sah.     ("  Land  of  the  divine 

Lux'emburg. 
Luzon,  loo-zono'. 
Lyons,  li'hnz. 

M. 

H. 

ITaarlem,  har'lem. 

i. 

Kankakee,  kan-kaw'ko. 

Kansas,  kan'zas.    ("  Smoky  water.") 

Kara  kah'rah. 

intelligence."     Tho  grand  temple  of 
Buddha,  with  its  gilded  dome,  is  here; 

Maas,  mahs. 
Macao,  mah-kOw'. 

Hadramaut,  hah-drah-mOwt'. 

Ibraila,  o-brl'Iah. 

Kaskaskia  kas-kis'ke-ah. 

also,    the    residenco    of  tho    Grand 

Macassar,  mah-kahs'sar. 

Hague,  haig.     ("  Count's  wood.") 

Ice'land. 

Katahdin,  ka-tah'din. 

Lama.) 

Machias,  mat*chi'as. 

Hainan,    hi-nahn'.     ("  South    of    tho 

Idalio,  i'da-ho. 

Kazan,  kah-zahu'. 

Lat'itude.    (From  latitudo,  "breadth." 

Mackenzie,  mak-ken'ze. 

sea.") 
Hakodadi,  hah-ko-dah'do. 

Ilheos,  ecl-yay'oce. 
Hi,  e'le. 

Kearsarge,  keer'sarj. 
Kelat,  ke-laht'. 

Tho  ancients  believed  that  the  globe 
was  a  fiat  plain,  and   much  longer 

Mackinaw,  mak'e-naw. 
Macon  (U.S.),  may'kun. 

Halifax,  hal'e-fax. 

Illimani,  eel-ye-mah'ne. 

Konia,  ke'no-ah. 

from  east  to  west  than  from  north  to 

Macquarrie,  mak-kwOr'ro. 

Halle,  hal'16h. 

Illinois,  il-lin-oyz',  or  il-lin-oy'. 

K  e  n '  h  e  bee. 

south:  consequently  they  called  dis- 

Madagascar,  mad-a-gas'kar. 

Ham'burg. 

India,  in'de-ah. 

Kenosha,  ken-o'shah. 

tanco  from  north  to  south  latitude, 

Madawaska,  mad-a-wos'kah. 

Ilam'merfest. 

Indiana,  in-de-an'ah. 

Kentucky,  ken-tuk'e. 

as  they  called   distance   from   east 

Madeira,  mah-de'rah.    (Madeira  signi- 

Han'oTer. 

Indianapolis,  in-de-a-nap'o-lla. 

Keokuk,  ko'o-kuk. 

to  west  longitude, — from  longitudo, 

fies,  in  Portuguese/' timber."  These 

Harrisburg,  har'ris-bnrg. 

Indianola. 

Kermadec,  ker-mah-dek'. 

"  length.") 

islands  wcro  so  named  on  account 

Hatch'ee. 

Indighirka,  in-de-ghlr'kah. 

Keweena,  ke-we'nah. 

Lauenburg,  lOw'cn-boorg. 

of  their  magnificent  forests.  The  Ma- 

Hattcras, hat'er-ass. 

Iuhambane,  oen-ahm-bahn'. 

Khartoom,  kar-toom'. 

Lausanne,  lo-zahn'. 

deira  River  flows  through  a  densely- 

Havana,  ha-van'ah. 

Innspruck,  ins'prdok.    ("  Bridge  of  tho 

Klungan,  kin-gahn'. 
Khiva,  ke'vah. 

Laybaeh,  li'bahk. 

wooded  region.) 

Haverhill,  hay'ver-il. 

Inn.") 

Lazaro,  lah'zah-ro. 

Madeira  (River),  mah-day'rah. 

Havre,     hahv'r.      (A     "harbor,"     or 

Inverness'. 

Khokan,  ko-kahn'. 

Leavenworth,  lev'en-wurth. 

Madras,  ma-drass'. 

"  haven.") 

Ionian,  i-o'ne-an. 

Kiel,  keel. 

Lech,  lek. 

Madrid,  mah-drid'. 

Havre    do    Grace,    hahv'r-deh-grahss'. 

Iowa,  i'o-wah. 

Kiev,  ke-ev'. 

Lecomp'ton. 

Maelstrom,    mayl'strum.      (A    "  mill- 

("  Haven  of  grace.") 

Iquique,  e-ko'kay. 

Kilimandjaro,  kil-e-mahn-jah-ro'. 

Leghorn,  leg-horn'. 

stream.") 

Hawaii,  hah-wi'e. 

Iran,  e-rahn'. 

Killarney,  kil-lar'nc. 

Lch,  lay. 

Maesc,  mah'seh. 

Hayti,  hay'te.    ("  Mountainous.") 

Ireland,  Ir'land. 

Kingkitao,  king-ke-tah'o. 

Leicester,  les'ter. 

Maestricht,  mahs'trikt. 

Haytien,  hay'te-en. 

Irkoutsk,  ir-kootak'. 

Kiolen,  ke-ti'len. 

Leipsic,  llp'sik. 

Magadoxa,  mng-ah-dox'ah. 

Hebrides,  heb'rid-cez. 

Irrawaddy,     Ir-rah-wod'de.      ("  Great 

Kirghis,  klr-ghocz'. 
Kittan'uing. 
Kiusiu,  ke-oo-se-oo'. 

Leiria,  lay-re'ah. 

Magdalena,   mag-da-le'nah,   or   mabg- 

Hecla,  hek'lah. 

river.") 

Leith,  lecth. 

dah-lay'nah. 

Hejaz,  hed-jahz'. 

Irtish,  ir-tish'. 

Lo  Mans,  leh-moNQ'. 

Magellan,  mah-jel'lan. 

Helena,  hel-e'nah. 

Iser,  e'zer. 

Klagcnftirth,  klah'ghen-foort. 

Lena,le'nah.  (A"sluggard :"  sonamed 

Maggiore,  mahd-jo'ray.  (Logo Maggiore, 

Heligoland,     hel'e-go-lahud.     ("  Holy 

Isere,  e-zair/. 

Klausenburg,  kl5w  'zeu-bdurg.  ("  Castle 
of  the  defile.") 

on  account  of  its  sluggish  courso.) 

"  large  lake.") 

land.") 

iBlay  (Hebrides),  ilay. 

Lepanto,  le-pan'to. 

Maimatchin,  nn-mah-choen'. 

HeHas. 

Isle,  eel. 

Kodiak,  ko'de-ahk. 

Lerida,  lcVc-dah. 

Main,  mayn. 

Hemisphere,  hcm'is-feer.    (From    the 

Isolette,  o-so-let'. 

Kolima,  ko-le'mah. 

Lcv'en. 

Majorca,  mah-jor'kah.    (Majorca  and 

Qreek,  signifying  "half  a  sphere  or 

Ispahan,  is-pa-hahn'. 

Konieh,  ko'ne-eh. 

Lew  Chew,  loo-choo'. 

Minorca  were  anciently  named  Gym- 

globe," when  it  is  supposed  to  be  cut 

Italy,  it'a-le. 

Koniggratz,  ken'ig-grcts. 

Liberia,  li-bo're-ah.    (From  Lat.  libera, 

nastic.       The     epithet    major,     tho 

through  its  centre  in  the  plane  of  one 

Itasca,  I-tasTtah. 

Kiinigsberg,    ken'igz-berg.      ("  King's 

"  free.") 

"  greater,"  was  given  to  one,  while 

of  its  greatest  circles.) 

Ithaca,  ith'a-kah. 

town.") 
Kordofan,  kor-do-fahn'. 

Lichtenfcls,  lik'ten-fels. 

that  of  minor,  tho  "  less,"  was  applied 

Henlo'pen. 

Ivi;a,  e-ve'sah. 

Liege,  leej,or  lo-aizh'. 

to  the  other.) 

Herat,  her-aht'. 

Lttaccihuatl.ees-tahk-se-whahfl'.  (Tho 

Kouka,  koo'kah. 

Lievely,  leevlo. 

Malabar,  mal-a-bar'. 

Hereford,  herVfQrd. 

"  white  lady.") 

Kuen-Lun,  kwon-loon'. 

Liim  Fiord,  lcem-fe-ord'. 

Malacca,  ma-lak'kah. 

Hermaustadt,  her'mahn-staht. 

j. 

Kurile,  koo'ril.    (Derived  from  kooroo 

Lille,  leel. 

Malaga,  mal'a-gah. 

Hortbcrg,  hert'berg. 

miLsi, — i.e.  tho  "road  of  sea-weeds." 

Lima,  le'mah. 

Malaysia,  mah-lay'she-ah. 

Hesse-Cassel,  hess-kas'sel. 

Jacmel,  zhahk-mel'. 

Kooroo  signifies  "  sea-weed.") 
Kurrachec,  kur-rah-cho'. 

Limoges,  le-mOzh'. 

Maldive,  mal'dive.    ("  Thousand  isles.") 

II esse- Darmstadt,  hess-darm'staht. 

Jaen,  hah-en'. 

Lincoln,  link'Qn. 

Malta,  mawl'tah. 

Hesse-Homburg,  hess-hoiu'burg. 

Jalapa,  hah-lah'pah.    (Tho  medicinal 

Kwieh'pak. 
Kyachta,  ke-ahk'tah. 

Linnhe,  lin'uo. 

Mamoro,  mah-mo-ray'. 

Hiawassee,  hi-ah-wos'so. 

herb  jalap  owes  its   name  to  this 

Lipari,  lip'ah-re. 

Manaar,  mah-nar'. 

Hieres,  he-air/. 

town.) 

Lippe,  lip'pe-h. 

Manhcim,  man'hime. 

Himalaya,  him-ah-K'ah.    ("Abode  of 

Jalon,  hah-lone/. 

L. 

Lisbon,  liz'bQn, 

Manilla,  ma-nil'lah. 

snow.") 

Jamaica,  ja-may'kah. 

Laaland,  lah'lahnd. 

Liv'erpool. 

Manitoulinc,  man-e-too-leen'. 

Hin'doo-Koosh'. 

Janina,  yahn'ne-nah. 

Labrador,  lab-ra-doV.    (Labrador  signi- 

LlandafT, lan-daff*. 

Manitowoc,  man-e-to-wok'. 

IIiudoostan,hin-doo-«tan'.  (In  Persian, 

Jan  Maycn.  yahn-ml'en. 

fies  a  "husbandman,"  or  "farmer." 

Llano  Estacado,  1'yah'no  cs-tah-kah'do. 

Mantchooria,  maut-choo're-ah. 

this  term  signifies  tho  "country  of 

Japan,  jah-pan'.    (Called  by  the  Japan- 

This land  was  called  U:rra  labrador, 

("  Staked  plaiu.") 

Mantua,  man'tu-ah. 

102 


PRONOUNCING   VOCABULARY. 


Maracaybo,  mah-rah-klTx). 

Maracayu,  mah-rah-ki-oo'. 

Maramec,  meVre-mak. 

Maranham,  mar-an-ham'. 

Margarita,  mar-gah-rc'tah.  (A  "  pearl." 
Pearls  were  formerly  found  in  great 
quantities  on  the  coasts  of  this  island.) 

Marie  Galante,  mah-re'  gab-lost'. 

Marmora,  mar'mo-rah.  ("  Marble." 
One  of  the  islands  of  this  sea  has 
long  been  celebrated  for  its  marble- 
quarries.) 

Marne,  marn. 

Marquesas,  mar-kay'sahs. 

Marquette,  mar-ket'. 

Marsala,  mar-Bah'lah. 

Marseilles,  mar-say  Iz'. 

Martaban,  mar-tab -ban'. 

Martinique,  mar-tin-eek'. 

Maryland,  may're-Iand. 

Mascarenhas,  mahs-kah-ren'yahs. 

Massachusetts,  mas-sa-choo'scts.  (So 
named  after  Massasoit,  an  Indian 
chief.) 

Masulipatam,  mah-soo-le-pah-tahni'. 

Matagorda,  mat-a-gorMah. 

Matamoras,  mat-a-mo'ras. 

Matunzas,  mah-tan'zahs. 

Matapan,  mah-tah-pahn'. 

Matsmai,  mabts-ral'. 

Mattapony,  mat-ta-po'ne. 

Mattawamkcag,  mat-ta-wom'keg. 

Mauch  Chunk,  mawk-chunk'. 

Maui,  mflw'e. 

Maumee,  maw-rac'. 

Mauna  Kea,  muw'nuh  kay'ah. 

Mauritius,  maw-rish'e-us. 

Mayenne,  mi-en'. 

Mazatlan,  mahz-at-Iahn'. 

Mecca,  mek'kah. 

Mechlin,  meklin. 

Medina,  me-de'nah.    ("The  City.") 

Mediterranean,  med-e-tor-ray'ne-an. 
("  Midland.") 

Meinam,  may-e-nahm'.  ("Mother  of 
waters.") 

Mciningen,  ual'ning-on. 

Melbourne,  mcl'burn. 

Mom'el. 

Mcmpbremagog,  mem-fro-may'gog. 

Mcnai,  men'I. 

Menan'. 

Mende,  moxd. 

Menomonee,  mc-nom'o-no. 

Meqtiincz,  mek'e-nez. 

Merida,  me^e-dan. 

Mermenteau,  mer-men-to'. 

Merrimack,  meVre-mak. 

Merthyr  Tydvil,  mer'thir  tid'vil. 

Messina,  raes-se'nah. 

Mesurado,  nies-oo-rah'do. 

MetZ,  Juris. 

Meuse,  muze. 
Mexico,  mex'e-ko. 

Miaco,  me-ah'ko.  ("  Capital  residence.") 
Miami,  mi-ah'me. 
Michigan,  mish'e-gan. 
Middlebourne,  mid'd'1-burn. 
Mil'an. 

Milledgeville,  mil'lej-vil. 
Millinoket,  mil-le-no'ket 
Milt-in.  milt-seen'. 
Milwaukee,  mil-waw'ke. 
Minatitlan,  niin-ah-tit-lahn'. 
Mindanao,  min-dah-nah'o. 
Minbo,  meen'yo. 
Minneapolis,  min-ne-ap'o-Jt*. 
Minnesota,  min-ne-so'tab. 
Minni  Wakan,  min'iio  waw-kahn'. 
Minorca,  inin-or'kah. 
Mi  not,  me-not'. 
Miqnclon,  mik-gh-lon'. 
MiramiclU,  mlr-a-me-sho'. 
Miraprovos,  me-rah-pru'voce. 
Mirim,  me-reeNo'. 

Mississippi,  mis-«is-Bip'pe.  (•*  Father 
of  waters.") 


Missisqne,  mis-eisTiwe. 
Missolonghi,  mis-o-Iong'ghe. 
Missouri,  mis-soo're.    ("  Smoky  water," 

or  "  mud  river.") 
Mistissiuny,  mis-tis-6in'ne. 
Mityleno,  mit-c-lo'no. 
Mobile,  mo-beel'. 
Mocambe,  mo-kahm'bay. 
Mocha,  mo'kah. 
Modena,  mod'en-ah. 
Mogadore,  mog-ab-dore'. 
Mohave,  ruo-hayv'. 
Mo'hawk. 

MohileT,  mo-he'Iev. 
Moldau,  niol'duw. 
Molda'via. 
Molokai,  mo-lo-kl'. 
Molucca,  mo-luk'kah. 
Moinbas,  mom-bahs'. 
Monaco,  mon'ah-ko. 
Monad'nock. 
Monclova,  mon-klo'vah. 
Mondego,  inon-day'go. 
Mongolia,  mon-go'le-ah. 
Monongabela,  mo-non-ga-hc/lah. 
Monrovia,  mon-ro've-ah. 
Montana,  mon-tah'nah. 
Montauban,  moNO-to-boNQ'. 
Montauk,  mon-tawk'. 
Mont   Blanc,  moxa-bloira'.     ("White 

mountain.") 
Monte  Christo,  mon'tay  kris'to. 
Montenegro,  mon-tay-nay'gro.  ("  Black 

mountain.") 
Monterey,     mon-tay-ray'.        ("  King's 

mountain.") 
Monteverde,  mon-tay-v6r'day. 
Montevideo,  mon-to-vid'e-o.    ("  Mount 

prospect.") 
Montgomery,  mont-gum'er-e. 
Montmorenci,  mont-mo-ren'se, 
Montpelier,  mont-peel'yer. 
Montpellicr,  mont-pel'le-er,  or  m5NQ- 
pel-le-ay'. 

Montreal,  mon-tre-awl'.  ("  Royal 
mount.") 

Montserrat,  mont-ser-raht'. 

Moquegua,  nio-kay'gwah. 

Morant,  mo-rant'. 

Morava,  mo-rah'vah. 

Moroa,  mo-ro'ah.  (So  called  from  the 
word  mo-re,  a  "  mulberry-tree,"  from 
the  quantities  of  those  trees  it  pro- 
duces, or  because  its  shape  resembles 
that  of  a  mulberry-leaf.) 

Moreau,  mo-rC. 

Morelia,  mo-rayle-ah. 

Morella,  nio-rel'yah. 

Morlaix,  nior-lay'. 

Morocco,  mo-rok'ko.  ("  Farthest  west.") 

Morro  Hcrmoso,  mor'ro  6r-mo'so. 

Moscow,  mos'ko. 

Moselle,  mo-zel'. 

Mossamedes,  mos-sah-may'des. 

Mo'sul. 

Moulins,  moo-laxo'. 

Mourzouk,  inoor-zook'. 

Mozambique,  mo-zam-boek', 

Muhr,  moor. 

Mulahacen,  moo-lah-ah-then'» 

Mulas,  moo 'labs. 

Mtilhauscn,  meel'hfiw-zen, 

Munich,  mu'nik. 

Munkacz,  inoon-kahtch'. 

Minister,  meen'ster. 

Murcia,  mur'she-ah. 

Muscat,  mus-kat'. 

Muscatine,  mus-ka-toen'. 

Muske'gon. 

Muskingum,  mus-king'gum. 

N.      . 

Nacogdoches,  nak-o-do'chlz. 
Nagasaki,  nah-gah-sah'ke. 
Namaqua,  nah-inah'kwah. 
Namur,  nay'niur. 
Nancv.  uau'se. 


Nankin, nan-kin'.  ("Southern capital.") 

Nanling7.  ("Southern  mountain- 
chain.") 

Nantes,  nants. 

Nantuck'et. 

Nao,  nc.Vo. 

Naples,  nay'p'lz.    ("  New  city.") 

Napoli  (Groece),  nah'po-le. 

Narbonne,  nar-bon'. 

Narew,  nah'rev. 

Narragansett,  nar-ra-gan'set. 

Narraguagus,  nar-ra-gway'gus. 

Nashua,  nash'yoo-ah. 

Nashville,  nash'viL 

Nassau,  nas'saw. 

Natal,  nah-tahl'.  (So  named  by  Vasco 
da  Gama,  because  he  discovered  this 
coast  on  Christmas  day  [the  day  of 
the  Nativity].) 

Natchez,  natch'iz. 

Natchitoches,  natch-c-totch'iz ;  often 
pronounced  nak-e-tush'. 

Nauta,  now'tiih. 

Navarino,  nah-vah-re'no. 

Naxia,  nahx-e'ah. 

Nebraska,  ne-bras'kah.  ("  Flat  water.") 

Neches,  netch'iz, 

Neck'ar. 

Neembucu,  n*yay-om-boo-koo/, 

Negril,  ne-gril'. 

Negrilo,  nay-grelo. 

Negropont,  nay'gro-pont 

Neilgberry,  ncel-gh&r're, 

Neisse,  ni'suh. 

Nejed,  ned'jed. 

Neosho,  no-o'sho. 

Nepaul,  ne-pawl'. 

Nerbuddah,  ner-bud'dah. 

Nertschinsk,  nSr-chinsk'. 

Neufchatel,  nush-ah-tel'. 

Neuse,  nuce. 

Nevada,  ne-vab'dah. 

Nevers,  nfih-vair'. 

Newark,  nu'ark. 

Nowburyport,  nu'ber-re-port 

Newfoundland,  nu'fund-land. 

New  Granada,  nu  grah-nah'dah. 

New  Orleans,  nu  or'le-unz. 

New  West'minster. 

New  Zealand,  nu  ze'land. 

Ngami,  n'gah'me. 

Niagara,  ni-ag'a-rah.  ("  Thunder  of 
waters.") 

Nicaragua,  nik-ah-rah'gwah, 

Nice,  neess. 

Nic'obar. 

Nicolaivsky,  nik-o-Iive'ske. 

Nicoya,  ne-ko'yah. 

Nicmen,  ne'men. 

Niger  (ni'jer,)  or  Quor'ra,  or  Jol'iba. 
("  The  great  dark  river.") 

Nile.  (So  named  from  Ittlus,  King  of 
ThebcB.) 

Niobrara,  ni-o-bray'rah. 

Niort,  ne-or\ 

Nipe,  ne'pay. 

Niphon,  nif-on'.    (The  "  east") 

Nisbnobatona,  nish-nGh-ba-to'nah. 

Nismes,  neem. 

Niznei  Novgorod,  nizb'ne  nov-go-rod'. 

Noirmoutier,  nwahr-moo-te-ay'. 

Norfolk,  norTOk. 

Noric,  noVik. 
•  Nor' way. 

Norwich  (U.S.),  nor'witch,  or  nor*ritch. 

Norwich  (Eng.),  nor'ry. 

Nourse,  noorss. 

Nova  Scotia,  no'vab  sko'sbe-ah.  ("  New 
Scotland.") 

No'va  Zem'bla.    ("New  land.") 

Nubia,  noo'be-ah. 

Nueces,  nway'ses. 

Nuevitas,  nway-ve'tabs. 

Nunnivack,  noon-ne-vahk'. 

Nuremberg,  noo'rem-borg. 

Nyanza,  n'yahn'zah. 

Nyassi,  n'yahs'se. 


Oahu,  wah'hoo. 

Oases,  o'ah-sez. 

Oaxaca,  wah-bah'kah. 

OTms. 

Obidos,  o-be'doce. 

Ocean,  o'shuu.  (Derived  from  Occanus, 
a  powerful  deity  of  the  sea,  son  of 
Ccelus  and  Terra.  lie  is  generally  re- 
presented as  an  old  man,  with  a  long 
flowing  beard,  sitting  on  the  waves 
of  the  sea,  with  a  pike  in  bis  hand.) 

Ocean  ica,  o-she-an'e-kah. 

Ochotsk,  o-kotsk'. 

Ocmulgee,  ok-mul'ghe. 

Ocoa,  o-ko'ah. 

Oconee,  ok-o'ne. 

Odcnse,  o'den-sSh. 

O'der. 

Odessa,  o-des'sah. 

Oeiras,  o-ay'e-rahs. 

Ogasima,  o-gah-se'mah. 

Ogeechee,  o-ghe'ebe. 

Ohi'o.    (The  "  beautiful  river.") 

Okechobee,  o-ke-cho'be. 

Okefinokee,  o-ke-fin-o'ke. 

Okinagon,  o-ke-nab'gon. 

Ol'denburg. 

Olean,  o-le-an'. 

Olenek,  o-lay-nek'. 

Olmutz,  oKmuts. 

Olot,  o-lot'. 

Olviopol,  ol-ve-o'pol. 

Olympus,  o-lim'pus. 

Omaha,  o'ma-haw. 

Omoa,  o-mo'ah. 

Onega,  o-ne'gah. 

Oneida,  o-nl'dah. 

Oneonta,  on-e-on'tah. 

Onondaga,  on-on-daw'gah. 

Ontario,  on-tay're-o. 

Ontonagon,  on-ton-ah'gon. 

Oporto,  o-por'to.    (The  "port") 

Oran,  o-rahn'. 

Orchilla,  or-cheel'yah. 

Oregon,  Or'e-gon. 

Oronse,  o-ren'say. 

Orihuela,  o-re-waylah. 

Orinoco,  o-re-no'ko.  (The  "coiled  ser- 
pent") 

Oristano,  o-ris-tah'no. 

Orizaba,  o-re-sah'bah, 

Orkneys,  ork'neez. 

Orleans,  or'le-Gnz.  (A  corruption  of 
Aureliani,  its  ancient  name.) 

Or'mus. 

Ortegal,  or-tay-gahl'. 

Osage,  o-saij'. 

Osceola,  os-se-olah. 

Osh'kosh. 

Oskaloo'Ba. 

Ossnna,  os-soo'nah. 

Oswegatchie,  os-we-gatch'o. 

Oswe'go. 

Otranto,  o-trahn'to. 

Otse'go. 

Ottawa,  ot'ta-wah,  or  ot'ta-way. 

Ourique,  oo-re'kay. 

Ouro  Prcto,  oo'ro  pray'to, 

Ouse,  ooz. 

Oviedo,  o-ve-ay'Mo. 

p. 

Pacific  Ocean.  (This  name  was  given 
by  Magellan,  the  first  European  who 
traversed  it,  in  consequence  of  the 
mild  weather  he  experienced  while 
navigating  its  surface.) 

Padre,  pah'dray. 

Padua,  pabd'yoo-ah. 

Palawan,  pah-lah-wahn'. 

Palombang,  pah-lem-bahng7. 

Palermo.  pah-IfiKmo. 

Palestine,  p&l'es-tlne.  (Supposed  to  be 
derived  from  Philistine,  as  the  name 
was  commonly  applied  to  the  land 


inhabited  by  the  Israelites,  including 
the  country  of  the  Philistines.) 
Palliser,  pal'lia-er. 
Palma,  pahl'mah. 
Palmyra,  pal-mi'rah. 
Palos,  pah'loce. 
Pamlico,  pam'le-ko. 
Pampas,       pahm'pahs.  ("Treeless 

plains.") 
Pampeluna,  pabm-pay-loo'nah. 
Pamunky,  pa-mung'ke. 
Panama,  pahn-ah-mah'. 
Pantellaria,  pahn-tel-lah-re'ah. 
Papua,  pah'poo-ah.    (The  inhabitant* 
received  the  name  of  papuas  from 
the  Malays,  in  whose  languago  it 
signifies  "  frizzled  hair.".) 
Para,  pab-rah'. 
Paragoona,  par-a-goo'nah. 
Paraguay,  pab-rah-gwt'. 
Parahyba,  pab-rah- e'bah. 
Paraiba,  pab-rah-e'bah. 
Paramaribo,  par-a-mar'e-bo. 
Paramatta,  par-a-mat'tah. 
Parana,  pah-rah-nah'. 
Paranagua,  pah-rah-nab-gwab'. 
Parime,  pah-re'may. 
Paris,  par'is. 
Parma,  par'mah. 
Parnahyba,  par-nah-e'bah. 
Parnaiba,  par-nah-c'bah. 
Parnas'sus. 
Parras,  par'rahs. 
Pascagoula,  pas-ka-goolah. 
Passaic,  pas-say'ik. 
Passamaquoddy,  pas-sa-ma-kwod'de. 
Passaro,  pahs'sah-ro. 
Passau,  paliB'suw. 

Patagonia,  pat-i-go'ne-ah.  {Patagcn 
means,  in  Spanish,  "a  man  with 
large  feet."  Magellan  gave  the  in- 
habitants of  tins  country  the  namo 
ofPatagonians  on  account  of  the  appa- 
rent large  size  of  their  feet,  which, 
being  wrapped  in  skins,  seemed  much 
larger  than  they  really  were.) 
Patapsco,  pa-taps'ko. 

Pat'erson. 
Patras,  pah-trahs'. 
Patuxent,  pa-tux'ent. 

Pau,  po.. 
Pawtuck'et. 
Payta,  (ll'tah. 

Pecos,  pay'koce. 
Pedee,  pe-de'. 

Pegu,  pe-goo'. 
Peipus,  pay'e-pooco. 

Pekin,  pe-kin'.    ("  Northern  capital.'') 

Pelew,  pe-loo'. 

Peling,    pe-ling*.    ("Northern    moun- 
tain-cbain.'') 

Pembina,  pem'be-nah. 

Pemigewasset,  pciu-c-je-wos'sQt 

PeRas,  pen'yahs. 

Pend  Oreilles,  poNd-o-rail'. 

Pennsylvania,  pen-si  l-vay'ne-ab. 

("  Penn's  woodland.") 

Penob'scot. 

Pensacola,  pcn-sa-kolah. 

Penzance,  pen-zanss'. 

Peoria,  pe-o're-ah. 

Pepin,  pip'in. 

Perdido,  per-de'do. 

Pere  Marquette,  pair  mar-ket'. 

Perigueux,  pay-re-gt'b/. 

Pernambuco,  i)6r-nahm-boo'ko. 

Perouse,  pe-rooz'. 

Perpignan,  per-peen-yoxo'. 

Persia,  pcr'she-ab. 

Peru,  pe-roo'. 

Perugia,  pay-roo'jah. 

Pescara,  pes-kah'rah. 

Pesth,  pest. 

Pe'tra. 

Petropanlovsky,  pay-tro-p6w-lov'ske. 

Petrop'olis. 

Petrovitcb,  pay'tro-vitch. 


PRONOUNCIxVG    VOCABULARY. 

103 

Philadelphia,  fil-a-dcl'fiwili.    ("City  of 

Bailee,  sahl-lay'. 

Segura,  aay-goo'rah. 

Sorel,  Bo-rol'. 

brotherly  love.") 

R. 

Salonica,  sah-lo-ne'kah. 

Seine,  sayn,  or  sen. 

Soria,  so're-ah. 

Philippine,  fiTIip-pin. 

Rabatt,  rah-baht'. 

Saltillo,  sal-tillo. 

Sena,  say'nah. 

Soudan,    soo-dan'.      (licled-es-  Somlaji, 

Philippopolis,  fil-lip-pop'o-lis. 

Racine,  rah-seen'. 

Saluda,  sa-loo'dah. 

Seneca,  sen'e-kah. 

"land  of  the  blacks.") 

Phoenix,  fe'nix. 

Radack,  rah'dahk. 

Salwen,  sahl-wen'. 

Senegal,  sen-e-gawl'. 

Southampton,  sutA-amp'tuu. 

Piacenza,  pc-ah-chen'zah. 

Ragusa,  rah-goo'sah. 

Salzburg,  sahlts'boorg. 

Senegambia,  sen-o-gam'be-ah.    (Named 

Spa,  spaw. 

Piacina,  pe-ah-se'nah. 

Raleigh,  rawle. 

Samara,  sah-mah-rah'. 

from  the  two  large  rivers  which  flow 

Spartel,  spar-tel'. 

Pichincha,  pe-chin'chah. 

Ralick,  rah'lik. 

Samarang,  sah-mah -rating7. 

through  the  country, — viz.,  the  Sene- 

Spezia, sped'ze-ah. 

Picolata,  pik-o-lay'tah. 

Rangoon,  rang-goon'. 

Samarcand,  sah-mar-kahnd'. 

gal  and  the  Gambia.) 

Spitzbergen,  spits-berg'en. 

Piedmont,  peed'mont.    ("Foot  of  the 

Rapidan,  rap-id-an'. 

Samos,  say'mos. 

Sennaar,  Ben-nar/. 

Spree,  spray. 

mountain.") 

Rap  pahan 'nock. 

Sana,  sah-nah'. 

Senne,  sen'nfih. 

Squillace,  skwil-lah'chay. 

Pikomayo,  pil-ko-mi'o. 

Raritan,  rarVt&n. 

San  Diego,  sahn  de-ay'go. 

Seres,  seVesT 

Stanovoi,  stah-no-voy'. 

Pinalena,  pe-nah-lay'nah. 

Rat'isbon. 

Sandomierz,  sahn-do'me-airzh. 

Sereth,  Bay-ret'. 

Sta.  Maria,  sahn'tah  mah-re'ah. 

Piqua,  pik'wah,  or  pik'way. 

Ravenna,  rah-ven'nah. 

Sandusky,  san-dus'ke. 

Sergipe  del  Rey,  sSr-zhe'pay  del  ray. 

St.  Augustine,  sent-aw-gus-teen\ 

Pisa,  pe'zah. 

Reading,  red'ing. 

Sandwich,  sand'witch. 

Servia,  ser've-ah. 

Staunton,  stan'tun. 

Piscataqua,  pis-kat'a-kway. 

Recife,  ray-se'fay. 

San  Felipe,  sahn  fe-le'pay. 

Sesheke,  say-shay'kay. 

St.  Bias,  sent-blahs'. 

Piscataquis,  pis-kat'a-kwis. 

Refnaes,  ref 'ness. 

San  Franc  is'co. 

Severo  VoBtochnoi,  say-vay'ro  vos-tok'- 

St.  Croix,  sent-kroy'. 

Pisuerga,  pe-sweVgah. 

Reggio,  red'jo. 

Sangamon,  snn'ga-mon. 

noy. 

St.  Domingo,  sent-do-ming'go. 

Pittsburgh,  pits'burg. 

Reikiavik,     ri'ke-ah-vik,        ("  Steam- 

Sangar,  salm-gar7. 

Sevier,  sev-eer'. 

Steilacoom,  sti-lah-koom'. 

Plaquemine,  plak-mecn'. 

town.") 

San  Joaquin,  sahn  ho-ah-keen'. 

Seville,  sev'il,  or  se-vil'. 

St.  Elias,  sent-e-li'as. 

Plymouth,  plim'&th. 

Rendsburg,  rends'boOrg. 

San  Jose,  sahn  ho-say'. 

•Seychelle,  say-sheel'. 

St.  Etienne,  saift-ay-te-en'. 

Podesti,  po-des'te. 

Rennes,  ren. 

San  Juan,  sahn  hoo-ahn'. 

Shanghai,  shang-M'. 

Stettin,  stet-teen'. 

Poitiers,  poi-tecr//. 

Requeiia,  ray-kayn'yah. 

San  Juan  Bautista,  sahn  hoo-ahn' bOw- 

Shan'non. 

Steubenville,  stoo'ben-vil. 

Poland.    ("  Flat  land.") 

Resen,  ray'zen. 

tees'tah. 

Sheboy'gan. 

St.  Genevieve,  sent-jen-c-vcev'. 

Policastro,  po-le-kahs'tro. 

Reus,  ray'ooce. 

San  Lucas,  sahn  looTiahs. 

Sheffield,  Bhef'feeld. 

St.  Helena,  sent-hel-e'nah. 

Polynesia,    pol-e-ne'she-ah.       ("  Many 

Rev'el. 

San  Luis  do  Potosi,  Balm  loo'is  day 

Shenandoah,  shen-an-do'ah. 

St.  Heliers,  sent-hel'yers. 

*     islands.") 

Revillagigedo,  ray-vecl'yah-he-hay'do. 

po-to-se'. 

Shilluks,  shil-lookB'. 

St.  Lawrence,  sent-law'renss. 

Ponce,  pon'say. 

Rheims,  reemz. 

San  Marino,  sahn  mah-rc'no. 

Shiraz,  she-rahz'. 

St.  Lazaro,  sent-Iah'zah-ro. 

Pondicherry,  pon-de-shoVre. 

Rhine,  rine. 

San  Miguel,  sahn  me-ghel'. 

Shrewsbury,  shroze'ber-re,  or  ehrooz'- 

St.  Louis,  sent-Ioo'is. 

Pongo,  pong'go. 

Rhode  Island,  rodc-iland. 

San  Saba,  sahn  sah'bah. 

ber-re. 

St.  Main,  sent  mahlo. 

Pontchartrain,  pon-shar-trayn'. 

Rhodes,  rOdz, 

San     Salvador,     sahn     sahl-vah-dore'. 

Shuia,  shoo'yah. 

Stock'holm. 

Pontiac,  pon'te-ak. 

Rhodope,  rod'o-pe. 

("  Holy  Saviour.") 

Shumla,  shoom'lah. 

Stolpemiinde,  stol'p8h-meei,-deh. 

Popayan,  po-pi-ahn'. 

Rhone,  rone. 

San  Sebastian,  sahn  say-bahs-te-ahn'. 

Siberia,  si-be're-ah. 

St.  Pierre,  saNQ  pe-air7. 

Popocatapetl,         po-po-kah-tah-petT. 

Ribe,  re'bSh. 

Santa  Cruz,  sahn'tah  krooss.    ("Holy 

Sicily,  sis'Bil-e. 

St.  Quentiu,  saNG  koNG-taNo'. 

(^Smoking  mountain,") 

Richelieu,  re-sh5-lu'. 

cross.") 

Sierra, se-er'rah.  (Sierraliterally  means 

Strabane,  stra-ban'. 

Porongos,  po-ron-goce'. 

Rideau,  re-do'. 

Santa  Fe,  sahn'tah  fay.   ("  Holy  faith.") 

a  "  saw,"  and  is  applied  to  a  mountain- 

Stralsund,  Btrahl'edotit. 

Portalegrc,  por-tah-Iay'gray. 

Riga,  re'gah. 

Santa  Maura,  sahn'tah  niow'rah. 

range,  becauso  at  a  distance  it  pre- 

StrasTiurg. 

Port  au  Prince,  port-o-prinss'. 

Rio    del     Norte,    ro'o    del     nor'tay. 

Santander,  san-tan'der,  or  sahn-tahn- 

sents  a  notched  appearance  like  the 

Strelitz,  Btraylitz. 

Port  Mahon,  port-ma-hown'. 

("  River  of  the  north.") 

dair'. 

teeth  of  a  saw.) 

Stromboli,  strom'bo-Ie. 

Porto  Imperial,  por'to  ecm-pay-re-alil'. 

Rio  Grande,  ro'o  grahn'day.    ("Great 

Santarem,  sahn-tah-rexo'. 

Sierra  Estrella,  se-5r'rah  es-trel'yah. 

St.  Ubes,  aent-yoobz'. 

Porto  Itico,  por/to  re'ko.    ("  Rich  har- 

river.") 

Santiago,       sahn-te-ah'go.         ("  Saint 

Sierra  Leone,  se-eVrah  le-o'no.    ("  Lion 

Stutt'gard. 

bor.") 

Rio   Janeiro,   rl'o    ja-ne'ro.       (Rio   de 

James.") 

mountains.") 

Suaken,  swah'ken. 

Porto  Vecchio,  por'to  vek'ke-o.    ("  Old 

Janeiro,  "river  of  January."    The 

Santiago  de  Cuba,  Bahn-te-ah'go  day 

Sierra     Madre,     se-er'rah     mali'dray. 

Suchil,  soo-cheel'. 

harbor.") 

place  having  been  discovered  iu  Janu- 

koo'bah. 

("  Mother  mountains.") 

Sucre,   Boo'kray.     (Formerly   Chuqui- 

Portsmouth,  ports'muth. 

ary,  this  name  was  given  afterwards 

Santorini,  sahn-to-re'no. 

Sierra  Morena,  se-Sr'rah  mo-ray'oah. 

saca,  choo-ke-sah'kah .) 

Portugal,  port'yoo-gal. 

both  to  the  city  and  the  river.) 

Sao  Felipe  de  Benguela,  sgwng  fay-le'- 

("  Brown  mountains.") 

Sudetic,  soo-det'ik. 

Posen,  po'zen. 

Rioja,  re-o'hah. 

pay  day  ben-gay'lah. 

Sien-a  Nevada,  se-er'rah  nay-vah'dah. 

Suez,  soo'ez. 

Potomac,  po-to'mak. 

Rio    Negro,    re'o    nay'gro.       ("  Black 

Saone,  sone. 

("  Snow  mountains.") 

Suir,  shoor. 

Potosi,  po-to'se,  or  po-to-«e'. 

river.") 

Sao  Joao,  sOwNO  zhiSwNG'. 

Sihon,  se-hon'. 

Sumatra,  soo-mah'trah. 

Poughkecpsio,  po-kip'se. 

Roanoke,  ro-an-oke'. 

Sao  Paulo,  sCwno  powlo. 

Sikoke,  se-koke'. 

Sumbawa,  soom-baw'wah. 

Poultuey,  polt'ne. 

Rochelle,  ro-shel'. 

Saragossa,  sah-rah-gos'sah. 

Silan,  se-lahn'. 

Sumburgh,  Bum'bur-ruh. 

Powhatan,  puw-a-tan'. 

Rochester,  rotch'es-ter. 

Saranac,  sar-a-nak'. 

Silistria,  sil-is'tre-ah. 

Sunda,  sun'dah. 

Poyang,  po  yahng7. 

Romagna,  ro-mahn'yah. 

Sarasu,  sah-rah-soo'. 

Simferopol,  sim-fer-o'pol. 

Surat,  soo-raht'. 

Praga,  prah'gah. 

Romania,  ro-mah'ne-ah. 

Saratoga,  sar-a-to'gah. 

Simoda,  se-mo'dah. 

Susquehanna,  sus-kwe-han'nah. 

Prague,  praig. 

Romanos,  romah'noce. 

Sarawak,  sah-rah-wahk'. 

Sinai,  si'nay,  or  si'oay-i. 

Sutlege,  sut'lej. 

Prairie  du  Chien,  pray're  doo-sheen'. 

Rome.      (Named   from   Romulus,   its 

Sardinia,  sar-din'yah. 

Sinaloa,  sin-ah-lo'ah. 

Suwanee,  soo-waw'ne. 

("  Dog  meadow.") 

founder.) 

Saskatchawan,              Bas-katch'a-w8n. 

Singapore,  sing-gah-pore'.    ("City  of 

Swansea,  swon'se. 

Pregel,  pray'ghel. 

Roscom'mon. 

("  Swift  current.") 

lions.") 

Swatow,  swah-tuV. 

Pres'burg. 

Rotterdam.     (Name  derived  from  a 

Sassari,  sahs'sah-ro. 

Siout,  se-oot'. 

Swe'den. 

Presidio    del    Norte,  pray-se'de-o    del 

"dam  of  the  Rotte,"  a  little  river 

Saugerties,  sawg'or-teez. 

Sioux,  soo. 

Swit'zerland. 

nor/tay. 

which  runs  through  the  city.) 

Saut  de  St.  Marie,  so  dch  sah\o  mah-re'. 

Sisal,  se-sahl'. 

Sydney,  eid'ne. 

Presque  Isle,  presk-ecl'.     (A  "penin- 

Rouen, roo'en. 

Saut  St.  Marie,  boo  sent  may're. 

Siwah,  se'wah. 

Syra,  se'rah. 

sula.") 

Roxo,  roTio. 

Save,  sahv. 

Skager         Rack,         ekah-gher-rahk'. 

Syracuse,  elr'a-kuze. 

Primero,  pre-may'ro.    ("  First.") 

Rugeri,  re'ghen. 

Saxony,  sax'o-ne. 

("  Crooked  strait  of  Skagen.") 

Syria,  sir're-ah.  (From  the  Greek  svna, 

Prip'et. 

Ruska  Poyana,  rusTiah  po-yah'nah. 

Scandinavian,  skan-de-nay've-an. 

Skowhegan,  sko-he'gan. 

a  contraction  of   Assuria,— i.«.  the 

Privas,  pre-vahs'. 

Russia,  rush'yah. 

Scheldt,  skelt,  or  sheld. 

Skyros,  ske'ros. 

land  of  Assur,  the  son  of  Shcm.) 

Prussia,  prush'yah. 

Schemnitz,  shein'nits. 

Sles'wick. 

Szamos,  sOh-raosh'. 

Puebla,  pweb'lah.    ("Town,"  or  "vil- 

s. 

Schenectady,  sken-ek'ta-de. 

SH'go. 

Szcgedin,  seg'ed-in. 

lage?") 

Sabine,  sah-been'. 

Schoodic,  Bkoo'dik. 

Slout,  sloot. 

Pueblo,  pweb'lo. 

Sable,  say'b'I. 

Scliuyler,  skiler. 

Smolensk'. 

T. 

Puerto  Principe,  pwer'to  preen'se-pay. 

Saco,  saw'ko. 

Schuylkill,  skoolTdl.    (It  is  said  that 

Smyrna,  smir'nah. 

Tabasco,  tah-bnhs'ko. 

("  Prince's  port,"  or  "chief  gate.") 

Sacramento,  sak-rah-men'to. 

the  first  explorers  of  the  Delawaro 

Soconusco,  Bo-ko-noos'ko. 

Tabreez,  tah-breez'. 

Punjab'. 

SadHo,  6ah-ddwxa'. 

River  passed  the  mouth  of  the  Schuyl- 

Socorro, so-kor'ro. 

Tacazze,  tah-kaht'say.  (The  "  terrible  •" 

Punta  Arenas,  poon'tah  ah-ray'nahs. 

Saghalien,  sah-gah-le'en. 

kill  without  observing  it:  hence  its 

Socotra,  sok'o-trah. 

from  its  numerous  cataracts.) 

Pun'ssima,  poo-rces'se-mah. 

Saginaw,  Bag'e-naw. 

name,  signifying  "hidden  creek.") 

Sofala,  so-fahlah.    (Supposed  to  be  the 

Tafilelt,  tah-fe-lelt'. 

Purus,  poo'rooce. 

Sagua  la  Grande,  sah'gwah  lah  grahn'- 

Schwerin, shway-reen'. 

"Ophir"  of  Scripture.) 

Tagus,  tay'gus. 

Pyrenees,  plr'eo-eez. 

day. 

Scio,  she'o,  or  si'o. 

Sokoto,  Bok-o-to7. 

Tahiti,  tah-he'te. 

Q. 

Quebec,  kwe-bok'.    (The  "  narrows.") 

Saguenay,  sahg-e-nay7. 

Scioto,  si-o'to. 

Somaulie,  so-mawle. 

Tahlequah,  tahle-kwah. 

Sahara,  sa-hay'rah.    (A  *  desert.") 

Scituate,  sit'yoo-ate. 

Sombrcrete,  som-bray-ray'tay. 

Tai-yuen,  ti-yoo*en'. 

Saigon,  sl-gOwn'. 

Scotland. 

Sombrero,  som-bray'ro. 

Talavera,  tah-lah-vay'rah. 

Queretaro,  kay-ray-tah'ro. 

Salado,  sah-lah'do.    ("  Salt.") 

Scutari,  skoo'tah-re. 

Somme,  spm. 

Talcahuana,  tahl-kah-wah'nah. 

Quesaltenango,  kay-sahl-tay-nahn'go. 

Salamanca,  sah-lah-mahngTcah. 

Searcy,  scr'se. 

Songari,  son-gah're. 

Talladega,  tal-la-de'gah. 

Quiloa,  ke'lo-ah. 

Salem. 

Sebas'ticook. 

Sonora,  so-no'rah. 

Tallahassee,  tal-la-has'se. 

Quimper,  kaM-pair7. 

Salford,  sawl'fttrd. 

Sebastopol,  Beb-as-to'pol. 

Sooloo,  soo-Ick/. 

Tallapoosa,  tal-la-poo'sah. 

Quincy,  kwin'se. 

8aIina(U.S.),  eft-li'nah. 

Secundo,  eay-koon'do.    ("  Second.") 

Soongaria,  Boon-gay're-ah. 

Tamatave,  tah-mah-tah'vay. 

Quinnobaug,  kwin-ne-bawg'. 

Salinas,  sah-lo'nahs. 

Segovia,  se-go've-uh. 

Sophia,  so-fo'ah. 

Tamaulipas,  tah-muw-Ie'pahs, 

Quito,  ke'to. 

Salisbury,  sawlz'ber-re. 

Segre,  say'gray. 

Sorata,  so-rah'tah. 

Tampico,  tahm-pe'ko. 

104 

• 

PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY. 

Tanaro,  tah-nah'ro. 

Timbuctoo,  tlm-buk'too. 

Tunguragua,  toong-goo-rah'gwah. 

Victoria,  vik-tOTe-ah. 

Winona,  we-nc/nab. 

Tanganyika,  tahn-gahn-yeTcab. 

Timor,  te-more'. 

Tunis,  too'nis. 

Vienna,  ve-en'nah. 

Winooski,  we-noos'ko. 

Tangier,  tahn-jeer'. 

Timorlaut,  te-mor-lowt'. 

Turin,  too'rin. 

Vienne,  ve-en'. 

Wiscon'sin. 

Taos,  tah'oce. 

Tioga,  ti-o'gah. 

Turkestan,  toor-kes-tahn'.    ("Country 

Vigo,  ve'go. 

Wit' ten  berg. 

Tapajos,  tah-pah'zhoce* 

Tippecanoe,  tip-pe-ka-noo'. 

of  the  Turks.") 

Vilaine,  ve-layn'. 

Woolwich,  wixil'ich,  or  w&6Tij. 

Tarauto,  tah'rahn-to. 

Titicaca,  te-te-kah'kah. 

Turkey,  tur'ko. 

Villa  del  Fuerte,  veel'yah  del  fwer'tay. 

Woonsocket,  wuon-sok'et. 

Tarazona,  tah-rah-tho'nah. 

Tobago,  to-bah'go. 

Tuscaloosa,  tus-ka-loo'sah. 

Villa  Real,  vil'lah  ray-abl'. 

Worcester,  woos'ter. 

Tarbe*,  tarb. 

Tobiquo,  to-beek'. 

Tuscany,  tus'ka-ne. 

Villa  Rica,  vil'lah  re'kah. 

Wot'cbish. 

Tarija,  tah-re'hah. 

Tobolsk,  to-bolsk'. 

Tuxpan,  toos-pahn'. 

Vindbya,  vind'yah. 

Wurtemberg,  wur'tera-berg. 

Tarnopol,  tar-no'pol. 

Tocantins,  to-kahn-teens'. 

Tyrol,  tlr'rol. 

Virgeues,  veer-hay'ne* 

Wyoming,  wi-o'ming. 

Tarragona,  tar-rah-go'nah. 

Toledo,  to-Ie'do. 

Virginia,  vir-jin'e-ah.     (So  named  in 

Tartary,  tar'tah-re. 

Tolosa,  to-lo'sah. 

u. 

honor  of  the  maiden  queen  of  Eng- 

X. 

Tasmania,  taz-may'no-ah. 

Tombigby.  tom-big'be. 

Uaupes,  wOVpes. 

land,  Elizabeth.) 

Xarayes,  shah-ri'es. 

Taudeny,  tOw-day-ne'. 

Tonawanda,  ton-a-won'dah. 

Ubeda,  oo-bay'^/iab. 

Visa,  ve'sah. 

Xcnia,  zeen'e-ah. 

Taunton,  tan' tun. 

Tongoy,  ton-go'e. 

TJcayale,  oo-ki-ahlay. 

Visou,  ve'say-oo. 

Xeres,  hay-res'. 

Taurus,  taw'rus. 

Tonquin,  ton-keen'. 

Uist,  wist. 

Vistula,  vis'tu-lah. 

Xingu,  shing-goo'. 

Tchad,  cbabd. 

Tooele,  too-ele. 

Ujein,  oo-jane'. 

Viterbo,  ve-UJr'bo. 

Xucar,  hoo'kar. 

Tcberkasi,  ch8r-kah'se. 

Topeka,  to-peOtah. 

Umbagog,  um-bay'gog. 

Viti  Levu,  ve'te  lay'voo. 

Tchernigov,  cher'ne-gov. 

Tormes,  tor'mes. 

Umea,  oo'may-o. 

Vitoria,  ve-to're-ah. 

Y. 

Tchernowitz,  cheVno-vitz. 

Toronto,  to-ron'to. 

Umpqua,  ump'kwah. 

Volcano,  vol-kay'no.     (Namo  derived 

Yablonoi,  yab-blo-noy'.    ("  Mountains 

Tchin-tou,  chin-too'. 

Tor'rid.    (Torrid,  "hot,"  from  torreo, 

Ungava,  ung-gah'vah. 

from  Vulcanut,  "  Vulcan,"  the  god  of 

of  apples.") 

Tchoui,  choo'e. 

to  "roast."    This  torm  is  applied  to 

Uniamesi,  oo-ne-ah-may'se. 

fire.    According  to  the  ancients,  his 

YadTsin. 

Tchoulkova,  chool-ko'vah. 

one  of  tho  zones,  viz.,  that  lying  be- 

Upernavik, oo'per-uah-vik. 

forges  wero  under  Mount  Etna,  as 

YakoutBk,  yah-kootsk'. 

Teentsin,  te-en-tseen'. 

tween  the  tropics,  on  account  of  the 

Up'sal. 

well  as  under  every  other  burning 

Yang-tsc-Kiang,      yahng-tse-kc-ahng'. 

Teheran,  teh-hcr-ahn'. 

extreme  heat  which  prevails  here.) 

Ural,  yoo'ral. 

mountain:  hence  the  name.) 

("Blue    river."      Called    sometimes 

Tehuantcpec,  tay-wabn-tay-pok'. 

Tortugas,  tor-too'gaz.    (So  named  from 

Urbana,  ur-ban'nab. 

Volga,  vol 'gab. 

Ta  Kiang, — £*  "great  river,'— the 

Teify,  tl've. 

the  quantity  of  tortoises  seen  there. 

Ures,  oo'rfis. 

Vosgcs,  v5zb. 

largest  river  in  China.    It  is  called. 

Temesvar,  tem-esh-var/. 

Tortuga  means  "tortoise.") 

Uros,  oo'roce. 

poetically,  the  "  Sou  of  tho  sea.") 

Teneriffe,  ten-er-if. 

Toulon,  too-lo.VG'. 

Uruguay,  oo-roo-gwl'. 

w. 

Yaqui,  yah-ko'. 

Tennessee,  ten-nes-so'. 

Toulouse,  too-looz'. 

Ush'ant. 

Waag,  wabg. 

Yarkand'.         * 

Tepeleni,  tay-pay-lay'ae. 

Tournay,  toor-nay'. 

Utah,  yoo'taw. 

Wabash,  waw'bash. 

Yarmouth,  yar'muth. 

Tepic,  tay-peck'. 

Tours,  toor. 

Utica,  yoo'to-kah. 

Wabashaw,  waw'bash-shaw. 

Yazoo,  ya-zoo'. 

Terceira,  ter-say'e-rah.    ("  Tliird.") 

Towanda,  to-wfln'dah. 

Utrecht,  yoo'trekt. 

Wabembe,  wah-bem'bay. 

Yed'o. 

Terra  del   Fuego,  ter'rah  del   fu-o'go. 

Trafalgar,  traf-al-gar'. 

Utrera,  oo-tray'rah. 

Wachusett,  waw-choo'set. 

Yem'en. 

('*  Land  of  fire."     This  island  was  dis- 

Transylvania, tran-sil-vay'ne-ah.    (This 

Waco,  wayTto. 

Yenisei,  yen-e-say'o. 

covered,  in  1520,  by  Magellan,  and  so 

name  was  given  by  the  Hungarians; 

V. 

Waday,  wah'dl. 

Yeniseisk,  yeu-e-Bay'isk. 

named  by  him  on  account  of  tho 

Transylvania  signifying  tho  "country 

Vaigatch,  vi-gatch'. 

Waimate,  wi-mah'tay. 

Yonne,  yon. 

number  of  fires  bo  saw  along  tho 

beyond  tho  woods," — i".e.  the  exten- 

Valdai, vahl'df. 

Wales,  wailz.  (Derived  from  Gallia,  the 

Youcon,  yoo-kOwn'. 

coast,  which  bo  supposed  to  be  tho 

sive  woody  mountains  which  sepa- 

Valdivia,vahl-de've-ah. ("  Rich  valley.") 

Welsh  being  considered  a  remnant  of 

Youghall,  yohTiil. 

eruptions  of  volcanoes.) 

rate  this  provinco  from  Hungary.) 

Valence,  vah-luNSB'. 

the  ancient  Oauls.) 

Ypsilanti,  ip-se-lan'te. 

Terra  Nova,  ter'rah  uo'vah.     ("  New 

Trans  Yaal,  trahns-vahl'. 

Valencia,  vah-len'she-ah. 

Wallachia,  waw-lay'ke-ah. 

Yucatan,  yoo-kah-tahn'. 

land.") 

Trebizond,  treb'e-zoud. 

Valenciennes,  vab-loNo-se-en'. 

Walloostook,  wfil-loo-stook'. 

Yuma,  yoo'mah. 

Terre    Haute,   tSr-reh-hote'.     ("High 

Tremoli,  trcm'o-lo. 

Valladolid,  val-la-do-lid'. 

Walwisch,  wuhl'vish. 

Yuthia,  yoot'he-ah. 

land.") 

Tren'ton, 

Valparaiso,  vahl-pah-ri'so.    ("Valo  of 

WapBipin'econ. 

Tetas,  tay'tahs. 

Tres  Colunas,  tr6s-ko-loo'nahs- 

paradise.") 

War'saw. 

z. 

Tete,  tay'tay. 

Tres  Montes,  tres-mon'tes. 

Valverdo,  val-ver'de. 

Wartha,  war'tah. 

Zacatccas,  sah-kah-tay'kahs. 

Teulada,  tay-oo-lah'dah. 

Treves,  treevz. 

Vancouver,  van-koo'ver. 

Wasatch,  wah-sateh'. 

Zacatula,  sah-kah-too'lah. 

Tex'as. 

Trieste,  tro-est'. 

Vannes,  vahn. 

Washington,  wOsli'ing-tGn. 

Zaizan,  zi-zahu'. 

Tex'el. 

Trinidad,  trin-e-dad'.    ("  Trinity.") 

Vanua  Levu,  vah-noo'ah  lay'voo. 

Washita,  wosh'c-taw. 

Zambesi,  zahm-bay'zo. 

Thames,  temz. 

Tripoli,    trip'o-le.        ("Three   cities." 

Vaudreuil,  vo-drul'. 

Waukegan,  waw-ko'gan. 

Zamora,  sah-mo'rah. 

Thebes,  theebz. 

Three  largo  towns  formerly  occupied 

Veile,  vi'leh. 

Waukesha,  wnw'ke-shaw. 

Zanguebar,  zang-gay-bar'. 

Tbeiss,  tice. 

tho  site  of  tho  present  Tripoli.) 

Venango,  ve-nang'go. 

Weimar,  wi'mar. 

Zante,  zahn'te. 

Thian-Sban,  tc-abn-shahn'.   ("Celestial 

Tripollzza,  tre-po-lit'sah. 

Vendee,  voso-day'. 

Wcner,  way'ner. 

Zanzibar,  zahn-zo-bar'. 

mountains.") 

Trop'ics.     (Derived    from    the   Greek 

Yenetia,  ven-e'sbe-ah. 

Werchitz,  wer'kits. 

Zara,  zah'rah. 

Thibet,  tib'et.  (One  of  its  native  appella- 

trepd, "  to  turn,"  because  the  Bun  in 

Venezuela,     ven-ez-welah.       ("  Little 

Wc'ser. 

Zealand,  ze'land.    ("  Sea-land.") 

tions  signifies  tho  "snowy  region  of 

his    annual    course — the    ecliptic — 

Venice."    So  called  by  the  Spaniards 

Wetumpka,  we-tumTiah. 

Zhehol,  zhay-bol'. 

the  north.") 

turns  wheu  be  reaches  the  signs  of 

because  they  found  some  Indian  vil- 

Weymouth, way'mutb. 

Zone.  (From  tho  Greek  zone,  a  "  girdle." 

Thibodeaux,  tib-o-do'. 

Cancer  and  Capricorn.     The   term 

lages  built  on  piles  in  Lake  Mara- 

Wheel'ing. 

In  Geography  wo  understand  zone  to 

Thorn,  torn. 

"tropical"  is  applied  to  every  thing 

caybo,  reminding  them  of  the  modo 

Wieliczka,  vVay-litchTtah. 

signify  a  division  of  tho  earth :  i.e. 

Thur,  tur. 

produced  indigenously  within  those 

of  building  in  Venice.) 

Wiesbaden,  weesTjah-den. 

the  earth  is  said  to  be  divided  into 

Ti'ber.  (This  river  was  originally  called 

two  circles,  or,  in  other  words,  within 

Venice,  ven'iss. 

Wight,  wite. 

five  zones  or  portions,  such  as  five 

Albula,   from    tho    clearness   of   its 

the  Torrid  zone.) 

Vera  Cruz,  vay'rah  krooss.    (The  "  true 

Wilkesbarre,  wilks'bar-ro. 

equally  sized  belts  or  girdles  would 

waters,  and  afterwards  Tiberis,  from 

Troyes,  trwah. 

cross.") 

Willamette,  wil-Iah'met. 

completely  encircle.) 

Tiberinus,  King  of  Alba,  who  was 

Truxillo,  troo-heel'yo. 

Verd  (Cape).    ("Green"  cape.) 

Wil'mington. 

Zufli,  zoon-ye\ 

drowned  there.) 

Tsadda,  t'sad'dah. 

Vermcjo,  ver-may'ho.    ("  Vermilion.") 

Winneba'go. 

Zurich,  zoo'rik. 

Tibesty,  te-bes-to'. 

Tuaricks,  too-ah-reeks'. 

Vermont'.    ("  Green  mountains.") 

Winnebigoshlsh,  win-ne-be-go'shish. 

Zutphen,  zut'fen. 

Tiburon,  te-boc-rtSwn'. 

Tuat,  too-abt'. 

Veronah,  vay-ro'nah. 

Win'nipeg. 

Zuyder  Zee,  zl-der-ze'.    ("  South  sea." 

Ticino,  to-che'no. 

Tubac,  too-babk'. 

Versailles,  Ver-saylz'. 

Winnipegoos,  win-ne-pe-goose'. 

In  contradistinction  to  the   North 

Ticonderoga,  ti-kon-de-ro'gah. 

Tucson,  took-sone'. 

Vesoul,  veh-zool\ 

Winnipiseogee,               win-ne-pe-sok'e. 

Sea,  with  which  it  is  connected.) 

Tiete,  te-ay'tay. 

Tucuman,  too-koo-mahn'. 

Vesuvius,  ve-soo've-us. 

("Beautiful  lake  among  the  high- 

Zwellendam, zwel-Ien-dabm'. 

Tiflis,  or  Teflis. 

Tula,  too'lah. 

Vevay,  ve-vay'. 

lands,"    or,    "  smile   of    the    Great 

Zwolle,  zwollfth. 

Ti'grij. 

Tule,  too'lay.    (A  "bulrush.") 

Ylcks'burg. 

Spirit.") 

Zytomir,  zbit-o-meer/. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  AND  STATISTICAL  TABLES. 


DIMENSIONS  OF  THE  EARTH. 

Miles. 

Polar  Diameter » 7,899 

Eqnatorial  Diameter 7,925 

Equatorial  Circumference 24,899 


SURFACE  OF  THE  EARTH. 

The  area  of  the  entiro  surface  of  the  globe  is  estimated  at 
nearly  200,000,000  square  miles;  of  which,  a  little  more  than 
£■0,000,000  miles  are  land,  und  somewhat  less  than  150,000,000 
are  water. 


AREA  OF  THE   LAND-SURFACE  OF  THE   GLOBE. 

Square  Miles. 

Eastern  Continent  - 31.000,000 

Western  Continent 13,750,000 

Australia,  Greenland,  and  other  islands 5,250,000 

Total 50,000,000 


ASEAS  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  ISLANDS. 

AMERICA. 

Square  Miles. 

Greenland 720,000 

Newfoundland 60,000 

Cuba 36,000 

Iceland 40,000 

Hayti 29,000 

Vancouver  Island 13,500 

Jamaica. 5,500 

EUROPE. 

Great  Britain 87,000 

Ireland  32,000 

Sicily 10,500 

Sardinia 9,300 

ASIA. 

Niphon 109,000 

Jesso  62,000 

Seghalien 47,000 

Kiusiu 28,300 

Ceylon 25,000 

Sikoke 21,200 

Formosa 15,000 

AFRICA. 
Madagascar -... 225,000 

OCEANICA. 

Australia 3,120,000 

Borneo  300,000 

Papua,  or  Now  Guinea 260,000 

Sumatra    150,000 

New  Zealand 95,000 

Celebes  70,000 

Luzon 56.600 

Java  50,000 

Mindanao 35,000 

Tasmania 28,000 

Ilawaii 4,000 


AREA  OF  THE  WATER- SURFACE  OF  THE  EARTH. 

Square  Miles. 

Pacific  Ocean 83,000,000 

Atlantic  Ocean 30,000,000 

Indian  Ocean 21,000,000 

Antarctic  Ocean 13,000,000 

Arctic  Ocean 3,000,000 

Total 150,000,000 


ESTIMATED  AREAS  OF  SOME  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL 
LAKES. 

Square  Miles. 

Caspian  Sea 145,000 

Sea  of  Aral 30,000 

Lake  Superior 31,500 

Lake  Michigan 23,150 

Lake  Huron 23,100 

Lake  Baikal  _ 14,000 

Great  Slave  Lake 11,800 

Lake  Erie - 7,800 

Lako  Ontario 6,900 

Lake  Winnipeg. 6,500 

Lake  Ladoga  - 6,190 

Lake  Nicaragua 4,000 

Lako  Titfcaca 4,000 

Great  Salt  Lako 1,873 


HEIGHTS    OF    SOME    OF  THE    PRINCIPAL    MOUN- 
TAIN-PEAKS OF  THE  GLOBE. 

NORTH  AMERICA. 

Feet 

Mount  St.  Elias,  Russian  America 17,860 

Popocatepetl,  Mexico 17,717 

Mount  Brown,  Rocky  Mountains 16,000 

Sierra  Nevada,  California 15,500 

Mount  Hood,  Oregon  Territory. 14,000 

Fremont's  Peak,  Hocky  .Mountains 13,470 

Long's  Peak,  Rocky  Mountains 12,500 

Pike's  Peak,  Itocky  Mountains 12.000 

Clingman's  Peak,  (highest  land  east  of  tho  Mississippi) 6,940 

Mount  Mitchell,  North  Carolina 6,470 

Mount  Washington,  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire 6,234 

Mount  Tahawus,  or  Marcy,  New  York 5,300 

SOUTH  AMERICA. 

Feet. 

Aconcagua,  Chili 23,910 

Chimborazo,  Ecuador 21,420 

Sorata,  Bolivia 21,286 

Itambe,  Brazil 5,755 

EUROPE. 

Elliniz,  (highest  of  the  Caucasus  Mountains,)  Russia 17,776 

Mont  Blanc,  (highest  of  the  Alps,)    15.668 

Mount  Malailetta,  (highest  of  the  Pyrenees,) 11,436 

Mount  Scardus,  (highest  of  tho  Balkan  Mount's,)  Turkey 10,000 

Konjnkofski-Kamen,  Ural  Mountains,  Russia 5,397 

Ben  Nevis,  (highest  of  the  Grampian  Mount's,)  Scotland 4,368 

Suowdon  (highest  mountain  in  Wales,) 3,571 

ASIA. 

Everest,  Himalaya  Mountains,  (highest  in  the  world,) 29,100 

Kunchinginira,  Himalaya  Mountains 28,176 

Dhawalaghiri,  Himalaya  Mountains 28,000 

Hindoo  Koosh,  Cabul  .'  20,000 

Mount  Ararat.  Turkeyin  Asia 17,216 

Mount  Lebanon,  Syria,  Jeb-el-Makmel 12,000 

Mount  Olympus,  Turkoy  in  Asia 9,100 

Mount  Sinai,  Arabia 7,497 

AFRICA. 

Mount  Kilimandjaro 20,000 

Mount  Kenia 20,000 

Abba  Yared,  Abyssinia 15,'JOO 

Piton  des  Neiges,  Islo  of  Bourbon 12,500 

Peak  of  Teneriffe,  Canary  Islands 12,182 

Mount  Miltsin,  .highest  of  the  Atlas  Mount's,)  Morocco 11,400 

Snow  Mountains,  Cape  Colony 10,000 

Peak  of  Pico,  Azores 7,613 

OCEANICA. 

Mount  Ophir,  Sumatra 13.842 

Semero  Mountain,  Island  of  Java 13,(00 

Mount  Orobena,  Society  Islands  8,500 

Mount  Kosciusko,  New  South  Wales 6,500 

Mount  Humboldt,  Tasmania 5,520 

ELEVATIONS  OF  SEVERAL  ACTIVE  VOLCANOES 

Feet. 

Aconcagua,  Chili 23,910 

Gualateiri,  Peru 22,000 

Arequipa,  Peru 20,320' 

Cotopaxi,  Ecuador 18,875 

Tolima,  Now  Grenada 18,020 

Popocatepetl,  Mexico 17,717 

Pichincha,  Ecuador 15.924 

St.  Helens,  United  States  13,300 

Manna  Loa,  Sandwich  Islands ."...  13,120 

Erebus,  Antarctic  Land 12,400 

Etna,  Sicily „ 10,874 

Hecla,  Iceland 5,110 

Souffriere,  Ouadaloupe  (W.  I.) 5,108 

Morno  Garou,  St.  Vincent's,  West  India  Islands 5,007 

Jorullo,  Mexico 4,265 

Vesuvius,  Naples,  Italy 3,948 

LENGTHS   OF  THE    PRINCIPAL    RIVERS    IN    THE 
WORLD. 

NORTH  AMERICA. 

Miles. 

Missouri,  to  its  Junction  with  tho  Mississippi „,„  2,900 

Missouri  to  the  Bea,  forming  the  longest  river  in  the  world 4,100 

Mississippi  proper 2,800 

Mackenzie 2,500 

St.  Lawrence 2,200 

Arkansas 2,000 

Rio  Grande 1,800 

Kwichpak. 1,600 

Saskatchawan  and  Nelson 1,000 

Columhia l'200 

Nebraska 1,200 

Red  River 1,'200 

Colorado,  in  California 1,100 

Yellow  Stone 1,000 

Ohio 950 

Kansas 900 

Tennessee „ 800 

Frasor 750 


Miles. 

Red  River  of  the  North 700 

Colorado,  in  Texas 650 

Brazos 650 

Wisconsin 600 

Cumberland 605 

Alabama 600 

Wabash 650 

Apalachicola  and  Chattahoochee 550 

Susquehanna 500 

Potomac 500 

•Tames 600 

Roanoke 509 

Savannah .- 500 

St.  John,  New  Brunswick 450 

Connecticut 450 

Great  Pedee  .1 450 

Trinity 450 

Great  Whale  400 

Delaware  400 

Altamaha 400 

Sacramento 400 

Penobscot 350 

Hudson 350 

Cape  Fear 350 

Pearl   350 

Nueces 350 

Sabino 360 

Severn 300 

Kennebec „ 300 

SOUTH  AMERICA. 

Amazon  8,600 

Rio  do  La  Plata,  (including  the  Parana,) 2,250 

Madeira 2.000 

Orinoco 1,500 

St.  Francisco  1,300 

Tocantins  and  Araguay 1,100 

Colorado 1,000 

Rio  Negro 1,000 

Magilalena 900 

Parnaiba „     900 

EUROPE. 

Volga 2,000 

Danube ],600 

Don 1,000 

Dnieper _ 1,000 

Rbino 950 

Dwina 700 

Petchora 600 

Elbe 600 

Loire 600 

Vistula 650 

Tagus 650 

Dniester 600 

Guadiana 500 

Oder 450 

Douro 450 

Rhone 450 

Po 460 

Seine 450 

Mezene 400 

Desna „ 400 

Bog 400 

Guadalquivir 400 

Dunn S60 

Niemen 350 

Ebro 360 

Dahl 300 

Bug 300 

Weser 300 

Garonne 300 

Thames 233 

ASIA. 

Yang-tso-Kiang 2,800 

Lena t 2.(00 

Obo 2,500 

Hoang-Ho 2,500 

Yenisei 2,300 

A  moor 2,200 

Cambodia  2,000 

Indus „ 1,700 

Irrawaddy 1,700 

Gangos 1,(00 

Brahmaputra 1,500 

Euphrates „ 1,4(0 

Amoo,  or  Oxus 900 

Salwen 900 

Tigris 800 

Nerbndah 800 

Meinam 800 

AFRICA. 

Nilo 3,000 

Niger,  or  Joliba „ 2,600 

Zambesi .  1,800 

Senegal 1,200 

Orango 1,000 

Gambia „ 700 

OCEANICA. 
Murray , 1.300 

lOo 


106 


AREAS  AND  POPULATIONS  OP  THE  DIFFERENT  COUNTRIES  OF  THE  GLOBE. 


NORTH  AMERICA. 
Greenland.  . 


( t . i  >■■  -n la u 
\  Iceland.. 


Danish  America 


llritish  America  . 

United  States,  (including  Russian 

America).    

Indians  in  the  United  States 

Mexico  

Central  America 

West  Indies 


Total  . 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 

Venezuela  , 

United  States  of  Colombia 

Ecuador  

Bolivia 

Peru 

Chili 

Argentine  Confederation  and  Buenos 

Ayres  , 

Uruguay 

Paraguay 

Brazil 

{British 
Hutch  - 
French 

Patagonia  and  adjacent  islands 


Sq.  Miles. 


Total.. 


EUROPE. 

Russia  in  Europe 

Austria 

Prance •— 

Turk"y  in  Europe 

Spain  

Sweden  1 

Norway)  

Great  Britain  and  Ireland 

Prussia 

Italy - 

Portugal  

Donnmrk  

Greece 

Switzerland  

The  Netherlands 

Belgium 

Bavaria 

Wirtemberg 

linden 

Saxony 

Mecklenburg 

Ib^se-Darmstadt 

Saxe-Altonburg 

S  i\''-Coburg-Gotha 

Saxo-Meiuinjren   

Si.v- Wei  mar-Eisenach. 

Oldenburg 

Brunswick 

Nassau 

The  Schwartzburg  Principalities  and 

Waldeck 

Anlult 

ltrus.s-iJreitz  and  Renss-Schleitz 

Lippe-Detmold  and  Lippe  Schaumburg.. 

Lichtensteiu 

Hamburg 

Lubec  

Bremen 


720,000 

40,000 

2,S16,760 

3,612,000 

668,000 

200,000 

95,000 


Population. 


8,152,760 


410,000 
460,000 
220,000 
480,000 
610,000 
250,000 

900,000 
70.000 
75,000 
3,100,000 
76,000 
60,000 
35,000 
350,000 


6,996,000 


2,101,000 

227,000 

212,000 

207,000 

182,750 

168,000 

121,000 

121,000 

137,000 

108,000 

36,500 

14,500 

19,950 

15,230 

13,620 

11,313 

29,320 

7,075 

5,904 

6,770 

5,831 

2,863 

3,698 

2.421 
1,531 
2,751 

1,160 
990 
662 
645 
63 
151 
114 
84 


Total  . 


3,767,376 


9,000 

65.000 

S,4S5,000 

31,415,000 

400,000 

8,218.000 

2,162,000 

4,023,000 


49,777,000 


1,605,000 
2.303,000 
1,040,000 
1,987.000 
2,865,000 
1,676,000 

1,172,000 

241,000 

1,337,000 

10,014,000 

162,000 

67.000 

26,000 

120,000 


24,624,000 


68,197.000 

34,671,000 

37,472,000 

15,500,000 

16,302,000 

3,860,000 

1,434,000 

29,321.000 

22,7<>9.000 

24,150,000 

3,988,000 

],60S,000 

1,332.000 

2.534,000 

3,700.000 

4,895,000 

4,807,009 

1,721.000 

1,435,1100 

2,837,000 

652,000 

807,000 

740,000 

205,000 
282,000 
457,000 

254,910 
182,000 
126,500 
137,000 
7,150 
208,000 
49,400 
89,000 


ASIA. 

Turkey  

Russia  in  Asia 

Turkestan 

Chinese  Empire 

Japan  

llindoostan,  (including  Ceylon).. 

Farther  India 

Afghanistan  

Beloochistan 

Persia 

Arabia 


Total.. 


AFRICA. 

Barbary  

Great  Desert 

Egypt  (including  Nubia  and  Kordofan).. 

Abyssinia 

Eastern  Africa 

Cape  Colony  and  Natal 

Other  countries  of  Southern  Africa 

Western  Africa 

Soudan 

Ethiopia 

African  Islands 


Total.. 


Sq.  Miles. 


OCEANICA. 

Australasia, 

Australia ,. 

Tasmania 

New  Zealand 

Papua,  and  other  islands, 

Malaysia, 

Borneo 

Sumatra 

Java 

Philippine  Islands 

Celebes 

Spice,  and  other  islands .. 

Polynesia. 

Sandwich  Islands 

Other  islands. 

Total 


662,000 

6,750,000 

640,000 

4,700,000 

i  156,000 

1,250.000 

920,000 

350,000 

150,000 

470,000 

1,200,000 


15,420,000 


658,000 

2,600.000 

600.000 

280,000 

600,000 

128,000 

200.000 

890,000 

1,700,000 

3.000,000 

230,000 


10,786,000 


3,120,000 

28,000 

95,000 

350,000 


300.000 
150,000 
50,000 
120,000 
70,000 
70,000 

6,000 
144,000 


4,503,000 


Population. 


16,000,000 

8,329,000 

6,600,000 

477,000,000 

35.000.000 
187.668,000 

42,000.000 
6,000,000 
1,600,000 
9,000.000 
8,000,000 


754,997,000 


15,208,000 

300,000 

5,125,000 

3,000,000 

3,000.000 

385,279 

100.000 

17,000,000 

11,200,000 

3,000,000 

5,100,000 


63,418,279 


1,400,000 
90,000 
100,000 
600,000 


3,000,000 
4,000,000 
9,530,781 
3,815,000 
2,000,000 
1,000,000 


74,000 
370,000 


25,979,781 


RECAPITULATION-  POPULATION  OF  THE  WORLD. 


North  America- 
South  America... 

Europe 

Asia 

Africa 

Oceanica 

Antarctic  Lands.. 


286,818,9691 


Total 49,732,521   1,205,615,382 


Sq.  Miles. 


8,152,000 

6,996.000 

3,766,376 

15,420,000 

10,786,000 

4,503,000 

109,145 


Population. 


49.777,000 
24,624,353 
286,818,969 
754.997,000 
63,418,279 
25,979,781 


RUSSIAN  EMPIRE  IN  DETAIL. 


Rnssia  in  Europe. 
Asiatic  Russia 

Total 


Sq.  Miles. 


2.101.000 
5,786,000 


7,SS7,000 


Population. 


68,197,000 
8,327,000 


7,524,000 


BRITISH  EMPIRE  IN  DETAIL, 


Grout  Britnin  and  Ireland 

Ionian  Island*,  Malta,  Gibraltar,  Ac 

New  Britain 

British  Columbia  and  Vancouver  Island.... 

Canada 

New  Brunswick 

Nova  Scotia  and  Cape  Breton  Island 

Newfoundland     and     Prince    Edward's  > 

Island j 

British  West  Indies 

Honduras 

British  Guiana 

British  India,  Aden,  and  Hong  Kong. 

Cape  Colony,  Natal,  and  other  African ) 

Possessions.., / 

Australia,  Tasmania,  New  Zealand,  Ac 

Total 


Sq.  Miles. 

Population. 

119,000 

1,192 

2,154,500 

200,000 

210,000 

27,037 

18,800 

29.307  109 
354,797 
158,000 
89,000 
507,000 
252.000 
330,000 

42,200 

203,495 

12,583 

13,500 

76,000 

1,200,000 

1,091.000 

25.639 

155,000 

187,745,000 

136,000 

953,000 

3,600,000 

1,211,000 

7,210,812 

222,382,130 

WEST  INDIA  ISLANDS  IN  DETAIL, 


.,     .,   f  Hiiyti 

""y"  {  Dominica 

Cuba 

Porto  Rico 

Jamnica 

Trinidad 

Barbadoes 

Grenada,  Ac 

St.  Vincent 

Tobago  

St.  Lucia 

Antigua 

Montserrnt 

St.  Christopher. 

Virgin  Islands 

Dominica  

Bahama  Islands... 

Guadeloupe,  &c 

Martinique 

St.  Martin's 

Curacoa,  Ac 

St.  Eustatius 

Santa  Cruz 

St.  Thomas 

St.  John's 

St.  Bartholomew's. 
Margarita 

Total 


To  whom  belongs. 


Independent. 

Spain. 
Great  Britain. 


France, 
Holland  and  France 

Denmark. 


Swfden. 
Venezuela. 


Sq.  Miles. 


29,000 

5,000 

3,865 

5,468 

2,000 

166 

138 

131 

90 

300 

108 

49 

68 

137 

291 

5,424 

61S 

322 

32 

275 

190 

105 

43 

42 

25 

'  540 


Population. 


800,000 

200.000 

1,396.000 

330,000 

377.433 

84.438 

152,727 

31,900 

31,755 

15.450 

27,141 

35,408 

7,053 

20,741 

6.053 

25,065 

27,519 

139,055 

137,465 

6.560 

31.835 

1,903 

22,862 

12,561 

1,715 

9,000 

15,000 


54.424  3,946,629 


NINE  OF  THE  LARGEST  PRODUCING  STATES. OF  SOME  OF  THE  MOST  IMPORTANT  STAPLES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Corn  in  1866. 


Illinois 

Indiana . 

Ohio  

Kentucky 

Iowa      

']>n!t"ssee 

Missouri  

lVinisvlvania.. 
New  York 


Bushels. 


156,844,350 
127,676.247 
99,766,822 
66,564,630 
62,288.184 
4fi,880.933 
46,819,543 
35,831,877 
22,809.893 


Wheat  in  1866. 


Illinois 

Wisconsin 

Iowa 

Michigan 

New  York 

Pennsylvania 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Maryland 


Bushels. 


28,551. 
20.307. 
15,763: 
14,740. 
12,550, 
10,519 
10,208 

9,114. 

4,383 


■l'.i! 

920 
323 
039 
,408 

000 

,864 
563 

70S 


Oats  in  1866. 


Pennsylvania 

New  York 

Illinois  

Ohio 

Wisconsin 

Iowa 

Virginia 

Indiana 

Michigan 


Bushels. 


54,954, 
54,029. 
30,054, 
22,187. 
17,174! 
12,607. 
10.245. 
10,158; 
8.293, 


Hay  iu  1866. 


New  York  .... 

Illinois 

Pennsylvania 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Iowa 

Wisconsin 

Indiana 

Maine 


Tons. 


4,759. 
2,340. 
1,970. 
1,963. 
1,218, 
1,161 
1,151 
1,088, 
957 


White  Potatoes  in  1866. 


New  York  .... 
Pennsylvania 

Maine     

Vermont  

Illinois 

Michigun 

Ohio 

New  Jersey.... 
Wisconsin 


BuBhels. 


31,156,676 
16,636.859 
6,146,725 
5,305,045 
5,102,035 
5.037,298 
4,516,640 
4,039,708 
3,940,273 


Tobacco  in  1866. 

Pounds. 

Cotton  in  1860. 

Bales  400  lbs. 
each. 

Rice  in  1860. 

Pounds. 

Wool  in  1860. 

Pounds. 

Sugar  in  1860. 

Hhds.  of 
100  lbs. 

114,480,5161 
61,683,856 
40,054,083 
39,423.900 
29,963,672| 
26.693,815 
17,516.981 
12.952.2S5 
9,824,384 

1,195,609 
997.978 
722.218 
701.840! 
405,100 
367,4S5, 
353,413  i 
227,4501 
145,5141 

119,100,528 

62,507,652 

7,593.976 

6,455,017  1 

657 ,293  j 

499,559 

223,209 

30,616) 

25,670, 

10,648,101 
9,454.473 
4,752.523 
4.062,858 
2,975,544 
2,681,922 
2,509,443 
2,477.563 
2,466,264 

297,816 

Georgia 

1,761 

Tennessee   

1,167 

North  Carolina  

590 

283 

Ohio 

244 

Illinois „ 

198 

108 

38 

POPULATIONS  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  CITIES  OF.  THE  WORLD. 


107 


NORTH  AMERICA. 
UNITED  STATES. 

Eastern  States.  Popuiatioo. 

Boston.  Mass 177.4S1 

Providence,  R.  1 50,660 

New  Haven,  Conn 39,263 

Lowell.  Mass. 36,827 

Hartford,  Conn 29,152 

Portland,  Me 20,312 

Cambridge,  Mass 26,060 

RoxOurv.         " '-o,l;l7 

Charleatown,  "    26,0*3 

Worcester,      "    24,960 

New  Bedford,  "    22,300 

Salem,            "    22,252 

M  mchester,  N.  H 20,107 

Lynn,  Mass 19,033 

L  LW'l'ril  ".  MaS3 17,639 

Bangor,  Me 16,107 

Taunton,  Mass 15,370 

SpringBold,"  15,199 

Norwich.  Conn — 14,517 

Fall  River,  "  14,025 

Newburyport,  Mass 13,400 

Chelsea,  Mm 13,395 

Bridgeport.  Conn 13,300 

Smithfleld,  R.  I 13,290 

North  Providence,  R.  1 11,818 

Gloucester,  Mass 10,904 

Newport,  R.I 10,508 

New  London,  Conn 10,115 

Nashua,  N.  II 10.100 

Wutorbury,  Conn 10,001 

Middle  States. 

New  York.  N.Y 813,668 

Philadelphia,  Pa 565,531 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y 220,064 

Buffalo,       "    81,131 

Newark,  N.J 71,911 

Albany,  N.Y 62,.:..8 

Pittsburg,  Pa 49,220 

Rochester,  N.Y 48,213 

Troy,               "     39,235 

Jersey  City,  N.  J 29,220 

Allegheny,  Pa 28,703 

Syracuse,  N.  Y  28,199 

Reading,  Pa 23,102 

Olios,  N.Y 22,528 

Wilmington,  Del 21,258 

Paterson,  N.  J 19,583 

Lancaster,  Pa. 17,603 

IrsotOB,  N.  J 17.221 

Oswego,  N.  Y 16,817 

Kingston,"  10,040 

Newburg,  "  15,198 

Poughkeepsio,  N.Y 14,720 

Oamdan.  N.J 14,358 

Nowtou.  N.  Y 13,725 

Lockport,  "     13,523 

Harrisburg,  Pa 13,405 

Hempstead,  N.  Y 12,375 

Yonkers.         "  11,818 

Elizabeth,  N.J 11.507 

New  Brunswick,  N.J 11,255 

Auburn.  N.  Y.. 11,000 

Flushing,  N.Y 10,189 

Southern  States, 

Baltimore,  Mil 212,419 

New  Orleans,  La 108,472 

Washington,  D.  C 61,118 

Charleston,  S.  C 61,210 

Richmond,  Va. 37,910 

Mobile.  Ala  29,259 

Savannah.  Ga 22.20.! 

Petersburg,  Va 18,260 

Norf.dk,         " 14.00'J 

Wheeling,     "  14,183 

Alexandria,  •'  12,054 

Augusta,  Ga 12,193 

Donaldsonville,  La 11,481 

Western  States. 

Cincinnati,  O 161.041 

St.  Louis.  Mo 151,730 

Chicago.  Ill 109,263 

Louisville,  Ky 69.740 

Sin  Francisco,  Cal 66,605 

Detroit,  Mich 46,619 

Milwairlde,  Wis 45,254 

Cleveland,  0  36.054 

Memphis,  Tenn 22,620 

Dayton,  O.  ., 20,482 

Indianapolis,  Ind 18,612 

Nashville,  Tenn 16,988 

Covington,  Ky 16,471 

Peoria,  HI 14,046 

Mill  Creek,  0 13,844 

Toledo,  0  13,763 

Quincy,  111 13,718 

Dubuque,  Iowa  13,000 

Sacramento  City,  Cal  13,788 

New  Albanv,  Ind 12,647 

Kvansvillo,        "    11.4SG 

Port  Wayne.      "    10,388 

BRITISH  AMERICA. 

Montreal,  C.  E 90,323 

Quebec,  0.  K 51.100 

Toronto,  0  W 44,821 

Halifax.  N.8  26.000 

St.  John,  N.  B 23,745 

St.  .Tehn's,  Newfoundland 21,000 

Hamilton,  C.  W 19.096 

Ottawa 14,690 


North  America— Continued. 

MEXICO,  Population. 

Mexico 205,000 

La  Puebla 71,000 

(luadalaxara 63,000 

Guanaxuato 49,000 

Qucretaro 29,700 

Merida, 40,000 

Morelia 25,000 

Zacatecas 25,000 

Monterey 13,500 

Vera  Cruz 8,000 

CENTRAL  AMERICA, 

New  Guatiiuala,  Quatimala  ....  60,000 

Leon,  Nicaragua  35,000 

San  Jose,  Costa  Rica 30,000 

Cojutepeque,  San  Salvador 15,000 

Comayagua,  Honduras 18,000 

WEST  INDIES. 

Havana,  Cuba 134,000 

Puerto  Principe 49,000 

Matanzas 20,000 

Kingston,  Jamaica 35,000 

St.  John's,  Porto  Rico 20,000 

Port  au  Prince,  Hayti 20,000 

St.  Domingo 15.000 

St.  John's,  P.  R 15,000 

Trinidad 15,000 

SOUTH  AMERICA. 

VENEZUELA. 

Caraccas mm  63,000 

Valencia 20,000 

Maracaybo.- 18,000 

Barcelona -  15,000 

Cumana  10,000 

La  Guayra 8,000 

UNITED  STATES  OF  COLOMBIA 

Bo-ota 40,000 

Popayan 20,000 

Carthagcna 20,000 

Panama 20.000 

Socorro 15,000 

Aspinwall 7,000 

PERU. 

Lima 100,000 

Cuzco 46,000 

Aivquipa 35,000 

Guamanga 26,000 

Huanta 25,000 

Pasco 12,000 

Oallao 10,000 

Cumana . 10,000 

ECUADOR. 

Quito 76,000 

Guayaquil 25,000 

Cueuca  20,000 

BOLIVIA. 

La  Paz 76,000 

Cochabamba 40,000 

Potosi 24,000 

Sucre 23,000 

CHILI. 

Santiago 80,000 

Valparaiso 75,000 

ARGENTINE   CONFEDERATION, 

Buenos  Ayres 120,000 

Cordova 25,000 

Baa  Juan 20,000 

Corrieutes 16,000 

URUGUAY. 

Montevideo 46,000 

PARAGUAY. 

Assnmpcton 15,000 

Coucepaiun 10,000 

BRAZIL. 

Rio  Janeiro  296.000 

IJ.ibia 175,000 

Pernambuco 70,000 

Maranham ... 30,000 

Para 25,000 

Sao  Paulo 25,000 

Villa  Bello 20,000 

Natal. 10,000 

EUROPE. 

NORWAY. 

Christiana 39,000 

Bergen 26,000 

Droutheim 16,000 

SWEDEN. 

Stockholm 125,000 

Goltcnburg 42,000 

Malmo 23,000 

NoukjBpping 20,000 

RUSSIA, 

St.  Petersburg 188,000 

Moscow 378.000 

Warsaw 225,000 

Odessa 120,000 


Europe  —  Continued. 

Population. 

Saratov 84,000 

Rign 75,000 

Kiev 70,000 

Wilna 60,000 

Kazan 60,000 

Berditchev... 52,000 

Kharkov 60.000 

Astrakhan.'. 45,000 

Voronez 44,000 

Sebnstopol 40.000 

Novgorod 38,000 

Tula 38,000 

Orel 36,000 

Kalonga 35,000 

Cronstadt 30,000 

Pultowa 30,000 

ENGLAND. 

London 3,015,000 

Liverpool 476,000 

Manchester 355,000 

Birmingham 328,000 

Leeds 224,000 

Sheffield 186,000 

Bristol 162,000 

Salford 111,000 

Newcastle 110,000 

Bradford 106,000 

Hull  99,000 

Portsmouth 95,000 

Preston 83,000 

Sunderland 81,000 

Brighton 78,000 

Norwich 75,000 

Nottingham 75,000 

Oldham 73,000 

Bolton 71,000 

Leicester 68.000 

Blackburn  63,000 

Plymouth 63.000 

Wolverhampton 61,000 

Bath 55.000 

Stockport 65,000 

York 63,000 

Devonport 51,000 

Mcrtliyr  Tydvil  (Wales)  _.  46,000 

SCOTLAND. 

Glasgow 424,000 

Edinburgh 175,000 

Duudeo 91,000 

Aberdeen 74,000 

Greenock 36,000 

Paisley 33,000 

IRELAND. 

Dublin 318,000 

Belfast „  120,000 

Cork 79,000 

Limerick „  45,000 

Watcrford  27,000 

Galway 25,000 

Kilkenny 21,000 

HOLLAND. 

Amsterdam 251,000 

Rotterdam  114,000 

The  Hague 86,000 

Utrecht 58,000 

Groningen 38,000 

Lcyden  „  37,000 

Haarlem 30,000 

Arnhem 29,000 

Leuwarden 25,000 

BELGIUM. 

Brussels 190,000 

Ghent 123,000 

Antwerp 121,000 

Liege _  105,000 

Brogea 61,000 

Louvain 33,000 

Tournay 32,000 

Tenters 30,ooo 

FRANCE. 

Paris 1,696,000 

Lyons  319,000 

Marseilles 261,000 

Bordeaux 163,000 

Lille 132,000 

Toulouse 115,000 

Nantes 114,000 

Rouen 103,000 

St.  Etieune 95,000 

Toulon 85,000 

Strasburg 82,000 

Havre  75,000 

Brest 70,000 

Amiens 60,000 

Rheitns 56.000 

Montpellier 52,000 

SPAIN. 

Madrid    476,000 

Barcelona 252.000 

Seville 152,000 

Valencia 146.000 

Malaga 113,000 

Murcia 109,000 

Grenada 101,000 

Sarrogossa 82,000 

Cadiz „  72,000 


Europe  —  Continued. 

PORTUGAL,  Population. 

Lisbon 27i,000 

Oporto 81,000 

Braga 30,000 

DENMARK. 

Copenhagen 155,000 

Odense 14,000 

BAVARIA. 

Munich 168.000 

Nuremberg 70,00) 

Augsburg 60,000 

Wtlrzburg 41,000 

Ratisbon 30,000 

SAXONY. 

Dresden 140,000 

Leipsio 85,000 

Chemnitz 65,000 

WIRTEMBERG. 

Stuttgard 69.000 

Clm 23,000 

BADEN. 

Carlsruho 30,000 

Manheim 27,000 

Heidelberg 18,000 

FREE  CITIES. 

Hamburg 230,000 

Bremen  101,000 

Lubeek 61,0o0 

PRUSSIA. 

Berlin 633,000 

Breslau 163,000 

Cologne 122,000 

Kiinigsberg 102,000 

Magdeburg 95,000 

Dantzic 91,000 

Frankford-on-the-Maiu 90,000 

Hanover 80,000 

Stettin   70,000 

Aix-la-Chapolle 65,000 

Elberfeld 6u,C03 

Altona 53,000 

Crefeld 51,000 

Posen 61,000 

Baruven 50,000 

Halle 43,000 

Mentz 43,000 

DUsseldorf 42,000 

Potsdam 42,000 

Cassel 40,000 

Frankfort-on-tho-Oder 40,000 

Erfurth 40,000 

Gbrlltz 80.000 

Coblontz  29,000 

Monster _ 28,000 

Elbing 26,000 

Dortmund 25,000 

Stralsund 25,000 

Brandenburg 24,000 

AUSTRIA. 

Vienna 679,000 

Prague 143,000 

Pesth 132,000 

Lemberg 70,000 

Trieste 66,000 

Gratz .'. 63,000 

Szegedin 63,000 

Verona 59,000 

DrUun _ 59,000 

Buda 66,000 

Theresienstadt 64,000 

Presburg 44,000 

Cracow 41,000 

SWITZERLAND. 

Geneva 42,000 

Basle 37,000 

Heme 29,000 

Lausanne 21,000 

Zurich „ 20,000 

ITALY. 

Naples 419,000 

Rome 204,000 

Turin 181,000 

Milan 196,000 

Palermo 16S.0O0 

Genoa  128.000 

Venice 118,000 

Florence „ 114,000 

Bologna 90,000 

Leghorn 84.000 

Catania 65,000 

Messina 62,000 

Padua    54,000 

Parma 47,000 

Brescia  40,000 

Piacenza 39,000 

Pisa 34,000 

Bad 33,000 

Modena 82,000 

Poggia 32.000 

Cremona 31,000 

Pavia 29,000 

Casrliari  28,000 

Ferrara 28,003 

Moilica 27,000 


Europe — Continued- 


GREECE.  Population. 

Athens 41  000 

Corru  2:,.ono 

Zante 20,000 

Syra 19.000 

Potras 18.000 

Thebes 12,000 

TURKEY. 

Constantinople 1,075,000 

Adrianople 140,000 

Salonica 80,000 

Bucharest 80,01  0 

Serngevo 70.000 

Qnllipoli 60.000 

Jassv .'0.000 

Phllippopolil 40,000 

Bcntari     40,000 

Kodosto 40,000 

ASIA. 

TURKEY, 

Smyrna 1CO.000 

Damascus 150,000 

Aleppo 80,000 

Bagdad co.ipo 

llrusa 60.000 

Bassorah 60.000 

Diarbeker 60,000 

Trobizond 00.000 

Mosul   40.000 

Jerusalem 20,000 

RUSSIA, 

Tifiis 40.000 

Tobolsk 20.000 

Tomsk 20,000 

TURKESTAN. 

Bokhara 90  000 

Khokan 60,000 

CHINESE  EMPIRE. 

Pekin 2.000.000 

Canton .1,000.000 

!  Soo-chow 700,000 

;  Hang-chow 500.000 

!  Pull-Chow  600,000 

i  Amov 2:0.000 

Shanghai 200,000 

JAPAN. 

Yeddo .2,000.000 

Miaco 600,000 

INDIA. 

Calcutta  1,000.000 

Bombay 817,000 

Benares 400,000 

Madras 100,000 

Lucknow 300,000 

Patna 280.000 

Odcvpore 276,000 

Delhi 200,000 

Cashmere 200,000 

FARTHER  INDIA, 

Araoan 250.000 

Bangkok  100.000 

Singapore 70.000 

HuJ.... 60,000 

AFGHANISTAN. 

Candahar 90,000 

Cabul 60.000 

Herat 60,000 

BELOOCHISTAN. 

Kelat 12,000 


PERSIA, 


Meshid... 
Teheran  . 
Tabreez  . 
Ispahan.. 


ARABIA. 


Mecca... 
Muscat . 


Tunis 
Morocco . 
Fez 


AFRICA. 

BARBARY  STATES. 


EGYPT. 


Cairo. 

Alexandria. 


OTHER  CITIES  OF  AFRICA. 

Aheokuto 

Port  Louis,  Mauritius - 

Cape  Town « 

Funchal,  Madeira 

OCEANICA. 

Manilla 

Batavia 

Sydney,  Australia 

Melbourne 

Samarang .. 

Honolulu 


100.000 
80.000 
80.000 
60.000 


60,000 
60,000 


130,000 

100.000 

80,000 


300,000 
200,000 


100,000 
26,000 
25,000 
25,000 


140.000 
140,000 
100.000 
100.000 
60,000 
6,000 


108 
AREAS  AND  CAPITALS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  IN  1868.    POPULATION  AND  EDUCATIONAL  STATISTICS  FROM  THE  CENSUS  OF  1860. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


Maine 

Now  Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

Rhoda  Island ■ 

Connecticut , 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania , 

Delaware 

Maryland , 

District  of  Columbia. 

Virginia , , 

West  Virginia , 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina , 

Georgia. 

Florida , 

Alabama 

Mississippi , 

Louisiana ..... 

Texas 

Ohio 

Indiana , 

Illinois , 

Kentucky 

Tennessee , 

Arkansas 

Missouri 

Michigan 

Wisconsin , 

Iowa „ i 

Minnesota 

California. . 

Oregon 

Kansas 

Nevada 

Nebraska 

TERRITORIES. 

Washington 

Idaho.  ..„ 

Montana.- 

Dakota.. 

Utah 

Colorado  ftt. H 

Arizona.  .' 

New  Mexico 

Indian  Territory 

Russian  American  Purchase  ... 
Wyoming.!. 

Total 


CAPITALS. 


Augusta 

Concord 

Montpelier.. 

Boston 

Providencoand  Newport . 
Hartford  audi' 

Albany   

Trenton 

Harrisburg  . 

Dover 

Annapolis  ... 


Richmond 

Wheeling 

Raleigh  

Columbia 

Millodgfviilo. .;..: ".  „« , 

Tallahassee  , 

Montgomery. 

Jackson  

Baton  Rouge 

Austin 

Columbus 

Indianapolis , 

Springfield 

Frttnkfort «. , 

Nashville 

Little  Rock 

Jefferson  City , 

Lansing , 

Madison  

Des  Moines 

St.  Paul 

Sacramento 

Salem 

Topeka „. 

Carson  City 

Omaha  City 

Olympia.. 

Boise  City 

Virginia  City 

Yankton.  .... 

Salt  Lake .'. 

Denver 

Prescott... 

Santa  Fe 

Tahlequah... 

Sitka    

Cheyenne 


Areas. 

Whites. 

Free  Colored. 

Slaves. 

Total. 

Number  attend- 
iug  School* 
and  Colleges. 

Annual 
Kxpeuditure 
for  Education. 

Peraous  over  20 
years  unable  to 
mad  and  writ.. 

Total  number 
of  volumes  in 
public  libraries. 

35,000 
9,280 

10,212 
7,800 

626,952 
325,579 
314,389 

1,221,464 
170,668 
451,520 

3,831,730 
646,699 

2,849,266 

90,589 

616,918 

60,764 

712,495 

334,916 

631,100 

291,388 

691,588 

77,748 

526,431 

353,901 

357,629 

421,294 

2,302,838 

1,339,000 

1,704,323 
919,517 
826,782 
324,191 

1,063,509 
742.314 
774,710 
673.844 
173,596 
361,353 
62,337 
106,579 
6,812 
28,759 

11,138 

1,327 

494 

709 

9.602 

3,952 

8,627 

49.005 

25,318 

56,849 

19,829 

83,942 

11,131 

66,064 

1,978 

30,463 

9,914 

3,500 

932 

2.690 

773 

18,647 

355 

36,664 

11,428 

7,628 

10,684 

7,300 

144 

3,572 

6,799 

1,171 

1,104 

259 

4,086 

128 

625 

46 

67 

30 

628,279 

320,073 

315,098 

1,231,066 

174,620 

460,147 

3,880,735 

672,035 

2,906,115 

112,216 

687,049 

75,080 

1,246,462 

349.856 

992,622 

'  703,708 

1,057,286 

140,425 

964,201 

791,305 

708,002 

604,215 

2,339,502 

1,350,428 

1.711,915 

1,155,084 

1,109,801 

435,450 

1,182,012 

749,113 

776,881 

674,948 

173,865 

365,439 

52,465 

107,206 

6,857 

28,841 

11,168 

189,210 

82,934 

79,565 

249,293 

31,568 

89.936 

805.550 

119,216 

609,961 

18,672 

79,f,75 

9,726 

154,963 

$533,610 
343,576 
294,345 

2,035,401 
213,327 
648,235 

4,917,794 
798,629 

3,135,819 
115,309 
437,357 
121.854 

1,042,879 

8,598 

4,717 

8,916 

46,921 

6,112 

8,833 

121,878 

23,081 

81,515 

13,169 

37,518 

6,881 

86,452 

405,901 
237,312 
167,429 

1,997,151 
405,419 
404,206 

2,436.576 
433,321 

1,344,924 

88,470 

235,055 

191,723 

67,150 

1,306 

4,760 

47,000 

8,320 
46,000 

18 

2,120 

11,124 

#0 

38,352 

23,000 

1.79S 

67,189 

3.185 

477,903 

12,962 

331,059 

402,406 

462,198 

61,745 

435,080 

436.631 

331,726 

182,566 

50,704 
34,000 
68,000 
69,268 
60,722 
47,166 

116,567 

46,690 

94,687 

8,603 

98,204 

656,684 
497,837 
687,339 
95,511 
711,108 
699,201 
931,706 
556,302 

2,825,885 
800,238 

2,420,134 
942,556 
984,465 
188,759 

1,051,786 
621,567 
703,966 
652,642 
101,382 
493,849 
60,080 
40,792 

74,977 
16,208 
44,257 

5,461 
38,060 
15,636 
19,010 
18,476 
64,828 
62.716 
59,364 
70,040 
72,054 
23,665 
60,545 
18.485 
16,546 
19,951 

4,763 
19,693 

1,511 

3,067 
150 
634 

438 

190.091 
471,542 
272,935 
46.375 
165,275 

41,346 

274,356 

39,964 

48,023 

63,625 

«05,666 

338,091 

405,121 

182,059 

163,022 

42,726 

203,488 

188,604 

184,709 

167,608 

24,150 

25,916 

10,816 

13,332 

110,604 

86,538 

790,668 

467,062 

33,809 

65,410 

37,680 
45,600 
52,198 
65,350 
66,451 

225,483 
275,719 
111,115 
114,931 

148,012 
245,228 
23,221 
1S4,884 
260,686 
150,559 

53,924 

55,045 

83,531 

33,649 

188,981 

95,274 

5,300 
9,735 

81.318 
112,090 

2 

75,995 
69.994 

15 

3,296 
1,088 

12,219 
23,976 

10,742 
11,325 

143,770 

149.797 

2,576 
40,214 
34,231 

270 

7,944 

77 
323 

104,500 
113,916 

30 

46 

29 

40,273 
34,277 

32,738 

5,476 

68,991 
677,390 

82,924 

85 

83,009 

1,466 
7,944 

9,449 

32,785 

3,611,849 

26,975,575 

487,996 

3,953,760 

31,414,719 

5,634,374 

$32,440,305, 

1,186,311 

12,829,849 

In  consequence  of  the  abolition  of  slavery  throughout  the  United  States,  the  slaves  in  the  above  table  should  now  be  classed  as  Free  Colored. 
Tlio  Indians  of  tho  United  States  were  not  included  in  the  Consus  of  1860.    Of  these  there  are  estimated  to  bo  about  400,000;  thus  making  the  total  population  of  the  United  States  nearly  32,000,000. 

AGRICULTURAL  AND  MANUFACTURING  STATISTICS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  FROM  THE  CENSUS  OF  1860. 


STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 


Maine 

New  Hampshire 

Vermont 

MwfajBftflTlfffttrn 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Marvlaud 

District  of  Columbia.. 

Virginia 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Texas 

Arkansas  

Tennessee 

Kentucky 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Missouri 

Iowa 

Kansas  . 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

California 

Oregon „., 


TERRITORIES. 

Washington 

Dakota  

Nebraska 

Nevada „.. 

New  Mexico 

Utah 


Total.. 


AGRICULTURAL  STATISTICS. 


Wheat, 
bushels. 


Corn, 
bushels. 


233,877 

238,966 

431,127 

119,783 

1,131 

52,401 

8,681,100 

1,763,128 

13,045,231 

912,941 

6,103,480 

12,760 

13,129,180 

4,743,706' 

1,285,631 

2,544,913 

2,808 

1,222,487 

579,452 

29,283 

1,464,273 

955,298 

5,409,863 

7,394,811 

14,532,570 

8,313,185 

15,219,120 

24,159,500 

4,227,586 

8.433,205 

168,527 

15,812,625 

2,195,812 

5,946,619 

822,408 


92,609 

945 

72,268 


446.075 
382,697 


1,546,071 

1,414,628 

1,463,020 

2,157,063 

458,912 

2,059,835 

20.061,048 

9,723.336 

28,196,821 

3,892,337 

13,444,922 

80,840 

38,360,704 

30,078,564 

15,065,606 

30,776,293 

2,824,538 

32,761,194 

29,563,735 

16,205,856 

16,521,593 

17,758,665 

50,748,266 

64,043,633 

70,637,140 

12,152,110 

69,641,591 

115,296,779 

72,892,157 

41,116.994 

5,678,834 

7,565.290 

2,987,570 

524,857 

74,566 


4,792 

20.296 

1,846,785 


710,605 
'  93,861 


830,451,707 


Oats, 
bushels. 


2,988,939 

1,329,233 

3,630,267 

1,980,075 

244,453 

1,522,218 

35,175,134 

4,539,132 

27.387,147 

1,046,910 

3,959,298 

29,548 

10,186,720 

2,781,860 

936,974 

1,231,817 

46,899 

682,179 

221,285 

89,377 

985,889 

475,268 

2,267,814 

4,677,029 

15,409.234 

4,036,980 

6,317,831 

15,220,029 

:i,imi,st() 

5,887,645 

88,325 

11,059,260 

2,176,002 

1,043,006 

885,673 


134,3.14 
2,540 

74,502 
1,082 
7,246 

63,211 


Cotton, 
bales, 
400  lbs. 


12,727 
145,514 
353,413 
701,840 

63,322 
997,978 
1,195.699 
722,218 
405.100 
307,485 
227,450 
4.092 


100 


1,133 


272,643,185 


5,198,077 


Rice, 
pounds. 


1,120 


8,225 

7,593,976 

119,100,628 

52,507,652 

223,209 

499,559 

657,293 

6,455,01' 

25,670 

216 

30,516 

24,407 


1,219 


9,767 


Tobacco, 
pounds. 


1,583 

21,281 

12,153 

3,233,198 

705 

6,000,133 

5,764,682 

149,485 

3,181,586 

9,699 

38,410,965 

15,200 

123,967,757 

32,853,250 

104,412 

919,316 

758,015 

221,284 

127,736 

40,610 

98,016 

999,757 

38,931,277 

108,102,433 

25,528,972 

120,621 

7,246,132 

7,014,230! 

25,080,196 

312,919 

16,978 

87,595 

3S.510 

3,150 

215 


10 

"b'soi 


Sugar, 
hhds.  of 
1000  lbs. 


6,999 
10 


38 

198 

1,167 

1,761 

108 

244 

297,816 

590 


Wool, 
pounds. 


283 


429,390,771      302,205 


1,495,063 

1,160,212 

2,975,544 

377,267 

90,699 

335,9S6 

9,454,473 

349,250 

4,752,523 

60,201 

491,611 

100 

2,509,443 

883,473 

427.102 

946,229 

58,594 

681,404 

637,729 

296,187 

1,497,748 

410,285 

1,400,508 

2,325,124 

10,648,101 

4,062,858 

2,466,204 

2,477.563 

2,069,77 

653,036 

22,593 

1,011,915 

22,740 

2,681.922 

208,943 


20,720 
"3,312 


479,245 
75,638 


Hay, 
tons. 


975,803 

642,741 

940,178 

665,331 

82,722 

662.425 

3,564,793 

508,726 

2,245,413 

36.973 

191,744 

3,183 

445,133 

181,365 

87,587 

46,448 

11,478 

62,211 

32,901 

62,721 

11,865 

9.356 

143,499 

158,476 

1,564,502 

768,256 

622,426 

1,774,554 

401,070 

813,173 

56,232 

855,037 

179,482 

305,655 

27,986 


4,580 
855 

21.458 
2.213 
1,113 

19,235 


Irish 
Potatoes, 
bushels. 


6,374,617 

4,137,543 

6,253,498 

3,201,901 

642,909 

1,833,148 

26,447,394 

4,171,690 

11,687,467 

377,931 

1,264,429 

31,693 

2,292,398 

830,565 

226,736 

303,789 

18,766 

491,646 

414,320 

294,655 

174,182 

418,010 

.  1,182,005 

1,750,531 

8,i'95,101 

5,261,245 

3,866,647 

6,540,390 

1,990,850 

2,806,720 

296,335 

3,818,309 

2,565,485 

1,789,463 

303.319 


163,594 
9,489 

162.188 
5,686 
5,223 

141,001 


Sweet 
Potatoes, 
bushels. 


1,425 
161 
623 
616 

946 

2,710 

7,629 

1,034,832 

103,187 

142,213 

236,740 

5,666 

1,960,817 

6,140,039 

4,115,688 

6,508,541 

1,129,759 

6,439,917 

4,663,873 

2,060,981 

1,846,612 

1,666,540 

2,604,672 

1,057,557 

304.445 

38,492 

299,516 

306,164 

336,102 

61,362 

9,965 

2,396 

792 

214,307 

335 


IS 


168 
200 
ISO 


MANUFACTURING  STATISTICS. 


60,511.343!    19,083.896  111,148,8671   42,095,026! 


Amount  of  capital 
invested. 


$22,000,000 

26,900,000 

9,500,000 

133,000,000 

23,300,000 

45,720,000 

175,449,206 

40.000,000 

189,000,000 

5,360,000 

51,800,000 

2,660,000 

26,640,000 

8,310,000 

6,610,000 

11,160.000 

6.675,000 

8,260,000 

8,740,000 

7,110,000 

8,850,000 

1,040,000 

17,270,000 

20,000,000 

58,000,000 

24,000.000 

18,875,000 

27,700,000 

20.500,000 

7,500,000 

1,063,000 

16,580,000 

2,400,000 

23,682,693 

1,293,000 


1,296,700 
""271,475 


Value  of  raw 
material  used. 


2,OS1.900 
412,126 


Value  of 
annual  product. 


$20,861,452 
24,400,008 

8,110,000 

141,000,000 

23,400,000 

40,140,000 

209,899,890 

42,600,000 

145,300,000 

5,375,000 
21,900,000 

2,801,000 
80,880,000 

9,860,000 

3,620,000 

10,000,000 

965,000 

4,400,000 

2,460,000 

7,380,000 

2,770,000 
909,000 

9,366,000 
21,380,000 
70,000.000 
19000.000 
27.360,000 
33,800,000 
24,000,000 

8,500,000 

669,269 

17,250.000 

2,060,000 
I6,558,e36 

1,452,000 


505,000 
"238,225 


432.000 
398,528 


$36,075,498 

46,500,000 

16,000,000 

266,000,000 

47,600,000 

83/100,000 

S79,6J3.5C0 

81,000,000 

285,600,000 

9,920,000 
42,676,000 

5,612,000 
61,300,000 
14,460,000 

6,800,000 
13,700,000 

2,700.000 

9,400,000 

6,000,000 
15,600,000 

6,250,000 

2,150,000 
17,100.000 
36,:i30,00O 
125,000,000 
35,200.000 
43,260,000 
66,750,000 
43,500,000 
14.900,000 

2,800.000 
28,500,000 

3,100,000 
59,500,000 

3,138,000 


1,405,000 
"681,'942 


1.1C5.000 

s2.-;.ooo 


$1,050,000,0001   $l,012,000,00o|    $1,900,000,000 


Owing  to  tho  past  disturbed  condition  of  the  nation,  tho  statistics  of  1860  are  continued  in  this  table,  as  exhibiting  a  truer  record  of  the  resources  of  tho  whole  country,  than  those  of  a  later  period. 


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